A língua humana foi primeiramente descrita por Andreas Vesalius, o “Pai da Anatomia Moderna”, no livro De humani corporis Fabrica em 1543. Contudo, as papilas do dorso da língua eram desconhecidas até então. Estas foram descritas e classificadas nos seus três tipos básicos de acordo com o tamanho em papilas de 1ª, 2ª e 3ª ordens somente após o advento do microscópio, por Marcello Malpighi em 1665. A partir daí, os padrões morfológicos das papilas variaram de acordo com a descrição de diferentes autores até alcançar os quatro tipos conhecidos até os dias de hoje, sendo elas: fungiformes, filiformes, folhadas e circunvaladas, sendo estas últimas o objeto de estudo do presente trabalho. Sugeridas primeiramente como tema de investigação para Alfonso Bovero (1871- 1937) fundador da Escola Anatômica de São Paulo pelo seu mentor Carlo Giacomini (1840-1898), Bovero criou um acervo na Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de São Paulo (FM-USP) com mais de 800 línguas humanas obtidas de indivíduos masculinos e femininos, de diferentes idades e etnias. Em seu trabalho preliminar sobre o tema, publicado em 1936, ele descreveu o elevado grau de polimorfismo das papilas, agrupando-as a outros “instrumentos de função” como o encéfalo e as mãos humanas que, como órgãos da vida de relação, se caracterizam pela extrema complexidade morfológica. Com a sua morte em 1937, a pesquisa foi interrompida e do acervo inicial restaram 327 espécimes. O presente trabalho resgatou esse material a fim de avaliar com metodologias atuais a morfologia das papilas, levando em consideração a hipótese de individualidade lingual postulada inicialmente por Bovero, de que não existem duas línguas idênticas, nem mesmo nos antímeros de uma mesma língua. Para identificar os padrões estruturais e de possível singularidade das papilas disposição, número, área papilar, presença ou ausência de orla e formas tanto da própria papila quanto da sua orla foram utilizadas as técnicas de Morfometria, Mesoscopia, e Microscopias de Luz e Eletrônica de Varredura. Os resultados demonstram que no geral as línguas estão sobre 4 formas (circuliformes, trianguliformes, fusiformes e retanguliformes), as PCVs estão dispostas principalmente em forma de ”V” e “Y” linguais; elas podem ser verdadeiras ou falsas; algumas papilas apresentaram a mesma área, porém com morfologia diferente. Além disso, houve variação na textura dos componentes das PCVs. A combinação das variáveis estudadas (papilas, orlas, valo, poros gustatórios e histologia) confirmam a hipótese de unicidade glótica. Dessa forma, os remanescentes do acervo com um século de existência foram aproveitados, demonstrando viabilidade para o estudo anatômico e valorizando os experimentos iniciais do fundador da Escola Boveriana de Anatomia / The human tongue was first described by Andreas Vesalius, known as “the father of modern anatomy”, in the book De humani corporis Fabrica, published in 1543. However, at that time, the dorsal lingual papillae were still unknown. They were described and classified according to size in three basic types: 1st, 2nd and 3rd order papillae, only after the advent of the microscope, by Marcello Malpighi in 1665. Thereafter, the morphological patterns of papillae varied according to different authors' descriptions until reaching the four currently known types: fungiform, filiform, foliate and circunvallate. The later is the aim of this work. Influenced by his mentor, Carlo Giacomini (1840-1898), Alfonso Bovero (1871- 1937) founder of the School of Anatomy of São Paulo created an archive of over 800 human tongues, from male and female individuals, at different ages and different ethnicities at the School of Medicine of the University of São Paulo. In his early work on this subject, published in 1936, he described the high degree of polymorphism found among the papillae, classifying them as other "function instruments", such as the encephalon and the human hands, which, as organs of relation, are characterized by their high morphological complexity. With his death in 1937, this study was interrupted and currently only 327 specimens are left from the original archive. This work analyzed this material regarding papillae morphology with currently available technologies, considering the lingual individuality hypothesis initially proposed by Bovero, which states that there are no two identical tongues or antimers on a given tongue. To identify the papillae's structural and possible singularity patterns distribution, number, papillary area, presence or absence of rims, and shape of both the papillae and their rims we used morphometry, mesoscopy, and light and scanning electronic microscopy. Results show that, in general, tongues are presented in one of four shapes (circle, triangle, rectangles, and fusiforms); vallate papillae (PCVs) are distributed on the tongue mainly as V- or Y-shaped regions; they can be true or false; some papillae have the same area, but different morphologies. In addition to that, we found variation on the texture of PCVs components. In combination, the studied variables (papillae, rims, pits, taste pores, and hystology) corroborate the hypothesis of uniqueness of the tongue. Thus, the remaining of this one-century-old archive were used, viability for the anatomical study was showed, and the initial experiments of the Boverian School of Anatomy founder were praised

