京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(医学) / 甲第22325号 / 医博第4566号 / 新制||医||1041(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院医学研究科医学専攻 / (主査)教授 妹尾 浩, 教授 萩原 正敏, 教授 小川 修 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Medical Science / Kyoto University / DFAM

The following study situates itself within the Post-Modern, post-positivist epistemological paradigm that seeks to approach urban informality (and more appropriately, a-formality) within the South African township landscape, not as a problem to be solved, but rather as a generative manifestation of being – and the de facto restitution of prevailing urban inefficiencies engendered through applied Euclidean zoning practices. Specifically, the architectural complexities of urban informality as the embodiment of socio-cultural values, and the efficacy of these architectural complexities to manifest real change within the urban environment. Theories and methods of Smart Urbanism, Complexity Science, Urban Informality and Urban Morphology are investigated and applied as a means to understand this emerging architectural complexity as a physical manifestation of urban identity and its physical impact on the original urban fabric, given as empirical evidence. A qualitative empirical data collection, followed by qualitative, interpretive analyses of urban informality at various scales forms the basis of the research method. The neighbourhood consisting of the Khalambazo and White City Sections, in the African township of Mamelodi East, Gauteng, is utilised as a case study to critically analyse and document urban a-formality and emerging architectural complexity. As is discussed within the current study, complex agents of a-formality within the chosen study area are entities informed by contextualised, location-specific human relationships that are temporally and spatially interrelated with each other. Emergent complexity inherent in urban a-formality leads to context-specific multi-functional urban morphological alterations that contribute to urban transformation over time. Positive urban transformation is made possible through the generative adaptability of multi-functional localised complex agents over time. Therefore, Mamelodi East is a significant case study to understand our Post- Apartheid urban condition, from where we can learn to enact meaningful change that responds to the existing dialogues that have already been established. The analysis and documentation of urban informality within townships, as forms of complex emergence manifest in built form, can enable a deeper understanding not only of the new South African condition but also of the global human condition. / Dissertation (MArch)--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Architecture / MArch (Research) / Unrestricted

The lack of detailed descriptions makes positive identification of individual bones of the human hand difficult. In some instances, labelled photographs and line diagrams depicting a few anatomical features are available in the literature while in other cases, unlabelled photographs and diagrams are provided. Textbooks generally describe each hand bone as having a head, shaft and base. The morphology of metacarpals is more commonly described than that of the phalanges. Thus, identification and siding of hand bones are rare, which excludes them from use in many forensic cases. Forensic anthropological studies also include the determination of demographic characteristics such as stature and sex. Parts of the human skeleton that are accurate predictors in determining stature and sex include the skull, pelvis, femur and tibia. Hand bones are often excluded from such studies due to their relatively small size and poor preservation. The aims of this study were firstly, to provide detailed morphological descriptions of metacarpals and phalangeal bones of the human hand; secondly, to develop regression formulae for stature using the hand bones and thirdly, to develop discriminant function formulae in which the hand bones can be used to determine the sex of an unknown individual. The study comprised 200 sets of hands of South African individuals. The results indicate that there are morphological features of individual bones of the human hand that can be used to identify and side them. Regression formulae have been devised whereby the length of a hand bone can be regressed to that of a long bone, which in turn can then be used to determine stature. The sexing accuracy, using the bones of the hand, is high for males and females. Average accuracies recorded were more than 80% in most cases, and more than 75% in all cases. Analyses of human hand bones can thus add valuable information when assessing skeletons of unknown individuals. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Anatomy / unrestricted

