Thesis (MDF)--Stellenbosch University, 2006. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In Southern Africa only five countries administer a fuel levy funded motor vehicle accident compensation system. These are South Africa, Namibia, Swaziland, Botswana and Lesotho. These accident compensation systems are administered by statutory bodies established through the respective Act of Parliaments, with the exception of Lesotho, which is outsourced to a private insurance agency for administration purposes. The enabling legislation prescribes the compensation of accident victims, where the cause of accident is due to the negligent or fault of the driver or owner of the vehicle. Over the years, the administration of these Funds have proven to be a significant challenge in respect of their enabling legislations, inadequate funding levels to meet liabilities as prescribed by the respective legislation and poor public governance of the institutions. The study reviews the Namibian MVA Fund's efforts to reform the compensation scheme in the context of an overall public management reform and social policy. The study presents the historical overview of the accident compensation regime and how that has influenced the current thinking and application of compensation policy in the Southern African region. The study emphasised the quest of the Funds to become financially viable, thus being able to meet present and future liabilities as and when they accrue to the respective Funds. Thus it presents new thinking and knowledge on alternative revenue sources that could be further explored to enhance financial viability and broadening the scope of coverage of the compensations scheme. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: In Suidelike Afrika gebruik slegs vyf lande 'n stelsel vir die vergoeding van motorvoertuigongelukke wat deur 'n brandstof heffing befonds word. Hierdie lande is Suid Afrika, Namibie, Swaziland, Botswana en Lesotho. Hierdie ongeluksvergoedingstelsel word ge-administreer deur statutere liggame daargestel deur die onderskeie wetgewing van Parlemente, met uitsondering van Lesotho, wat die funksie uitgekontrakteur het aan 'n private versekeringsmaatskapy vir adminstrasie doeleindes. Die betrokke wetgewing skryf die vergoeding van ongelukslagoffers voor waar die oorsaak van die ongeluk deur die nalatigheid of fout van die bestuurder of eienaar van die voertuig is. Die administrasie van die onderskeie fondse oor die jare, het getoon dat 'n groot uitdaging gestel word aan hul magtigende wetgewing ten opsigte van die toereikendheid van fondse en swak beheer, soos voorgeskryf deur die betrokke wetgewing. Hierdie studie hersien die Motorvoertuigongeluksfonds van Namibie se strewe tot die hervorming van die vergoedingskema in die oorhoofse publieke bestuurshervorming en maatskaplike voorskrifte. Die studie verteenwoordig die historiese oorsig van die ongeluksvergoedingskema en die invloed daarvan op die huidige denkwyses en toepassing van vergoedingskemas in die Suider-Afrikaanse streke. Hierdie studie het die proses van die Fondse om finansieel lewensvatbaar te word beklemtoon, derhalwe om in staat te wees om die huidige en toekomstige finiansiele verantwoordelikheid soos en wanneer dit deur die onderskeie fondse toegeskryf word, na te kom. Gevolglik verteenwoordig dit nuwe denkwyses en kennis van altematiewe bronne van inkomste wat verder ondersoek kan word om finansiele lewensvaatbaarheid te verbeter en die voordele struktuur van hierdie vergoedingskemas te vergroot.

Tato diplomová práce si klade za cíl shrnout a specifikovat problematiku daňových povinností podnikatele, který ke své činnosti využívá motorové vozidlo. Úvodní část práce se věnuje definicí majetkových daní a legislativnímu vymezení provozování motorových vozidel v právním systému České republiky. Hlavní část práce se zabývá jednotlivými daňovými povinnostmi podnikatele v oblasti daně z příjmů, daně silniční a daně z přidané hodnoty. Poslední část práce je zaměřena na harmonizaci zdanění motorových vozidel v Evropské unii. V závěru práce je nastíněn možný vývoj zdanění motorových vozidel v České republice.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-10T10:47:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 SINARA DE FREITAS ELIAS CAMPOS.pdf: 11972926 bytes, checksum: 64f4f5e1f51083c634c4407d8c5747f2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-17 / This work has the objective to demonstrate the uneven shape of public officials and legislating power treat persons with disabilities, within that same group of individuals when restrict the granting of tax exemption on motor vehicles to certain categories of disability over others, not fulfilling the role of promoting social inclusion. During the work will be studied: the categories of physical, visual, hearing, mental and intellectual disabilities and autism; the taxes applicable to the acquisition, financing and ownership of motor vehicles; and the exemption rules of these taxes for persons with disabilities. Indeed, the data collected on the amount requirements and exemptions of the aforementioned taxes have been granted by the Treasury will be analyzed, in the jurisdiction of the State of Goiás. Furthermore, will be addressing this unequal treatment on the aspect of constitutional norms and principles of human dignity, equality and tax equality, and present the position of the courts. / O presente trabalho tem como escopo demonstrar a forma desigual dos administradores públicos e do poder legiferante tratarem as pessoas com deficiência, dentro desse próprio grupo de indivíduos, quando restringem a concessão de isenção tributária sobre veículos automotores para certas categorias de deficiência em detrimento de outras, não cumprindo o papel de promover a inclusão social. Durante o trabalho serão estudadas: as categorias de deficiência física, visual, auditiva, mental, intelectual e com autismo; os impostos incidentes sobre a aquisição, financiamento e propriedade de veículos automotores; e, as normas de isenção dos referidos tributos para pessoas com deficiência. Com efeito, serão analisados os dados coletados em relação à quantidade de requerimentos e isenções dos citados impostos foram concedidos pelo Fisco, na jurisdição do Estado de Goiás. Ademais, será feita abordagem desse tratamento desigual sobre o aspecto das normas constitucionais e os princípios da dignidade da pessoa humana, da igualdade e da isonomia tributária, além de apresentar o posicionamento dos tribunais.