Orientador: Kikyo Yamamoto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T02:56:06Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Aguiar_AnaCristinaAndradede_M.pdf: 6446037 bytes, checksum: d0434c5a112880397fdabcdd2e0e9b25 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Resumo: Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake é um subgênero neotropical do gênero Polygala L. Distribuído desde o sul dos Estados Unidos até o norte da Argentina, com centro de diversidade na região Centro-Sudeste do Brasil, espécies de Hebeclada ocorrem principalmente no domínio do cerrado. Usando caracteres parcialmente distintos para discriminar espécies, Chodat (1893) e Bernardi (2000) publicaram diferentes tratamentos taxonômicos deste subgênero. Assim, este estudo tem como objetivo avaliar caracteres utilizados nestas revisões e organizar as bases para uma futura revisão formal de Hebeclada. Esta tese está dividida em três capítulos: 1) Ocorrência e distribuição de tricomas glandulares e de cobertura em sépalas externas: análise do valor taxonômico em espécies brasileiras de Polygala, subg. Hebeclada (Polygalaceae). A ocorrência de tricomas glandulares nas sépalas externas constitui subsídios para a delimitação das espécies de circunscrição mais restrita em Hebeclada, sendo re-introduzido na taxonomia do grupo. 2) Palinotaxonomia de espécies brasileiras de Polygala, subg. Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake. Os estudos polínicos evidenciaram que as espécies sensu Chodat se mostraram homogêneas quanto aos caracteres analisados enquanto que as sensu Bernardi se mostraram heterogêneas. 3) Taxonomia das espécies de Polygala, subg. Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake (Polygalaceae) ocorrentes no Brasil. De um total de 25 espécies sensu Chodat e 6 espécies sensu Bernardi ocorrentes no Brasil, foram aceitas 12 espécies e sete variedades para o território brasileiro. São apresentadas uma chave analítica para a identificação das espécies, além de descrições acompanhadas de ilustrações e dados sobre a floração e frutificação, habitat e distribuição geográfica. De maneira geral, o tratamento de Chodat (1893) se mostrou mais consistente que o de Bernardi (2000) / Abstract: Polygala L. subg. Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake is an exclusively neotropical subgenus distributed from the southern United States to north Argentina, with a center of diversity in central-southeast Brazil occurring mainly in 'cerrado¿ vegetation. Using partly different characters to discriminate the species of the subgenus, Chodat (1893) and Bernardi (2000) published considerably different taxonomic treatments. Thus, the goal of the present study is to evaluate the characters used in these revisions as a basis for a future formal revision of subg. Hebeclada. The present thesis is divided into three chapters: 1) Occurrence and distribution of glandular and eglandular trichomas on the outer sepals: Analysis of the taxonomic value in Brazilian species of Polygala subg. Hebeclada (Polygalaceae). The occurrence of glandular trichomes on the outer sepals provided data for the delimitation of some closely related species in Hebeclada. These species were accepted by Chodat (1893) but not by Bernardi (2000) and are accepted by us in the present treatment. 2) Palynotaxonomy of Brazilian species of Polygala subg. Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake. The present study demonstrated that the species as accepted by Chodat are palynologically homogenous in contrast to the species in the wider circumscription as accepted by Bernardi. 3) Taxonomy of Polygala subg. Hebeclada (Chodat) Blake from Brazil. Of the 25 species accepted by Chodat and 6 accepted by Bernardi we accept 12 species and 7 varieties for Brazil. Identification keys for the species and varieties are presented, as well as descriptions accompanied by illustrations and data about flowering and fruiting time, habitats and geographical distribution. In general, the treatment of Chodat (1893) was found to be more consistent than the one by Bernardi (2000) / Mestrado / Biologia Vegetal / Mestre em Biologia Vegetal

M.Sc. / Mnandi and Astrid are two commercially important potato cultivars in South Africa. These two cultivars are closely related and are morphological virtually identical. It is, however, necessary to be able to distinguish between these two cultivars, because each of these cultivars has certain desirable characteristics. It was decided to use DNA markers, since DNA markers are not influenced by the environment and the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) based DNA markers are relatively easy, cheap and fast. It was decided to develop a sequenced characterized amplified region (SCAR) due to the problems with the reproducibility of random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPDs). SCARs are derived from RAPD fragments by using the sequence of a RAPD derived fragment to design a set of new longer primers (usually 20-24mer) which are less sensitive to PCR