L'économie du Pakistan, fondée sur l'agriculture, est hautement dépendante de l'approvisionnement en eau issu de la fonte de la neige et des glaciers du Haut Bassin de l'Indus (UIB) qui s'étend sur les chaînes de l'Himalaya, du Karakoram et de l'Hindukush. Il est par conséquent essentiel pour la gestion des ressources en eau d'appréhender la dynamique de la cryosphère (neige et glace), ainsi que les régimes hydrologiques de cette région dans le contexte de scénarios de changement climatique. La base de données satellitaire du produit de couverture neigeuse MODIS MOD10A2 a été utilisée de mars 2000 à décembre 2009 pour analyser la dynamique du couvert neigeux de l'UIB. Les données journalières de débits à 13 stations hydrométriques et de précipitation et température à 18 postes météorologiques ont été exploitées sur des périodes variables selon les stations pour étudier le régime hydro-climatique de la région. Les analyses satellitaires de la couverture neigeuse et glaciaire suggèrent une très légère extension de la cryosphère au cours de la dernière décade (2000‒2009) en contradiction avec la rapide fonte des glaciers observée dans la plupart des régions du monde. Le modèle « Snowmelt Runoff » (SRM), associé aux produits neige du capteur MODIS a été utilisé avec succès pour simuler les débits journaliers et étudier les impacts du changement climatique sur ces débits dans les sous-bassins à contribution nivo-glaciaire de l'UIB. L'application de SRM pour différents scénarios futurs de changement climatique indique un doublement des débits pour le milieu du siècle actuel. La variation des écoulement de l'UIB, la capacité décroissante des réservoirs existants (barrage de Tarbela) à cause de la sédimentation, ainsi que la demande croissante pour les différents usages de l'eau, laissent penser que de nouveaux réservoirs sont à envisager pour stocker les écoulements d'été et répondre aux nécessités de l'irrigation, de la production hydro-électrique, de la prévention des crues et de l'alimentation en eau domestique. / Agriculture based economy of Pakistan is highly dependent on the snow and glacier melt water supplies from the Upper Indus River Basin (UIB), situated in the Himalaya, Karakoram and Hindukush ranges. It is therefore essential to understand the cryosphere (snow and ice) dynamics and hydrological regime of this area under changed climate scenarios, for water resource management. The MODIS MOD10A2 remote-sensing database of snow cover products from March 2000 to December 2009 was selected to analyse the snow cover dynamics in the UIB. A database of daily flows from 13 hydrometric stations and climate data (precipitation and temperature) from 18 gauging stations, over different time periods for different stations, was made available to investigate the hydro-climatological regime in the area. Analysis of remotely sensed cryosphere (snow and ice cover) data during the last decade (2000‒2009) suggest a rather slight expansion of cryosphere in the area in contrast to most of the regions in the world where glaciers are melting rapidly. The Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) integrated with MODIS remote-sensing snow cover products was successfully used to simulate the daily discharges and to study the climate change impact on these discharges in the snow and glacier fed sub-catchments of UIB. The application of the SRM under future climate change scenarios indicates a doubling of summer runoff until the middle of this century. This variation in the Upper Indus River flow, decreasing capacity of existing reservoirs (Tarbela Dam) by sedimentation and the increasing demand of water uses suggests that new reservoirs shall be planned for summer flow storage to meet with the needs of irrigation supply, increasing power generation demand, flood control and water supply.