A taxonomic revision of the family Thuidiaceae Schimp. for Africa and the east African Islands is presented. Three genera, namely, Pelekium Mitt., Thuidiopsis (Broth.) M. Fleisch. and Thuidium Bruch & Schimp., and 16 species are accepted and revised for the region. The nomenclature, keys to genera and species, descriptions, illustrations and distribution maps are included. Thuidiaceae is one of over 40 families that belong to the Hypnales which is known to contain the most diversity among pleurocarpous mosses. Members of the Thuidiaceae are characterised by gametophytes with attractive, regularly 2- or 3-pinnate branching, presence of paraphyllia on surfaces of stems and branches, dimorphic stem and branch leaves, longitudinally plicate leaves with a single costa, papillose leaf cells, and a hypnoid peristome. Abietinella Müll. Hal., Haplocladium (Müll. Hal.) Müll. Hal., Hylocomiopsis Cardot and Rauiella Reimers are excluded from African Thuidiaceae. Thuidium involvens var. thomeanum Broth. is raised to species status under Pelekium, as Pelekium thomeanum (Broth.) Phephu. Thuidium pseudoinvolvens (Müll. Hal.) A. Jaeger is also transferred to Pelekium and the new combination Pelekium pseudoinvolvens (Müll. Hal.) Phephu is proposed. / Dissertation (MSc)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Plant Science / unrestricted

This dissertation investigates the transformative possibilities inherent in a contemporary urban artefact in Jeppestown, a significant historical suburb dating back to the settlement of early prospectors who sought a precious yellow metal beneath the red earth of a treeless veld. On this veld today stands the City of Johannesburg. The Johannesburg metropolis is scarred by the intersection of differences between those who have inhabited its streets. It has endured these differences and become a part of them through the multiple generations of its lifetime. Jeppestown or Jeppe to its residents, endures today with latent markings of apartheid as a transitional industrial buffer area west of the Johannesburg Central Business District (CBD). Jeppe exists today as a piece of this narrative and is one of the longest threads in the chronology of the habitation of the greater Johannesburg city. Imminent threats of gentrification and signs of poorly considered urban renewal schemes aimed at the transformation of public space in Jeppe provoke the following questions: What is the potential role of Jeppe within the greater metropolis? And how could the transformation of urban form in this context, through the act of design, begin to transform its potential value, meaning and significance as a place of belonging and becoming – to both those who currently inhabit it and the greater population of the fluctuating metropolis that surrounds it? The proposed intervention is situated in the vicinity of Jeppe market and train station. It forms a part of an investigative framework of architectural and landscape interventions along a regenerative urban spine that connects the station square to Gilfillan Park (Jeppe Park). The objective of the framework is defined as the conditional amplification of extant rituals, negotiated territories and lives & deaths through the introduction of responsive and constructive spatial interventions and the reconciliation of these with the existing fabric. Jeppestown is the subject of this inquiry and intervention, yet its post-apartheid predisposition in the urban context is not exclusive. The intention of the study through design is to postulate and identify a manner of working within the means of the architectural discipline, that itself is aligned with the endeavour of fostering an approach toward place making in the contemporary South African metropolis. This text serves as a record of events that have unfolded through the thoughts, actions and adopted processes for the design and investigation of a transformative urban artefact manifested as a social club in Jeppestown, Johannesburg. / Dissertation (MArch(Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2014. / Architecture / MArch(Prof) / Unrestricted

Visual features of the wing colour, with special reference to the intensity of UV reflectance of the Green-veined White (Pieris napi) were investigated. Several studies revealed that only females of Pieris napi possess UV reflectance on dorsal wing surface. Based on UV sensitive photography, we analysed correlation between environmental conditions (productivity and climate) and 3 patches on forewing of 347 specimens of P. napi from Palaearctic region. Males significantly differ in level of intensity of UV reflectance from females. UV intensity in females is 25% higher in comparison with males. This phenomenon is explained by different deposition of wing pterins. Further, environment significantly affects UV intensity on the forewings of females, but not males. Moreover, we accomplished the analysis of fluctuating asymmetry. First we subjected the environmental variables to PCA. In females, the first PCA axis (temperature seasonality, temperature annual range and longitude) significantly correlated with UV intensity. In males, the second PCA axis (latitude and altitude) was significantly correlated with FA. Additionally, we performed Two-Block Partial Least- Squares (PLS) analysis to assess co-variation between intraspecific shape...

