The South African leather industry has undergone a significant transformation since the 1990’s and this can be attributed primarily owing to two major factors that occurred. The first being trade liberalisation, which meant the fall of trade barriers, and the second being the Motor Industry Development Programme (MIDP), which was implemented in South Africa on 1 September 1995. The MIDP was implemented in the context of the country’s political and economic liberalisation, and the major structural shift in government policy and the trade regime. South Africa became much more globally integrated and the South African leather industry benefited because of this, as well as the incentives that was offered under the MIDP. Automotive exports of stitched leather seat parts responded positively to the incentives offered under the MIDP and stitched leather seat parts, as a component under the MIDP, became one of the best performing components being exported from South Africa. The MIDP had been terminated at the end of 2012 and is now being followed by government’s latest rendition of automotive policy, namely the Automotive Production and Development Programme (APDP). The APDP focuses on value addition, which pursues beneficiation of the country’s raw materials to the final stages, to ensure maximum benefit to the South African economy. The findings of the study entail that the South African leather industry is now in a vulnerable state because of the new automotive policy. This is mainly because the APDP does not provide the same level, or type, of incentives that the MIDP had provided to the industry. / Business Management / M. Com. (Business Management)

State budget as one of the most important budgets helps to fund public goods and services in the Czech Republic. The important revenue of the state budget is from taxes. This thesis focuses on one specific kind of taxes system of motor vehicle tax. Since motor vehicle tax contributes to funding of roads and motorways maintenance and development of roads, this thesis presents theoretical estimation of potential income from the motor vehicle tax. The estimated income is related to the potential application of motor vehicle tax on all personal vehicles in the Czech Republic. This thesis contains not only a theoretical research of tax system but also a practical computation of motor vehicle tax based on statistical data from Ministry of transport. There is a survey targeted to taxation of all motor vehicles. Evaluation of the survey answers shows public opinion of asked sample of people. The survey results as well as research of existing taxation approaches in other countries was used to create a new system of motor vehicle tax that is presented in this thesis.

INTRODUCTION : Les jeunes de moins de 25 ans constituent le groupe de conducteurs le plus impliqué dans les collisions routières (CR). L’objectif de cette étude est de déterminer l’importance de certains facteurs humains et de l’environnement routier dans les collisions les nuits de la fin de semaine chez les jeunes conducteurs. Les hypothèses postulent des chances plus élevées de CR les nuits de la fin de semaine, comparativement aux CR survenant à d’autres moments de la semaine, en présence d’un seul facteur de risque et de deux facteurs de risque. MÉTHODE : Cette étude transversale porte sur les CR ayant causé des blessures légères, graves ou mortelles au Québec chez les conducteurs âgés de 16 à 24 ans. Les informations sur les 58 478 CR survenus de 2007 à 2011 et les facteurs associés à ces CR proviennent de la banque de données de la Société de l’assurance automobile du Québec. Les CR les nuits de la fin de semaine (vendredi à samedi et samedi à dimanche de 20 h 00 à 04 h 59) sont comparées aux CR survenues aux autres moments de la semaine. L’importance des facteurs humains (p. ex., conduite avec capacités affaiblies) et de l’environnement routier (p. ex., courbes) dans ces CR est évaluée à l’aide d’analyses de régression logistique binaire et multinomiale. RÉSULTATS : Plusieurs facteurs sont liés à une augmentation des chances de CR les nuits de la fin de semaine, comparativement aux autres moments de la semaine. Ces facteurs incluent, par ordre d’importance décroissant : la conduite avec les capacités affaiblies (rapport des cotes ajusté [RCA] = 5,05 et intervalles de confiance à 99 % [IC 99 %] = 4,53‒5,64), la fatigue et le sommeil (RCA = 2,40 ; IC 99 % = 2,12‒2,73), la présence de passagers (RCA = 1,81 ; IC 99 % = 1,69‒1,94), le genre masculin (RCA = 1,36 ; IC 99 % = 1,27‒1,46), les courbes (RCA = 1,21 ; IC 99 % = 1,11‒1,32) et la vitesse (RCA = 1,18 ; IC 99 % = 1,09‒1,28). Les résultats sur la présence de deux de ces facteurs suggèrent l’importance des capacités affaiblies. Les chances de CR sont particulièrement importantes lorsque la présence de capacités affaiblies et d’un autre facteur est comparée à l’absence de ces deux facteurs. Dans ces cas, les chances de CR s’étalent de 5,33 (IC 99 % = 4,40‒6,45) pour la combinaison avec les courbes à 7,68 (IC 99 % = 6,52‒9,05) pour la combinaison avec la présence de passagers. CONCLUSION : Cette étude a permis de déterminer l’importance de plusieurs facteurs de risque, notamment la conduite avec capacités affaiblies, dans l’implication des jeunes conducteurs dans les CR les nuits de la fin de semaine. Les résultats suggèrent diverses stratégies afin de mieux cibler la conduite avec capacités affaiblies, incluant l’accès graduel à la conduite avec de jeunes passagers la nuit après l’obtention du permis de conduire. / Abstract : INTRODUCTION: Young people under 25 represent the group of drivers most involved in motor vehicle crashes (MVC). The aim of this study is to determine the significance of certain human and road environment factors in weekend night crashes involving young drivers. The hypotheses postulate higher odds of crash occurrence on weekend nights, as compared to crashes at other times during the week, when there is the presence of a single risk factor and two risk factors. METHOD: This cross-sectional study examines MVC causing minor, severe or fatal injuries in Quebec drivers aged 16 to 24. The information pertaining to the 58 478 MVC that occurred from 2007 to 2011 and the factors associated with these MVC comes from the databank of the Société de l’assurance automobile du Québec. Weekend night MVC (Friday to Saturday and Saturday to Sunday from 8:00 p.m. to 4:59 a.m.) are compared to MVC occurring at other times of the week. The significance of human factors (e.g., driving under the influence) and road environment factors (e.g., curves) in these crashes is assessed using binary and multinomial logistic regression analyses. FINDINGS: Several factors are associated with the increased odds of an MVC occurring on weekend nights, as compared to other times of the week. These factors include, by order of decreasing significance: driving under the influence (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] = 5.05 and 99% confidence interval [99% CI] = 4.53‒5.64), fatigue and sleep (AOR = 2.40; 99% CI = 2.12‒2.73), presence of passengers (AOR = 1.81; 99% CI = 1.69‒1.94), male gender (AOR = 1.36; 99% CI = 1.27‒1.46), curves (AOR = 1.21; 99% CI = 1.11‒1.32), and speed (AOR = 1.18; 99% CI = 1.09‒1.28). The findings on the presence of two of these factors suggest the significance of driving under the influence. The odds of MVC occurrence are particularly high when the presence of driving under the influence and another factor is compared against the absence of these two factors. In such instances, the odds of MVC occurrence range from 5.33 (99% CI = 4.40‒6.45) when curves are also involved to 7.68 (99% CI = 6.52‒9.05) when passengers are also present. CONCLUSION: This study determined the significance of several risk factors, particularly driving under the influence, in young drivers’ involvement in MVC on weekend nights. The findings suggest various strategies to better target driving under the influence, including gradual access to driving with young passengers at night after obtaining a driver’s licence.