Cette thèse en anglais de spécialité s’inscrit dans le champ de l’étude des domaines spécialisés et de leurs discours en contexte anglophone. La recherche entreprise contribue à la caractérisation de l’anglais de l’alpinisme par l’étude du domaine spécialisé des guides de haute montagne états-uniens. Dans cet objectif, nous élaborons un modèle de caractérisation des domaines spécialisés et de leurs discours et nous le testons. La première partie présente notre cadre théorique et notre méthodologie de recherche. Elle s’ouvre par une réflexion épistémologique sur la posture du chercheur et sur son objet de recherche, avant de s’intéresser à l’approche du domaine spécialisé, puis au cadre méthodologique. La deuxième partie aborde la caractérisation du domaine spécialisé en contexte états-unien. Elle débute par une perspective historique sur l’alpinisme aux États-Unis. La communauté professionnelle des guides de haute montagne et les enjeux de leur pratique professionnelle font ensuite l’objet d’une analyse. La troisième partie propose une caractérisation des discours du domaine spécialisé de l’alpinisme. Nous identifions tout d’abord les outils mobilisables pour l’analyse des discours spécialisés, avant d’entreprendre une analyse terminologique de l’anglais de l’alpinisme et de tenter de dresser une typologie des genres du discours spécialisé écrit. / This dissertation focuses on English for Specific Purposes and, more particularly, on the study and characterization of specialized professional domains and their discourses in English-speaking countries. It is a contribution to the characterization of mountaineering English, via the study of the specialized domain of American mountain guides. To this end, a model for the characterization of specialized domains and their discourses was designed and tested. Part 1 presents the theoretical and methodological framework of this research. It begins with an epistemological reflection on the status of the researcher and his/her object, and then moves on to the description of the process by which specialized domains can be studied, based on a consideration on the methodological framework, and more particularly, on the nature and value of fieldwork. Part 2 focuses on the characterization of the specialized professional domain of mountain guiding and begins with a historical account of mountaineering in the US. It deals with the training and work of professional mountain guides and aims to identify and analyze the stakes for the profession today. Part 3 attempts to characterize the discourse of mountaineering and mountain guiding. Some features of this specialized discourse are discussed, from a terminological point of view, and finally, a typology of the different written genres of the specialized discourse is proposed.

Picturing an interesting combination of extreme sport and spa services in purpose of supporting travel trade in Czech city of Marianske Lazne. Taking advantage of unique layout of Czech's youngest significant spa town and its easy accessibility of diverse services on a relatively small area. Researching problems of public goods and active participation in developing potencial of local ski resort.

Orientadores: Luiz Jacintho da Silva, Raquel Silveira Bello Stucchi / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-18T15:04:22Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Angerami_RodrigoNogueira_D.pdf: 7670692 bytes, checksum: f6634d52b90eaf383ed11a180b9179aa (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011 / Resumo: Causada pela bactéria Rickettsia rickettsii e transmitida pelos carrapatos Amblyomma cajennense e Amblyomma aureolatum, a febre maculosa brasileira (FMB), após décadas de aparente silêncio epidemiológico, desde sua reemergência nos anos 80, vem figurando como importante problema de saúde pública no estado de São Paulo, sobretudo, em decorrência da aparente expansão das áreas de transmissão e da elevada letalidade a ela associada. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi descrever características clínicas e epidemiológicas da FMB a partir da análise retrospectiva de casos confirmados da doença em áreas endêmicas no estado de São Paulo. Foi observado que manifestações inespecíficas como febre, cefaléia, mialgia e exantema, foram os sinais clínicos mais freqüentes e precoces. Embora variáveis, elevadas frequências de fenômenos hemorrágicos (22,9%-77,6%), icterícia (16,7%-52%), alterações neurológicas (27,2%-51,7%) e insuficiência respiratória (17,5%-62%) foram observadas. A taxa de letalidade média no estado de São Paulo no período de 2003 a 2008 foi de 29,6%(21,9%-40%). Trombocitopenia e elevação de transaminases hepáticas foram as alterações laboratoriais mais frequentes, ocorrendo em até 100% dos casos. Na faixa etária pediátrica, a FMB também se apresentou como doença severa, associando-se, embora em menor freqüência, às complicações acima mencionadas e à elevada letalidade (28,4%). Entretanto, em estudo comparativo entre o perfil clínico da FMB nos estados de São Paulo e Santa Catarina, observou-se no estado do Sul uma doença com evolução benigna, pequena frequência de sinais de gravidade e ausência de óbitos. Entre pacientes com FMB, as síndromes febris hemorrágica, icterohemorrágica e exantemática foram as mais comumente observadas (37,1%, 33,9%, 11,3%, respectivamente). Dentre os principais diagnósticos diferenciais da FMB, leptospirose, dengue e doença meningocócica foram as mais prevalentes (28,5%, 17,2%, 5,4%, respectivamente). Em 31% dos casos descartados para FMB não foi possível a identificação do diagnóstico etiológico. A doença foi mais incidente no gênero masculino e entre indivíduos da faixa etária de 20 a 49 anos. Em áreas em que o A. cajennense é o principal vetor foi possível observar maior incidência da doença entre o período de Junho a Setembro. Surtos de FMB se associaram a elevadas taxas de letalidade e a diferentes determinantes ecoepidemiológicos. Atividades de lazer e ocupacionais em áreas de mata, pastagem, próximas a coleções hídricas e/ou com presença de animais (cavalos, capivaras e, eventualmente, cães) foram consideradas importantes exposições de risco para infecção. O presente estudo permitiu observar que a infecção pela R. rickettsii no estado de São Paulo se associa à elevada morbimortalidade, sendo, aparentemente, mais severa que a febre das Montanhas Rochosas nos Estados Unidos. Exantema, icterícia e hemorragias são importantes marcadores clínicos que devem ser considerados na suspeição da doença e seus diagnósticos diferencias. O conhecimento das características epidemiológicas e dos fatores de risco para infecção deve fundamentar as ações de prevenção e controle da FMB. A maior severidade da infecção pela R. rickettsii no estado de São Paulo, a ocorrência de casos atípicos em Santa Catarina e a ausência de elucidação diagnóstica em casos descartados para FMB sugerem que cepas de R. rickettsii com distintos padrões de virulência, bem como outras espécies de riquétsias e, eventualmente, outros microorganismos transmitidos por carrapatos devam estar ocorrendo no Brasil / Abstract: Brazilian spotted fever (BSF) is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii and transmited by Amblyomma cajennense and Amblyomma aureolatum ticks. After decades of an apparent epidemiological silence, BSF reemerged as an important public health problem in São Paulo State in the 1980's, mostly because the possible expansion of its transmission areas and the high BSF related fatality-rate. The main objective of the present study was to describe clinical and epidemiological features of BSF through a retrospective analysis of BSF confirmed cases in endemic areas. Non-specific clinical signs like fever, myalgia, headache, and exanthema were the earliest and most frequent clinical signs. A high frequency of hemorrhagic manifestations (22.9%-77.6%), icterus (16.7%-52%), neurological signs (27.2%-51.7%), and respiratory distress (17.5%-62%) was also observed. Case-fatality ratio in São Paulo State between 2003 and 2008 was 29.6% (21.9%-40%). Thrombocytopenia and elevated liver enzymes were the most frequent laboratorial abnormalities, reaching 100% in some groups. In the pediatric age-group, BSF also presented as a severe disease with a slightly lower rate of clinical complications, but a similar high lethality rate (28.4%). Interestingly, when we compared the clinical profile of BSF cases between São Paulo state and Santa Catarina state, located in the southernmost part of Brazil, a milder disease, with a lower frequency of clinical signs of severity and no fatalities was observed in the latter. The most frequent clinical syndromes occurring in BSF patients were hemorrhagic, ictero-hemorrhagic, and exanthematic acute febrile syndromes (37.1%, 33.9% and 11.3% respectively). The most important differential diagnosis to BSF was leptospirosis, dengue fever, and meningococcal disease (28.5%, 17.2%, and 5.4%, respectively). In 31% of non-confirmed BSF cases, no etiological diagnosis was defined. A higher incidence of BSF was observed in males and in the 20-49 years age-group. In areas where A. cajennense is recognized as the most important vector, a higher BSF incidence was observed from June to September. Clusters of BSF were associated to elevated fatality rates and a wide