Oxymonads (Excavata, Preaxostyla) are a group of anaerobic endobiotic flagellates living primarily in guts of xylophagous insects (cockroaches and termites). Some representatives of the genus Monocercomonoides belonging to the morphologically simplest family Polymastigidae have been described also from the guts of vertebrates. Oxymonads are a group of protist in which mitochondrion has not been proven yet. In this work, we have sequenced gene fo SSU rRNA of two strains of Monocercomonoides and performed phylogenetic analysis of oxymonads. Five selected strains Monocercomonoides isolated from different hosts and distantly related on the phylogenetic tree were studied by using light (DIC and protargol staining) and transmission electron microscopy. The aim was to find differences between these strains. We have focused primarily on the morphology of the nucleus, appearance of the endoplasmic reticulum and structure of the fibre R1. We were able to distinguish the strains by the position of karyosome (central and parietal) and the number of microtubules in the R1 fibre (6-12) and we assume that they represent separate species. The phylogenetic position and appearance of the strains NAU3 were so different that it may represent a new genus. Mitochondria or double-membrane bounded organelles have not been...

Legionella pneumophila is an intracellular pathogen and the etiological agent of Legionnaires’ disease, a severe atypical pneumonia. This bacterium is ubiquitous to freshwater ecosystems where it spreads in the planktonic form but is primarily found associated with protozoa. Protozoa serve as a niche for its replication because the extracellular environment often does not offer sufficient nutrients to support the growth of this bacterium. L. pneumophila is an opportunistic pathogen in humans and utilizes an arsenal of virulence factors to colonize hosts and cause Legionnaires’ disease. The transition between extracellular and intracellular milieus triggers a series of metabolic, morphological and genetic changes that define two developmental stages in this bacterium: replicative and transmissive. Relatively high concentration of nutrients triggers the replicative stage of growth, where the bacterium has the appearance of a thin, elongated rod without the presence of flagella. In addition, is characterized by active metabolism and expression of genes required for productive replication. In contrast, once nutrient levels are relatively low, L. pneumophila switches to its transmissive form. In this form, the bacterium activates a genetic program that includes the expression of many traits associated with the transmissive stage, such as coccoid cell shape, motility, pigmentation and important virulence factors. These multifaceted changes in gene expression leading the differentiation from replicative to the transmissive form, are controlled by two-component regulatory systems. Specifically, the LetAS two-component system plays a key role in the regulation of cell morphology and in the production of the pigment pyomelanin. Here we report the identification of a LetAS-regulated protein, Lpg0586 (designated as Larp1), capable of inducing changes in cell morphology and pigment production. We found that Larp1 expression was accompanied by accumulation of the RecA protein, but evaluation of recA deletion mutants indicated that RecA is not involved in cell morphology changes in L. pneumophila. The specific reason as to why RecA accumulates upon Larp1 expression remains to be elucidated. However, we show that upon synthetic HGA treatment, L. pneumophila cultures display cell elongation and increased RecA levels. Lastly, Larp1 expression restored pyomelanin production in an un-pigmented mutant and increased the transcription of important genes involved in the pyomelanin production pathway. Based on these findings, Larp1 is the first LetAS-regulated protein reported to be involved in pyomelanin production.