<p>Doktorska disertacija ukazuje na model dijagnostike stanja koji zbog svog istraživačkog karaktera može dovesti do novih naučnih saznanja i metoda praćenja uticaja najvažnijih parametara na pouzdanost vozila, izučavanja ključnih performansi iz oblasti održavanja motornih vozila. Njen cilj je da teorijski i empirijski, kritički, sistematski i kontrolisano defini&scaron;e model dijagnostike stanja kao i da izvr&scaron;i izbor optimalnih parametara, radne temperature i pohabanosti ležajeva, a sve u cilju određivanja sigurnosti funkcionisanja sastavnih komponenti motornih vozila. Proces istraživanja modela predstavlja vezu između periodičnosti provere parametara stanja u radu i otkaza sastavnih komponenata motornih vozila. Simulacijom se može prognozirati vremenski trenutak zamene komponenata pre nego &scaron;to dođe do njihovog otkaza. Dati model je univerzalnog tipa iz razloga &scaron;to se može primeniti i na složene sisteme, bez obzira na dimenzije komponenti sklopova motornih vozila.</p> / <p>PhD dissertation indicates a model of state diagnostics, which due to its research nature, could lead to new scientific knowledge and methods of monitoring the impact of the most important parameters on vehicle reliability, the study of key performance in the field of maintenance of motor vehicles. Its aim is to theoretically and empirically, critically, systematically and in a controlled way define the model of conditions diagnostic and to make the selection of optimal parameters, operating temperature and wear of bearings, all for the purpose of determining the security of functioning of the parts and components of motor vehicles. The research process of a model represents the relationship between the periodicity of testing parameters of the operating mode and cancellation of integral components of motor vehicles. The simulation can predict time for replacement of components before they cancel. The present model is of a universal type because it can be applied to complex systems, regardless of the dimensions of the components of motor vehicles.</p>

<p>Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India. </p><p>The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement issues. </p><p>The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India. The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities. </p><p>The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve many different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India</p>