number of ecoepidemiological determinants. Recreational and occupational activities in rural, periurban, and waterside areas, with presence of animals (mostly horses and capybaras, and eventually dogs) were considered the most important exposure risk factors to infection. The present study suggests a more severe pattern of R. rickettsii in São Paulo state when compared with Rocky Mountain spotted fever in United States. Exanthema, icterus, and hemorrhage are important clinical markers of BSF and should be considered in the suspicion of this disease and as a differential diagnosis. Knowledge of clinical, epidemiological, and risk factors for infection should be used to structure and improve the measures for control and prevention of BSF. Together, the higher severity of R. rickettsii infection in São Paulo state, the occurrence of atypical cases in Santa Catarina, and the unknown etiological diagnosis of a high percentage of post-tick exposure febrile patients suggest that more virulent R. rickettsii strains, other Rickttsiae species and, eventually, other tick-borne diseases could be occurring in Brazil / Doutorado / Clinica Medica / Doutor em Clínica Médica

Orientadores: Luiza Sumiko Kinoshita, George John Sheperd / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-14T12:28:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Yamamoto_LeilaFumiyo_D.pdf: 7410663 bytes, checksum: 7ba57dd8ddc064caa0cb306774dc6f38 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: Foi realizado um levantamento florístico e fitossociológico de espécies arbóreas, ao longo de um gradiente altitudinal nas duas faces da Serra do Lopo, localizada no extremo sul da Serra da Mantiqueira, entre os estados de Minas Gerais e São Paulo. Este trabalho teve como objetivo, conhecer a composição florística e caracterizar a estrutura das espécies arbóreas da floresta em estudo; verificar se há diferenças na composição e na estrutura fitossociológica entre a face sudeste e a face noroeste, e ao longo do gradiente altitudinal; saber com qual formação florestal a face sudeste e a face noroeste apresentam maior similaridade florística. As coletas foram feitas entre maio de 2002 e junho de 2006. No levantamento florístico foram feitas coletas de todos os indivíduos lenhosos com mais de 3 m de altura com flores e/ou frutos. Para o estudo fitossociológico foram incluídos os indivíduos arbóreos com DAP=5 cm. Também foram incluídos, na amostragem fitossociológica os samambaiaçus e os indivíduos mortos com DAP=5 e os bambus. Foram instaladas cinco parcelas de 10 X 10 m (distando 50 m de uma de outra) nas seguintes cotas de altitudes: 1650 m, 1550 m, 1450 m, 1350 m, 1250 m e 1150 m em ambas as faces, sendo 30 na face noroeste (Extrema/MG) e 30 na face sudeste (Joanópolis/ SP), totalizando 60 parcelas. Foram, também, incluídos na listagem florística, os espécimes coletados no levantamento fitossociológico. (...continua) / Abstract: A floristic and phytosociological survey of the woody species along an altitudinal gradient on the two faces of the Serra do Lopo has been performed. The Serra do Lopo is located at the south end of the Serra da Mantiqueira, between the states of Minas Gerais and São Paulo. This paper aimed knowing the floristic composition and characterizing the structure of the woody species of the forest under study, as well as verifying if there are differences in the composition and phytosociology structure between the southwest face and northwest face, and along an altitudinal gradient. Moreover, it also aimed knowing which forestry formation the southwest and northwest face present more floristic resemblance. Collections were made between May 2002 and June 2006. For floristic study all woody individuals greater than 3 m were collected (with flowers and/or fruits). For the phytosociological study all woody individuals with DAP5 cm were included. Bamboos, tree ferns and dead individuals were also included. Five 10 X 10 m plots (50 m apart) were set up at the following altitudes: 1650 m, 1550 m, 1450 m, 1350 m, 1250 m and 1150 m on both faces, giving a total of 30 on the northwestern face (Extrema/MG) and 30 on the southeastern face (Joanópolis/ SP), totaling 60 plots. The specimens collected in the phytosociological survey were also included in the floristic list. (..continue) / Doutorado / Doutor em Biologia Vegetal