European insurance currently stands in front of phase of structural changes. Transforming of currently conservative and strongly regulated insurance area will be different from transformations done in other industries. For insurance of 21st century will be typical change of currently calmful insurance market into strongly competitive enviroment requesting significant changes in organizational structure of insurance companies. Effort of whole disertation is to support top management of insurance companies in creation of complicated models of organization structures of insurance companies. The work creates simple theoretical structure explaining changes in organizational structures of insurance companies. Special focus is being put on outsourcing of value chain in claims handling of motor vehicle insurance. Motivation of insurance management to implement described changes is mainly price fight, which strongly emphasizes need of efficiency. Optimizing of insurance company value chain might support increase in profitability of insurance technical result, compared to competition.

Thesis submitted to the Division of Science and Engineering. Bibliography: leaves 307-322.

At signalized intersections, pedestrians are considered to be amongst the most vulnerable. When in the crosswalk at intersections without protected left-turn phasing, pedestrians are particularly at risk from left-turning vehicles. Until recently, a wide variety of indications were in use across the US to indicate a permissive left-turn condition to the driver. In Oregon, the Flashing Yellow Arrow (FYA) has been used to indicate the permissive left-turn condition for approximately 10 years. With the addition of the FYA in the 2009 MUTCD, it is likely that its use will continue to increase nationally. Though many operational and safety issues have been studied about the FYA indication, this research proposes to fully investigate factors that influence driver behavior in the context of the permissive left-turn conflict with pedestrians. Specifically, the research seeks to study driver glance behavior to identify reasons why drivers are, "looking at but not seeing" pedestrians in or near the crosswalk or not searching for the presence of pedestrians at all. / Graduation date: 2013

Disasters and major accidents are a significant cause of distress worldwide. High levels of posttraumatic stress can become chronic after severe and prolonged psychological trauma, raising concerns about the extent of adverse long-term consequences after single events. The present thesis aimed to describe the course and burden of posttraumatic stress in survivors from a ferry disaster in the Baltic Sea, an airliner crash-landing in Gottröra, Sweden, and a bus accident involving Swedish 6th grade schoolchildren in Måbødalen, Norway. The participants were surveyed 1 month to 4 years after the events and again after 14 to 20 years. The follow-up surveys included 33 ferry disaster survivors, 70 airline survivors, and 7 surviving schoolchildren with a comparison group from the same school (n = 33). Short- and long-term changes in posttraumatic stress were estimated separately in generalised regression models refined by linear splines. In-depth interviews were conducted with 22 ferry survivors 15 years after the disaster, including structured clinical interviews and thematic analysis of survivors’ descriptions of consequences of the event and social support. Approximately half of all survivors experienced significant posttraumatic stress at the initial assessments. Significant long-term distress was noted in one fourth of the ferry survivors and one sixth of the airline survivors. The bus crash was not associated with significant long-term posttraumatic stress. A poorer long-term outcome was noted in women and in bereaved survivors. The thematic analysis revealed that long-term consequences not only included negative aspects but also positive ones, including personal growth and existential awareness. There was ample availability of social support, although the need for support extended over a period of several years. Barriers to support from significant others were described in detail by the survivors. The results extend previous research by providing a comprehensive account of long-term consequences of disasters and major accidents in light of early reactions. The interviews provide some new insights into features of social support that warrant further study. Important future challenges include evaluating whether timely attention to survivors at risk for chronic distress and significant others can facilitate recovery. / Allvarliga händelser som katastrofer eller stora olyckor kan leda till svår psykisk belastning på kort sikt. Svåra posttraumatiska stressreaktioner kan bli beständiga efter svår traumatisering som omsorgssvikt eller övergrepp. Det är därför angeläget att undersöka omfattningen av psykologiska konsekvenser efter enskilda händelser som katastrofer och stora olyckor. Denna avhandling syftade till att beskriva utvecklingen av posttraumatisk stress på lång sikt hos överlevande efter förlisningen av MS Estonia 1994, nödlandingen av ett passagerarflygplan i Gottröra 1991 och efter en olycka med en skolbuss medförande en skolklass från årskurs sex. De överlevande tillskickades enkäter 1 månad till 4 år efter händelsen, samt efter 14 till 20 år. Långtidsenkäterna besvarades av 33 överlevande från färjekatastrofen, 70 från flygolyckan samt 7 överlevande från bussolyckan och 33 personer från parallellklasserna. Intervjuer genomfördes med 22 överlevande 15 år efter färjekatastrofen. Ungefär hälften av alla överlevande upplevde betydande posttraumatiska stressreaktioner vid tidpunkten för den första enkäten. Frekventa stressreaktioner fanns kvar hos 27 % fjorton år efter färjekatastrofen, medan andelen var 16 % nitton år efter flygolyckan. Tjugo år efter bussolyckan upplevde de nu drygt trettioåriga svarande låga nivåer av posttraumatisk stress. Förlustdrabbade överlevande upplevde i genomsnitt en mindre återhämtning under det första året och hade också svårare reaktioner efter många år. Kvinnor upplevde i genomsnitt svårare reaktioner än män såväl på kort sikt som på lång sikt, medan återhämtningen inte skiljde sig åt mellan män och kvinnor. Konsekvenser på lång sikt innefattade enligt de överlevande negativa men också positiva aspekter som personlig mognad och existentiell medvetenhet. De flesta intervjuade hade upplevt gott om stöd från närstående, dock kunde ett visst behov av stöd kvarstå i flera år efter händelsen. Många berättade om hinder för att söka stöd, t.ex. att den närstående var känslomässigt belastad.  Avhandlingen utvidgar det som hittills varit känt om posttraumatisk stress hos överlevande efter katastrofer och stora olyckor. Intervjuerna pekar på viktiga aspekter av socialt stöd att utforska vidare. Resultaten visar att dessa händelser är förknippade med övergående stressreaktioner hos majoriteten av de överlevande. Vidare forskning behövs för att bättre förstå den naturliga återhämtningen och närmare vilka insatser till överlevande och anhöriga som kan underlätta återhämtning. / Long-term posttraumatic stress in survivors from disasters and major accidents