Road safety is a major issue affecting the road sector. Road accidents remain a serious impediment to sustainable human development in many of the developing member countries (DMCs) of the Asian Development Bank (ADB). Road accidents continue to be an important social and economic problem in developing countries like India. Growth in the number of motor vehicles, poor enforcement of traffic safety regulations, poor quality of roads and vehicles, and inadequate public health infrastructures are some of the road safety problems facing in India. The object of this Thesis is to present a status report on the nature of the government policy towards the Activity plans implemented till now and which has to be implemented later for the reduction of road fatalities and for the safe roads, and also giving the guidelines for financing of remedial measures, institutional framework, physical characteristics of the road, traffic control and calming measures, road safety education and enforcement issues. The aim of the Activity plans is to analyze the present situation of road safety in India and to indicate main problems in individual sector of the Activity implemented by comparing and taking the examples of some of the ASEAN Region who are successed in implementing in the individual sectors. The effect of the programme to real safety situation is estimated, and further plans could be corrected if it is necessary. Implementation of the goals for the coming years to reduce the number of accidents at maximum extent and give people, the safe and the steady flow of traffic in India. The vision of a tremendous change next 5 to 10 years is based on a big potential for improvement and a joint effort of all involved groups on all levels of traffic safety, centrally coordinated by the National Road Safety Authorities. The Action Plan is deliberately divided into 14 key Sectors of activity in broadly the same way as the individual country road safety action plans. The sectors involve many different disciplines and a very wide range of multi sector activities but all are based on applying scientific, methodical approaches to the problem. At the end the thesis gives the recommendations and conclusion for the safe Roads in India

"This document was submitted as a dissertation in December 2009 in partial fulfillment of the requirements of the doctoral degree in public policy analysis at the Pardee RAND Graduate School." / Title from PDF title screen (viewed Jan. 21, 2010). Includes bibliographical references (p. 343-360).

Motor vehicles are a major source of gaseous and particulate matter pollution in urban areas, particularly of ultrafine sized particles (diameters < 0.1 µm). Exposure to particulate matter has been found to be associated with serious health effects, including respiratory and cardiovascular disease, and mortality. Particle emissions generated by motor vehicles span a very broad size range (from around 0.003-10 µm) and are measured as different subsets of particle mass concentrations or particle number count. However, there exist scientific challenges in analysing and interpreting the large data sets on motor vehicle emission factors, and no understanding is available of the application of different particle metrics as a basis for air quality regulation. To date a comprehensive inventory covering the broad size range of particles emitted by motor vehicles, and which includes particle number, does not exist anywhere in the world. This thesis covers research related to four important and interrelated aspects pertaining to particulate matter generated by motor vehicle fleets. These include the derivation of suitable particle emission factors for use in transport modelling and health impact assessments; quantification of motor vehicle particle emission inventories; investigation of the particle characteristic modality within particle size distributions as a potential for developing air quality regulation; and review and synthesis of current knowledge on ultrafine particles as it relates to motor vehicles; and the application of these aspects to the quantification, control and management of motor vehicle particle emissions. In order to quantify emissions in terms of a comprehensive inventory, which covers the full size range of particles emitted by motor vehicle fleets, it was necessary to derive a suitable set of particle emission factors for different vehicle and road type combinations for particle number, particle volume, PM1, PM2.5 and PM1 (mass concentration of particles with aerodynamic diameters < 1 µm, < 2.5 µm and < 10 µm respectively). The very large data set of emission factors analysed in this study were sourced from measurement studies conducted in developed countries, and hence the derived set of emission factors are suitable for preparing inventories in other urban regions of the developed world. These emission factors are particularly useful for regions with a lack of measurement data to derive emission factors, or where experimental data are available but are of insufficient scope. The comprehensive particle emissions inventory presented in this thesis is the first published inventory of tailpipe particle emissions prepared for a motor vehicle fleet, and included the quantification of particle emissions covering the full size range of particles emitted by vehicles, based on measurement data. The inventory quantified particle emissions measured in terms of particle number and different particle mass size fractions. It was developed for the urban South-East Queensland fleet in Australia, and included testing the particle emission implications of future scenarios for different passenger and freight travel demand. The thesis also presents evidence of the usefulness of examining modality within particle size distributions as a basis for developing air quality regulations; and finds evidence to support the relevance of introducing a new PM1 mass ambient air quality standard for the majority of environments worldwide. The study found that a combination of PM1 and PM10 standards are likely to be a more discerning and suitable set of ambient air quality standards for controlling particles emitted from combustion and mechanically-generated sources, such as motor vehicles, than the current mass standards of PM2.5 and PM10. The study also reviewed and synthesized existing knowledge on ultrafine particles, with a specific focus on those originating from motor vehicles. It found that motor vehicles are significant contributors to both air pollution and ultrafine particles in urban areas, and that a standardized measurement procedure is not currently available for ultrafine particles. The review found discrepancies exist between outcomes of instrumentation used to measure ultrafine particles; that few data is available on ultrafine particle chemistry and composition, long term monitoring; characterization of their spatial and temporal distribution in urban areas; and that no inventories for particle number are available for motor vehicle fleets. This knowledge is critical for epidemiological studies and exposure-response assessment. Conclusions from this review included the recommendation that ultrafine particles in populated urban areas be considered a likely target for future air quality regulation based on particle number, due to their potential impacts on the environment. The research in this PhD thesis successfully integrated the elements needed to quantify and manage motor vehicle fleet emissions, and its novelty relates to the combining of expertise from two distinctly separate disciplines - from aerosol science and transport modelling. The new knowledge and concepts developed in this PhD research provide never before available data and methods which can be used to develop comprehensive, size-resolved inventories of motor vehicle particle emissions, and air quality regulations to control particle emissions to protect the health and well-being of current and future generations.