Environmental  ordering is a process  that promotes  adequate  land  use  through regulation, planning and management of the elements of a specific environment. Nevertheless, the process of environmental ordering has been assumed as static, considering only physical aspects in the analysis of environmental problems. The concept has not regarded the joint of values, attitudes, and motivations that govern the relationship between  society and nature.In mountain protected  areas, the attempts to take on environmental orderinghave been even more difficult because of their high physical, social, and cultural variability; as much as the ways the relationship between their inhabitants and nature has been  understood. In the face of this, the present text poses that, in the process of environmental ordering of these areas, the attention should be placed on specific socio-cultural and natural environmental features, which  represent  the  structures  that  guide and address the activities of the groups that use the natural resources of the area. This will allow understanding and explaining their practices  and how they lead to environmental changes. This understanding, in turn, will facilitare the phases of regulation, planning, and management  of the mountain protected  areas. Under this premise, I have analysed the grazing impacts in Huascarán National Park, by studying the factors that guide this activity. This case attempts to be an example of analysis of other activities in mountain protected areas when processes of environmental ordering are undertaken in such zones.In order to accomplish this, I chose three cases within the park and I present their physical,  social, and cultural characteristics related to grazing. These characteristics helped me to find out the structures that might be guiding the development of grazing, and how they influence the way grazing causes different impacts on the landscape of the park. Simultaneously, the existence of environmental changes in the area was confirmed through the review of aerial photos, and the construction of topographic profiles. Afterwards, I analysed if these changes were linked to grazing or not. At the end, I pose sorne considerations to  undertake  environmental  ordering in  mountain  protected  areas  through  an alternative view emerged  from  the three  study cases in the park. / El ordenamiento  ambiental  es un  proceso  que promueve  el uso adecuado del suelo a través de la regulación, la planificación y el manejo de elementos relaciona­ dos con un ambiente  específico. Sin embargo, este proceso ha sido asumido mu­chas veces como estático, considerando solo aspectos físicos en el análisis de problemas ambientales. El concepto  no ha tomado en cuenta el conjunto de valores, actitudes y motivaciones que gobiernan la relación entre la sociedad y la naturaleza.En las áreas protegidas de montaña, los intentos por llevar a cabo procesos de ordenamiento ambiental han sido aun más difíciles, debido a su alta variabilidad física, social y cultural, y a las formas en que se han entendido las relaciones entre sus habitantes  y la  naturaleza. Teniendo esto en  cuenta,  el  presente  documento  propone  que los  análisis  en los procesos de ordenamiento ambiental en las áreas protegidas de montaña  se centren en el estudio de las características físicas y socio-culturales de dichos am­ bientes, pues estas últimas construyen las estructuras que guían y dirigen las acti­ vidades de los grupos que utilizan los recursos naturales de dichas zonas. Esto permitirá, a su vez, entender y explicar sus prácticas y cómo estas generan cambios en el medio ambiente, lo cual facilitaría  la regulación,  planificación  y gestión  de las áreas  protegidas  de montaña.Bajo esta premisa, se ha tomado como ejemplo el caso del pastoreo en el ParqueNacional Huascarán para determinar las formas en que creemos deberían de ser analizadas las actividades que van a ser reguladas, planificadas y manejadas duran­ te el proceso de ordenamiento  ambiental.  Este  caso  intenta  servir  como  ejemplo de análisis de otras actividades en áreas naturales protegidas de montaña,  en  el marco  de procesos  de ordenamiento  ambiental  en  dichas zonas.Para llevar a cabo este estudio se escogieron tres casos en el interior del parque, en los que se analizaron las características  físicas, sociales y culturales que podían·estar guiando o estructurando el desarrollo de la actividad, para luego de ellointentar vincularlas con la ocurrencia de impactos sobre el paisaje.  Paralelamente, se trató de confirmar la existencia de cambios ambientales en el área a través de la revisión de fotos aéreas y de la construcción de perfiles topográficos para determinar si estos indicadores de impacto se hallaban efectivamente vinculados con el pastoreo. Finalmente, a partir del análisis de estos casos, se plantean  algunas consideracionespara el proceso de ordenamiento ambiental en áreas protegidas de montaña.