Linguistic studies on the aspectual system of natural language have mainly focused on its semantics and morphology; the syntax of aspect has not yet received as much attention. In this dissertation, I provide a syntactic analysis of the aspectual system of Chinese. In analyzing the properties of situation aspect, I propose a unified syntactic structure that accounts for the two mechanisms of telicity marking in Chinese. First, I argue that like pre-verbs in Slavic languages, Chinese also has overt telic morphemes which are used to turn an atelic event into a telic one. For example, I claim that the morpheme wan 'to finish' is base-generated as the head of Inner Aspect Phrase in between vP and VP. This functional phrase is responsible for the telic reading of a sentence. I also claim that differently from languages such as English, whose telicity marking mainly depends on the quantity of the object, countability and boundedness of direct objects in Chinese are not directly responsible for telicity marking. Secondly, I demonstrate that the proposed analysis of telicity marking can also be used to account for the syntactic distributions of the resultative V-V compounds and V-de phrases. I argue that these two types of sentences also contain Inner Aspect Phrase that is responsible for the telic reading. I also claim that the difference in word order between these two constructions is due to morphological requirements and I illustrate how morphology may affect syntax in the derivation. Finally, I discuss imperfective viewpoint aspect in analyzing the distributions of the progressive zai and the durative -zhe. Starting from the close relation between locative expressions and progressive aspect cross-linguistically, I demonstrate that zai always functions as a preposition and is not itself the source of the progressive aspect. I also analyze the usages of -zhe and argue that like English present particle morpheme -ing, this imperfective particle also functions as a verbal suffix of two different types of imperfective aspect. It can be used to express progressive aspect as well as resultative imperfective aspect. The analysis provides a generalization of the imperfective viewpoint aspect in Chinese.

Morphological awareness (MA) is the knowledge of word structure and capacity to manipulate the meaningful parts of words (Kuo & Anderson, 2006). This study examined derivational MA in the English reading processes of 85 linguistically diverse middle school students in grades six through eight. 56 participants had a native/home language (L1) of Spanish, Portuguese, Chinese, Haitian Creole, or Cape Verdean Creole (CVC) and were acquiring English as a second language (L2). 29 participants were L1 English speakers, which facilitated comparisons between L1 and L2 English readers in how three predictors—MA, word reading, and vocabulary knowledge—related to English reading comprehension. Tests were administered in English to assess word reading, reading comprehension, MA, reading vocabulary, and silent word reading fluency for all 85 participants. The study a.) Explored the unique contribution of English MA to English reading comprehension; b.) Examined this relationship in light of English word reading and English vocabulary knowledge; c.) Compared linear regression models to examine which factor (or combination of these factors) explained the most variation in English reading comprehension; d.) Looked at differences in the relationships between the reading variables for L2 English readers, based on L1 background; and e.) Explored L1 background as a possible moderator between MA and L2 English reading comprehension; and e.) Observed potential differences in these relationships between L1 and L2 English readers. All four measures correlated with L2 English reading comprehension for the combined group of L2 English readers, yet MA showed the strongest association. MA was also found to predict L2 English reading comprehension—as did word reading and vocabulary knowledge—when controlling for grade/ time of testing, district, and socio-economic status (SES). Using the same control variables, the bivariate model of MA and English word reading was equal in strength to the model combining MA, word reading, and vocabulary knowledge to predict L2 reading comprehension. Vocabulary knowledge did not add significant predictive value. Differences by L1 background were seen in correlations and in various regression models predicting L2 English reading comprehension. Controlling for grade/time of testing, district, and SES, MA alone created the best model to explain variance in L2 reading comprehension for Chinese speakers. For Portuguese speakers—using the same controls—the combination of MA, word reading, and vocabulary created the best predictive model for L2 English reading comprehension. The bivariate model of vocabulary and MA and the combined model with all three variables equally predicted English reading comprehension for Spanish speakers. No models effectively predicted English reading comprehension for Haitian Creole speakers. The model combining all three predictors explained the most variance in L2 reading comprehension. Additionally, L1 did not moderate the relationship of MA to L2 English reading comprehension. For L1 speakers of English, MA uniquely predicted English reading comprehension—as did word reading, and vocabulary—when controlling for grade/time of testing, district, and SES. However, the best predictor of L1 English reading comprehension was the combined contribution of MA, word reading, and vocabulary knowledge. L1 and L2 English readers differed in the correlations between variables and in how well the various regression models explained variance in English reading comprehension. The controls of grade/time of testing and SES were significant as predictors in models of L1 English reading comprehension. Z- tests did not reveal significant differences when comparing the correlation coefficients of independent variables in the regression models. Implications for instruction and future research are presented.