PAE / O transporte rodoviário é um dos modais mais utilizados para o transporte de passageiros principalmente devido à sua acessibilidade, tanto no contexto nacional como mundial. As organizações buscam métodos e sistemas cada vez mais eficientes para atender de forma satisfatória seus clientes, oferencendo serviços de qualidade e confiáveis. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo propor um modelo matemático de veículos para a minimização de ônibus, evitando ao máximo o desbalanceamento da rede de transporte. O modelo buscou abranger as restrições inerentes aos fluxos em rodoviárias de modo a cobrir todas as viagens de uma tabela de horários já definida, alocando apenas um veículo para cada viagem e aproveitando o mesmo para outras viagens quando possível, atendendo à função objetivo. O modelo foi aplicado à uma empresa de transportes de passageiros com quatro cidades envolvidas e 105 viagens em um tempo de 24 horas. As variáveis e restrições foram identificadas a partir de entrevistas semi -estruturadas e visitas à organização, observando roteiros de viagens a serem cumpridos por dois modelos de ônibus: metropolitanos e articulados. Neste contexto, dois modelos distintos foram montados de forma a atender as viagens, sendo analisadas separadamente. Os resultados definiram um total necessário de 12 ônibus metropolitanos e 4 ônibus articulados para atender às exigências da empresa e da tabela viagens, sendo que todas as restrições foram satisfeitas, detectando -se a necessidade da realização de seis viagens mortas (sem passageiros) para suprir a necessidade de d emanda de ônibus para cada tabela de viagens diárias. Com os resultados, fez-se uma comparação com a programação que a empresa necessitava para cumprir a tabela de viagens, identificando a diminuição de um ônibus metropolitano, sem deixar de cumprir a restrição de autonomia de cada ônibus poder rodar 400 quilômetros sem necessidade de reabastecimento. Algumas melhorias foram identificadasanalisando-se a rede resultante, sendo discutidas ao final da pesquisa e norteando novas intenções de trabalhos futuros. / Road transport is one of the most used modes for passenger transport mainly due to its affordability, in the national and global context. Organizations seek for a better methods and systems to meet the satisfaction of its customers, offering quality and reliable services. This research aimed to propose a vehicle scheduling model to minimize buses, avoiding the transmission system imbalance. The model tried to cover the restrictions inherent about the vehicle flow on bus stations to cover all travel in a given timetable, allocating only one vehicle for each trip and using it for other trips when it is possible, given the objective function. The model was applied to a passenger transportation company with four cities involved and 105 trips in a time of 24 hours. The variables and constraints were identified from semi-structured interviews and visits at organization, identifying the tours to be met by two bus models: articulated and metropolitan. In this context, two different models were fitted to meet the travel , and analyzed separately. The results defined a required total of twelve metropolitan buses and four articulated buses to meet the company and timetable requirements and all constraints were satisfied, detecting the need of perform six deadheading trips (without passengers) to meet the need for demand bus for each table in the daily trips. With the results, a comparison was made between the old programming system adopted by the organization to fulfill the timetable, identifying the reduction of a metropolitan bus, while fulfilling the constraint of autonomy that each bus can travel 400 kilometers. Some improvements were identified by observing the resulting route network, being discussed at the end of the research and guiding for a new works in the future.

The theme of this student thesis is {\clq}qAnalysis of the machinery as a component of the accident system in the area of traffic operations of self-propelled motor vehicles``. It deals with problems of traffic and main causes of deaths and injuries in road accidents, and proposes a possibility of their elimination. The solution is based on the fact that most of the road accidents are caused by drivers themselves who don´t pay enough attention by driving or their behaviour behind the wheel isn´t sufficient. The proposed solution is supposed to monitor the traffic in real time and in co-operation with specially-designed program installed in the electronic control unit of the vehicle it´s able to notify the driver of dangers around him. The system is also able to dynamically control the traffic in order to prevent traffic-jams, accidents on pedestrian crossings, etc. As a result of system implementation the author estimates rapid decrease in fatal road accidents, serious injuries and physical damages.