O presente trabalho pretende contribuir para um maior conhecimento dos anfíbios anuros que ocorrem na Serra da Mantiqueira, no município de Monteiro Lobato,SP. O estudo objetivou inventariar as espécies, caracterizar a riqueza, abundância e diversidade, bem como o uso dos hábitats, e micro-hábitats das espécies de anuros registradas, além de fornecer informações para o gerenciamento e sua conservação, podendo futuramente, ser referência para trabalhos similares. A área de estudo se encontra em região de Mata Atlântica com domínio da Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no município de Monteiro Lobato, bairro da Pedra Branca (220 56S e 450 44W). As atividades de campo foram realizadas quinzenalmente, principalmente no período noturno, totalizando 50 amostragens, entre julho de 2007 e julho de 2009. Foram registradas 34 espécies em 17 gêneros de anfíbios anuros, pertencentes a onze famílias: Bufonidae (n=2), Brachycephalidae (n=4), Centrolenidae (n=1), Craugastoridae (n=1), Cycloramphidae (n=1), Hylidae (n=16), Hylodidae (1 espécie), Leuperidae (n=2), Leptodactylidae (n=4), Microhylidae (n=1), Ranidae (n=1). A riqueza de espécies registrada para área de estudo foi considerada alta e quatro dos sete ambientes amostrados apresentaram alta diversidade de espécies (H). A hipótese que melhor explica esses resultados é que a área de estudo apresenta um gradiente de formações vegetacionais distintas, desde a área aberta, passando pela borda florestal até o interior de mata, possibilitando assim a ocorrência de espécies que usam tanto a floresta como a área aberta, ou para reprodução ou para refúgio. O maior número de espécies, que variou de 17 a 27, ocorreu entre os meses mais quentes e chuvosos do ano, padrão esperado para regiões tropicais sazonais, com influencia da temperatura. A sobreposição quanto ao uso de substrato como sítio de vocalização foi maior entre as espécies cujos machos vocalizaram empoleiradas na vegetação, do que entre os machos das espécies que vocalizaram sobre o solo. Esse resultado deve decorrer do maior número de espécies da família Hylidae registrado no presente estudo (47% dos anuros). Além disso, houve maior sobreposição entre as espécies de área aberta e de borda florestal do que no interior de floresta, resultado esse explicado pela maior riqueza de espécies e menor estratificação vegetal que diminuem a partilha de espaço. A similaridade na composição de espécies do presente estudo foi comparada com 15 localidades do Estado de São Paulo e foram associadas à fisionomia vegetal dominante, distância e altitude das áreas amostradas. Os subgrupos formados na análise de similaridade sugerem que a topografia e o gradiente altitudinal são um fator II primário que aponta as semelhanças na composição de espécies de anuros em conjunto com a distância entre as localidades. / This study aims to contribute to a better knowledge of amphibians that occur in the Mantiqueira mountain range in the city of Monteiro Lobato,SP, Brazil. The study aimed to inventory the species, to characterize the richness, abundance and diversity, as well as the use of habitats and microhabitats of frog species recorded, in addition to providing information for management and conservation, and may eventually be the reference for a similar studies. The area of study is in the Atlantic forest region with dense rain forest in the city of Monteiro Lobato, district of Pedra Branca (220 56S e 450 44W). The field activities were carried out fortnightly, mainly at night, totaling 50 samples, between July 2007 and July 2009. We recorded 34 species in 17 genera of frogs belonging to eleven families: Bufonidae (n = 2), Brachycephalidae (n = 4), Centrolenidae (n = 1), Craugastoridae (n = 1), Cycloramphidae (n = 1), Hylidae (n = 16), Hylodidae (n=1), Leuperidae (n = 2), Leptodactylidae (n = 4), Microhylidae (n = 1), Ranidae (n = 1). The species richness recorded for the study area was considered high and four of the seven study sites had high species diversity (H). The hypothesis that best explains these results is that the study area has a gradient of vegetation formations different from the open area, through the