conditions. Ten commercial potato cultivars (Astrid, Mnandi. BP,, Buffelspoort, VanderPlank, Up-to-Date, Hoevelder, Hertha, Pimpernel and Agria) were used in this study. Commercially available RAPD primers (102) were evaluated to seek a polymorphism unique to either Mnandi or Astrid. Thirtyseven polymorphisms between Astrid and Mnandi were identified but only three were unique. The polymorphism obtained with OPH-15 was however, not reproducible. The polymorphisms obtained with UBC 509 and 582, corresponding to the presence in Mnandi of a 300 and 900 by fragment respectively, were reproducible. These two fragments, UBC 509 3" and UBC 582900, were cloned into the pMosBlue TA cloning vector and sequenced. The identity if the inserts in the recombinant plasmids were verified with PCR and Southern blotting. The sequences were used to develop two sets of SCAR primers, SCAR UBC 509 3" and SCAR UBC 582900 . The two SCAR primer pairs were then used in PCR reactions. The SCAR UBC 509 300 primer pair amplified a fragment of 230 by in both Astrid and Mnandi and a fragment of 260 by in Mnandi. The polymorphism is thus retained and SCAR UBC 509 3" can be used to distinguish between Astrid and Mnandi. The SCAR UBC 582' primer pair amplify a fragment of 500 by in both Astrid and Mnandi as well as some other longer fragments. It was not possible to regain a polymorphism by either elevating the annealing temperature or by digesting the amplification products with restriction enzymes. SCAR UBC 582' could thus not be used to distinguish between Astrid and Mnandi.

D.Sc. / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. (African Languages) / Please refer to full text to view abstract

M.A. / The term locative refers to all words that have a locative meaning. They include locative nouns, i.e. nouns that belong to classes 16, 17 and 18. Locatively derived nouns, i.e. nouns to which the locative prefix and/or suffix or variants thereof have been added to convey a locative meaning, are also included. Word groups and certain nouns can also obtain a locative meaning by the addition of the locative particle or locative possessive particle. Various theories on the origin of the locative prefix, suffix and class prefixes are discussed. The word status of locatives is investigated, leading to the conclusion that locatives belong to the word class "noun". A morphological description of locative nouns as well as of the norm and variants of the locative prefix and suffix used with locatively derived nouns is provided. The morphological features of the locative particle and the locative possessive particle are discussed. As a result of the combination of locative morphemes with nouns in the derivation of locatives or particles that occur with word groups, certain sound changes occur. These changes can be organized logically and in detail by using phonological rules. In European languages the meaning of locatives is conveyed by adverbs and prepositions. The basic semantic feature of locatives is the feature [+ locality]. In certain instances it also has the feature of reference to an object. Locatives have a wide variety of possible syntactical uses, including the following: subject valence, object valence, descriptive (or adverbial) valence, complementary valence, qualificative and antecedental valence. Pronouns derived from the locative noun classes can serve as auxiliary verbs and conjunctions. In certain syntactical contexts the locative prefix can be omitted from locatively derived nouns

D.Phil. / The genus Crotalaria (tribe Crotalarieae, Fabaceae) includes 700 species with its main centre of species diversity in Africa and Madagascar and secondary radiations to other parts of the world (including North and South America, India, South-East Asia and Australia). Molecular systematics has recently provided profound new insights into generic relationships in the Crotalarieae, thereby creating the opportunity to re-evaluate the taxonomic and functional significance of flower and fruit structure in the tribe, with emphasis on the large genus Crotalaria. A representative sample of flowers from 211 species was dissected to record morphological character states and fruit transverse sections of 142 species was cut to record anatomical variation across the tribe. These data were supplemented from the literature to allow for generalizations. Six structural-functional flower types were identified: (1) pump; (2) gullet; (3) hugging; (4) saddle; (5) tunnel; and (6) brush. The saddle and tunnel types are here described for the first time. Crotalaria is the only genus within the tribe that has the brush type; specialized flowers characterized by a rostrate keel, highly dimorphic anthers, stylar trichomes and four types of elaborate callosities on the standard petal: (1) ridge callosities – vertical swellings on the blade and claw; (2) disc callosities – subcircular swellings on the blade; (3) columnar callosities – cylindrical protruding appendages on the blade; and (4) lamelliform callosities – plate-like protruding appendages on the blade. Trends toward specialization are apparent across the phylogeny as a whole suite of specialized floral characters and are homoplastic as a result of convergence.

