This thesis presents a new GIS-based scenario volcanic risk assessment model called RiskScape Volcano (RSV) that has been designed for the RiskScape program to advance the field of volcanic risk assessment. RiskScape is a natural hazards risk assessment software tool being developed in New Zealand by GNS Science and NIWA. When integrated into RiskScape, RSV will add proximal volcanic hazard risk assessment capability, and enhanced inventory design; it presently operates outside of RiskScape by combining volcanic hazard models’ output spatial hazard intensity (hazard maps) with inventory databases (asset maps) in GIS software to determine hazard exposure, which is then combined with fragility functions (relationships between hazard intensity and expected damage ratios) to estimate risk. This thesis consists of seven publications, each of which comprises a part of the development and testing of RSV: 1) results of field investigation of impacts to agriculture and infrastructure of the 2006 eruption of Merapi Volcano, Indonesia; 2) agricultural fragility functions for tephra damage in New Zealand based on the observations made at Merapi; 3) examination of wind patterns above the central North Island, New Zealand for better modeling of tephra dispersal with the ASHFALL model; 4) a description of the design, components, background, and an example application of the RSV model; 5) test of RSV via a risk assessment of population, agriculture, and infrastructure in the Rotorua District from a rhyolite eruption at the Okataina Volcanic Centre; 6) test of RSV via a comparison of risk to critical infrastructure in Mammoth Lakes, California from an eruption at Mammoth Mountain volcano versus an eruption from the Inyo craters; and 7) a survey of volcanic hazard awareness in the tourism sector in Mammoth Lakes. Tests of the model have demonstrated that it is capable of providing valid and useful risk assessments that can be used by local government and emergency management to prioritise eruption response planning and risk mitigation efforts. RSV has provided the RiskScape design team with a more complete quantitative volcanic risk assessment model that can be integrated into RiskScape and used in New Zealand and potentially overseas.

Thesis (M.M.A.S.)--US Army Command and General Staff College, 2006. / Cover title. AD-A463 835. Includes bibliographical references (p. 58-60). Electronic version available on the Public STINET.

Thesis (doctoral)--University of Tsukuba, 2003. / Title from title screen (viewed March 18, 2009)

Thesis (M.A.)--University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 2009. / Title from title page screen (viewed on Mar. 10, 2010). Thesis advisor: Daniel Feller. Vita. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (M. Div.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).

Thesis (M. Div.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, Charlotte, NC, 2002. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-123).

Thesis (M. Div.)--Emmanuel School of Religion, Johnson City, Tennessee, 2001. / Vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 63-65).

Thesis (D. Min.)--Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary, Charlotte, NC, 2002. / Abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 117-123).

Ces dernières décennies, l'augmentation conjointe des populations de grands herbivores et des activités humaines de nature a donné lieu à de nouveaux enjeux de gestion du territoire conciliant objectifs de conservation et développement touristique. Afin de faire face à ce défi, les gestionnaires ont besoin de mieux comprendre les choix comportementaux qui sont à l’origine de la répartition spatiale des animaux et l’impact des activités humaines sur ces comportements. En prenant l'exemple du chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra), l'objectif de cette thèse est de répondre à ce besoin de connaissances sur le comportement spatial des grands herbivores, en prenant en compte d'une part la sélection des ressources alimentaires en fonction de l'hétérogénéité spatiale et de la dynamique de leur environnement, et d'autre part la réponse comportementale à l'influence de différents types d'activités récréatives de plein air. Nous avons tout d’abord modélisé le paysage alimentaire du chamois et ses variations saisonnières en combinant des données sur la végétation et sur le régime alimentaire à des données de télédétection. Puis à partir de 10 années de suivi de près de 100 animaux par collier GPS dans la Réserve de Chasse et de Faune Sauvage du massif des Bauges, nous avons démontré que les chamois ajustent leurs critères de sélection spatiale au cours du temps en fonction de l’évolution temporelle des caractéristiques de leur fourrage (qualité et quantité), notamment en fonction de leur variabilité ou caractère limitant. Ceci nous a amené à réévaluer le cadre d’application de deux hypothèses classiques en écologie spatiale des herbivores, l’hypothèse de la maturation du fourrage (Forage Maturation Hypothesis) et l’existence d’une réponse fonctionnelle dans la sélection d’habitat. Une des originalités de cette thèse est d’avoir pris en compte le caractère grégaire de cette espèce et de montrer comment la structure socio-spatiale de la population entraîne des variations locales du processus de sélection d’habitat, avec des implications démographiques fortes pour les individus. Nos résultats remettent en cause l’idée que les animaux se redistribuent au sein des populations en fonction des ressources disponibles, ce qui découle probablement de l’importance des relations sociales et du cout et des risques associés à la dispersion. Dans un second temps, nous avons abordé la thématique du dérangement du chamois face à trois activités humaines saisonnières, dont l’étude de la distribution dans notre site d’étude, à l’aide de GPS distribués aux pratiquants, a permis d’établir le paysage du dérangement pour les animaux. Le ski de randonnée et la marche à pied impactent clairement les déplacements des animaux, induisant une dépense énergétique supplémentaire. En revanche pour la chasse, la complexité de la réponse des chamois ne permet pas à l'heure actuelle de différentier l’impact des chasseurs de simples randonneurs, qui sont également présent sur le site en période de chasse. Ce travail se conclut par des propositions de gestion durable des populations sauvages compatibles avec la pratique des activités de loisirs de plein air. / These last decades, large herbivores population and outdoor human activities increased tremendously leading to the emergence of new challenges for the management of wild species and recreational activities, which need to reconcile conservation goals and tourist development. In order to face these challenges, wildlife managers need to better understand behavioral choice of animal that lead to their spatial distribution and how these behaviors are influenced by human activities. Based on chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) as a study case, the aim of this PhD is to enhance our knowledge of spatial behavioral of large herbivores, on one hand by understanding individual selection for food resources according to resource spatial heterogeneity and their temporal dynamics, and on the other hand, by assessing the impact of human outdoor recreational activities on spatial behavior. We first modeled the foodscape of chamois and its seasonal variation by combining field data on vegetation and animal diet with remote sensing data. Then, based on a 10 years dataset of monitoring of >100 animals marked with GPS collars in the Game and Wildlife Reserve of the “massif des Bauges”, we demonstrated chamois adjusted their criteria for spatial selection through time according to the temporal evolution of their forage traits (quality and quantity), accounting notably whether these traits were variable or limiting. This led us to reevaluate the framework of two classical hypotheses in studies of herbivore spatial ecology, the “Forage Maturation Hypothesis” and the emergence of a functional response in habitat selection. One newness in our work is to have accounted for the gregariousness of this species, which allowed us to unveil that socio-spatial structure of the population induced local variation in the habitat selection process, with marked consequences on individual demographic performances. This challenges the idea that individuals should redistribute in space within a population according to available resources, probably because of the importance of social relationships and costs and risks associated with dispersal. Second, we investigated the response of chamois to disturbances resulting from 3 outdoor activities. We assessed the spatial use of recreationists by ditributing GPS-tracker from which we defined landscape of disturbance to animal. Ski touring and hiking both impacted animal movements, resulting in supplementary energetic expenditures. On the other hand, hunting induced complex spatial responses in chamois that need further investigation, as the response to hunters could not be differentiated from responses to hikers who continue to be on site even during the hunting period. We conclude this work with proposals for a better long-term management of wildlife compatible with the practice of outdoor recreational activities.