forest edge to the forest interior, allowing the occurrence of species that use both the forest and the area open, or for breeding or refuge. The greatest number of species, ranging from 17 to 27, was among the warmest and rainy months of the year, expected pattern for tropical seasonal regions influenced for the temperature. The overlap in the use of substrate as calling site was greatest among species that vocalized perched on vegetation, than among males of species that on the ground. This result should come from the greater number of species of the family Hylidae recorded in this study (47% of species). Furthermore, there was significant overlap between the species of open area and forest edge than in interior forest, the result explained by the higher species richness and lower bedding plant that reduce the sharing of space. The similarity in species composition of the present study were compared with 15 locations in the State of Sao Paulo and were associated with the dominant vegetation type, distance and altitude of the sampled areas. The subgroups formed on the similarity analysis suggests that topography and altitudinal gradient is a primary factor that points to the similarities in composition of frogs in conjunction with the distance between locations.

Este estudo teve como objetivos, i) investigar a composição taxonômica das duas vertentes da Serra da Mantiqueira (Parque Estadual de Campos do Jordão e Região de Pindamonhangaba) e da Serra do Mar (Núcleos Santa Virgínia e Picinguaba), com base na coleta de larvas e alados, ii) analisar quais as escalas espaciais (mesohábitat, riacho, vertente e serra) que melhor estruturam as comunidades de Ephemeroptera e iii) identificar e quantificar as variáveis ambientais que influenciam as comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera. Considerando o esforço conjunto de todos os métodos de coleta foram registradas oito famílias 33 gêneros e 21 espécies, das quais oito famílias 28 gêneros e 18 espécies na Serra da Mantiqueira e sete famílias 30 gêneros e 15 espécies no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar. As duas serras apresentaram uma porção bastante significativa da riqueza taxonômica do Brasil, 41% e 45% dos gêneros e 80% e 70% das famílias, respectivamente. A alta riqueza registrada no estudo pode ser relacionada à metodologia de coleta empregada que abrangeu a coleta de larvas e alados e explorou diversos mesohábitats e riachos. Considerando todo o modelo hierárquico, houve variação significativa da riqueza e abundância das comunidades entre as quatro vertentes e os mesohábitats pedra e folha/corredeira. No entanto, a maior variação ocorreu entre as réplicas de um mesmo mesohábitat, refletindo o padrão de distribuição agregada das comunidades de Ephemeroptera. A maior riqueza foi encontrada no mesohábitat pedra/corredeira e na vertente que abrange o Núcleo Santa Virgínia. A ordenação mostrou tendência de segregação das amostras de cada vertente e tipo de mesohábitat. Essa tendência de segregação foi corroborada pela análise de variância multivariada (Permanova). Assim, a estrutura espacial das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera parece predita pelos fatores ambientais da escala local ligadas aos mesohábitats e pelos fatores de maior magnitude da escala regional, associados às vertentes. A Análise de Redundância (RDA) evidenciou a altitude, condutividade elétrica, temperatura da água e Resumo Geral 10 largura como as variáveis ambientais locais que mais contribuíram para explicar a estrutura das comunidades. No entanto, as variáveis ambientais locais explicaram apenas 19,3% da variabilidade na abundância dos gêneros, 7,9% da variabilidade foi explicada pelas variáveis ambientais indissociáveis da matriz geográfica, 23,4% foi explicada pela posição geográfica dos riachos e 49,4% permaneceu inexplicada. Os resultados encontrados nesse estudo destacam a contribuição semelhante das variáveis ambientais locais e da posição geográfica dos riachos na estruturação das comunidades, indicando que além das variáveis ambientais locais os processos biológicos contagiosos, como dispersão, também influenciaram