Les nanoparticules (NPs) sont des matériaux fonctionnels importants du fait de leur taille nanométrique. Cette réduction en taille, associée à la composition, à l'orientation des surfaces et à la morphologie contribue à l'exaltation de nombreuses propriétés importantes telles que les propriétés électroniques, magnétiques, catalytiques, optiques, etc. Pour contrôler la morphologie des NPs, de nombreux efforts ont été consacrés à comprendre leurs mécanismes de formation et l'origine de leur stabilité. Parmi les nanoparticules métalliques, le cobalt, avec sa structure hexagonale compact (hcp), est particulièrement intéressant pour la possibilité d'obtenir des nanocristaux de forme "naturellement" anisotropique. Par synthèse chimique en milieu liquide, des NPs de différentes morphologies telles que des disques, des plaques, des bâtonnets, des fils et des cubes ont été obtenues en contrôlant le type de précurseur, de l'agent réducteur, des ligands stabilisants, ainsi que la concentration de ces ligands, la température ou la vitesse d'injection des précurseurs. Même si ces conditions de synthèse ont été rationalisées, les mécanismes à l'origine de ces différentes morphologies ne sont pas encore bien connus. Dans ce travail, nous avons développé deux modèles quantitatifs pour la prédiction de la morphologie, l'un est basé sur l'équilibre thermodynamique de l'état final, et l'autre sur un contrôle par l'effet cinétique. Pour appliquer ces modèles, il a été nécessaire de calculer dans un premier temps, avec la théorie de la fonctionnelle de la densité (DFT), les comportements d'adsorption des molécules ligands en fonction du taux de recouvrement sur les facettes de différentes orientations du métal. Pour ce faire, l'adsorption des ligands CH 3 NH 2 , CH 3 COO, C 5 H 11 COO et C 11 H 23 COO a été modélisée sur les différentes surfaces de Co et de Ni. La morphologie des NPs de Co prédite par ces deux modèles a été comparée à celles obtenues expérimentalement et à d'autres résultats théoriques de la littérature. La variété des formes obtenues par le modèle cinétique semblerait mieux correspondre aux NPs synthétisées avec les différentes conditions expérimentales. Ceci confirme que la morphologie des NPs est guidée avant tout par un effet cinétique. / Nanoparticles are one of the most important families of functional materials due to their nanometric size. This size reduction, associated to their composition, surfaces orientation and morphology has contributed to the emergence of new important properties such as electronic, magnetic, catalytic, optic, etc. To control the morphology of NPs, many efforts have been devoted to understand their formation mechanism and the origin of their stability. Among metallic nanoparticles, cobalt, with its hexagonal closed-packed (hcp) structure, is particularly interesting because of the possibility to grow "naturally" anisotropic shaped nanocrystals. Using chemical synthesis in liquid environment, various morphologies such as disks, plates, rods, wires and cubes have been obtained by controlling the precursor type, the reducing agent, the stabilizing ligands as well as their concentration, the temperature or the rate of precursor injection. Even if these synthesis conditions have been rationalized, few is known concerning the growth mechanisms at the atomic scale. In this work, we have developed two quantitative morphology prediction models, one based on the final thermodynamic equilibrium state, while another is controlled by the kinetics. These models require the knowledge of the adsorption behaviors of stabilizing molecules as a function of surface coverage on preferential facets of NPs. To this end, density functional theory (DFT) calculations were performed on a series of stabilizing molecules (CH3NH2 , CH3COO C5H11OO and C11H23COO) adsorbed on the different Co and Ni surfaces. The shape of the Co NPs obtained by these two models was compared to experimental morphologies and other theoretical results from the literature. The variety of forms predicted by the kinetic model agrees better with the NPs morphologies obtained under the different synthesis conditions. This confirms that the morphology control of NPs is mostly driven by the kinetics.