Pochi studi hanno indagato le conseguenze psicologiche di incidenti stradali che coinvolgono adolescenti e giovani adulti (Blanchard at al., 2005; Steil et al., 2001). Attraverso un approccio multi-metodo la ricerca indaga le reazioni psicologiche di genitori e ragazzi ad incidenti stradali, le risposte familiare in grado di svolgere una funzione protettiva e l'impatto psicologico delle modalità di comunicazione del personale sanitario. 50 ragazzi (13/23 anni), vittime di incidenti stradali e i rispettivi genitori hanno risposto a 3 questionari e ad un'intervista narrativa. La reazione dei ragazzi risulta indipendente dalla gravità dell'incidente, mentre la risposta familiare è organizzata in funzione di tale gravità. Emerge un effetto di mediazione della comunicazione del personale sanitario. / Few researches focused on psychological impact of motor vehicle accidents on adolescents and young adults (Blanchard et al., 2005; Steil et al., 2001). This research uses a multi-method approach to explore adolescents' and their parents' psychological reaction to motor vehicle accidents and family patterns protective. The study also investigates the impact of doctors' and nurses' communication strategies. 50 subjects aged 13-23 involved in motor vehicle accidents and their parents answered to 3 questionnaires and a narrative interview. Adolescents' stress response is not related to severity of physical injuries. Severity of physical injuries organizes family answer. The research underlines a mediation effect of doctors' and nurses' communication strategies.

Originally presented as the author's Thesis--Technische Hochschule Aachen, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references.

This dissertation consists of two self-contained studies. The first study, in the domain of stochastic inventory theory, addresses the structure of optimal ordering policies in a periodic review setting. We take multiple sources of a single product to imply an ordering cost function that is nondecreasing, piecewise linear, and convex. Our main contribution is a proof of the optimality of a finite generalized base stock policy under an average cost criterion. Our inventory model is formulated as a Markov decision process with complete observations. Orders are delivered immediately. Excess demand is fully backlogged, and the function describing holding and backlogging costs is convex. All parameters are stationary, and the random demands are independent and identically distributed across periods. The (known) distribution function is subject to mild assumptions along with the holding and backlogging cost function. Our proof uses a vanishing discount approach. We extend our results from a continuous environment to the case where demands and order quantities are integral. The second study is in the area of capacity planning. Our overarching contribution is a relatively simple and fast solution approach for the fleet composition problem faced by a retail distribution firm, focusing on the context of a major beverage distributor. Vehicles to be included in the fleet may be of multiple sizes; we assume that spot transportation capacity will be available to supplement the fleet as needed. We aim to balance the fixed costs of the fleet against exposure to high variable costs due to reliance on spot capacity. We propose a two-stage stochastic linear programming model with fixed recourse. The demand on a particular day in the planning horizon is described by the total quantity to be delivered and the total number of customers to visit. Thus, daily demand throughout the entire planning period is captured by a bivariate probability distribution. We present an algorithm that efficiently generates a "definitive" collection of bases of the recourse program, facilitating rapid computation of the expected cost of a prospective fleet and its gradient. The equivalent convex program may then be solved by a standard gradient projection algorithm.