Lorsque de l’air est injecté à la base d’une couche de grains immergée, il traverse le système par percolation ou fracturation. Il forme ainsi plusieurs chemins qui atteignent la surface libre de la couche à des endroits différents. Nous avons réalisé l’étude expérimentale de ce processus (configuration 2D et 3D), ainsi que son analyse numérique et théorique. Dans un premier temps, nous nous sommes concentrés sur la dynamique d’invasion de l’air dans le milieu, à temps court et à temps long, lors de l’injection d’un flux d’air continu. À temps long, la taille typique de la région explorée par l’air (zone fluidifiée) peut être expliquée par un processus diffusif [1]. Nous avons également étudié l’effet de la gravité, en inclinant la cellule expérimentale. La comparaison des résultats avec des simulations numériques pour l’injection d’un volume d’air fixé permet de caractériser la morphologie de la zone d’invasion. Nous montrons que la hauteur et la largeur typique de la région explorée par l’air ne dépend pas uniquement du volume injecté, mais peut s’exprimer en fonction d’un paramètre χ sans dimension qui représente les effets relatifs de la gravité et de la capillarité [2]. Nous présenterons quelques résultats préliminaires montrant la dynamique d’évolution de la zone fluidifiée en fonction des différentsparamètres. Enfin, lorsqu’on augmente la hauteur d’eau au-dessus de la couche granulaire, l’advection et le dépôt successif des grains forment un cratère, composé de deux dunes qui croissent et s’éloignent du centre. La taille typique du cratère augmente de façon logarithmique dans le temps, indépendamment du processus d’émission du gaz [3].Références -[1] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 011302 (2011).[2] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 061302 (2011).[3] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 79, 021301 (2009). / When air is injected at the bottom of an immersed granular layer, it crosses the system by percolating or fracturing. It thus forms several paths that reach the free surface of the layer at different locations. In this thesis, we study this process experimentally (for a three and two dimensional setup), numerically and theoretically. First, we focus on the dynamics of the air invading the medium at short and long time scale, when injecting a continuous air flow. At long time, the typical size of the region explored by the air can be accounted for by a diffusion-like process [1]. We also investigate the effect of gravity by tilting the experimental cell. We contrast the results with numerical simulations for the injection of a fixed volume of air, and characterize the morphology of the invasion zone. We show that the typical height and width of the region explored by the air does not depend on the injected volume only, but also on a dimensionless parameter χ which accounts for the relative effects of the gravity and capillarity [2]. Finally, when increasing the water height above the granular layer, successive grain advection and deposition form a crater consisting of two dunes growing and moving apart one from the other. We observe that the typical size of the crater increases logarithmically with time, independently of the gas emission process [3].References -[1] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 011302 (2011).[2] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 83, 061302 (2011).[3] G.Varas, V. Vidal and J.-C. Géminard, Phys. Rev. E. 79, 021301 (2009).

Alep, comme beaucoup d’autres villes dans le monde, est touchée par la mondialisation qui a suscité une dynamique métropolitaine ayant des effets sur l’organisation socio-spatiale de la ville. Ces effets ont connu une ampleur considérable dans les décennies qui ont précédé le déclenchement de la révolution et de la guerre, la ville se trouvant en pleine expansion avec un accroissement de population très rapide, tandis que les politiques d'aménagement mises en oeuvre ne se révélaient pas à la hauteur du phénomène avec une centralisation accrue des services et des équipements qui amplifiait l'exode rural. La présente recherche se base sur la complexité phénoménologique et prend en compte les facteurs dynamiques tels que l’interaction et l’évolution. La nouvelle lecture que nous proposons ici se base sur des principes de morphogenèse qui permettent d'expliquer la dynamique de la forme urbaine. / Aleppo, like many other cities in the world is affected by globalization, which has sparked a metropolitan dynamic with effects on the socio-spatial organization of the city. These effects have been considerable momentum in the decades preceding the outbreak of the revolution and the war, the city being in full expansion with rapid population growth, while development policies implemented will not revealed up to the phenomenon with greater centralization of services and equipment that amplifies the rural exodus. This research is based on the phenomenological complexity and take into account dynamic factors such as interaction and evolution. The new reading proposed here is based on the principles of morphogenesis that explain the dynamics of urban form.