a estrutura das comunidades de larvas de Ephemeroptera na região estudada / The purpose of this study was to i) inventory the taxonomic composition the mayfly fauna, larva and adult, in two slopes of the Mantiqueira Mountains (Campos do Jordao State Park and Pindamonhangaba Region) and of the Serra do Mar (Santa Virginia and Picinguaba Nuclei), located in São Paulo State, ii) analyze the spatial scales (mesohabitat, stream, slope and mountain) that best explain the spatial structure of Ephemeroptera assemblages and iii) identify and quantify the environmental variables that affects the communities of Ephemeroptera larvae. In all, 8 families, 33 genera and 21 species of Ephemeroptera were recorded. In the Serra da Mantiqueira 8 families, 28 genera and 18 species were found and in the Serra do Mar, 7 families, 30 genera and 15 species. Both mountains had a very significant portion of the genera reported to Brazil (41% and 45% of genera and 80% and 70% of families, respectively). The high Ephemeroptera richness in the areas may be related to the sampling methodology used, that included the collection of larvae and adults and explored several kinds of mesohabitats and streams. Considering the entire hierarchical model, there was a significant variation in both richness and abundance of the assemblages among the four slopes and between stone and leaf mesohabitats. Moreover, the highest variation in richness and abundance occurred among the samples from the same mesohabitat, which reflects the clumped distribution pattern of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera. Stone was the mesohabitat with the highest estimated richness, similarly Santa Virgínia Nucleus was the slope with highest estimated richness. The ordination showed a trend of segregation of samples from slopes and mesohabitats, this trend was confirmed by multivariate analysis of variance (Permanova). Thus, the spatial structure of the assemblages seems predicted by environmetal factors of local scale related to mesohabitats and the features of regional scale, associated with slopes. The Redundancy Analysis (RDA) showed elevation, electrical conductivity, water temperature and width as the local environmental variables that contributed most to explain the spatial structure of communities. However, local enrironmental factors explained only 19.3% of the data variability, 7.9% of the General Abstract 12 data variability was explained by environmental variables inseparable from the geographical matrix, 23.4% was explained by the geographical location of streams and 49.4% remained unexplained. The results of this study showed the similar contribution of local environmental variables and the geographic location in the community structure, indicating that the biological processes, as dispersal, also influenced the structure of the assemblages of Ephemeroptera larvae.

<p>Планинским подручјима као областима са природним ограничењима за развој у Србији се не посвећује довољно пажње. Са социо-економског аспекта то су најсиромашнији крајеви у држави. Проблеми са којима се ови простори суочавају су: депопулација, привредна заосталост, сиромаштво и други процеси изазвани глобалним променама. Концепт одрживог развоја планина&nbsp; представља регионално специфичан процес који се не бави само планинама, већ и становништвом подножја и суседних области. Дисертација представља покушај давања&nbsp; географског доприноса овој комплексној проблематици на примеру једног, по просторном обухвату, малог планинског подручја. Шљивовичка планина са подгорином до сада није изучавана као посебна просторна целина. Истраживања су подразумевала парцијалну и комплексну&nbsp;валоризацију природних и друштвено-географских елемената простора у оквиру претходно утврђених граница. Циљ истраживања је био утврђивање регионално-географске основе одрживог развоја проучаваног простора. Основни проблем&nbsp;истраживања је социо-економска стагнација и питање могућности деловања свих присутних природних и антропогених елемената простора на ублажавање негативних трендова у развоју. Током израде дисертације спроведена су и два анкетна истраживања. Прво истраживање се бавило узроцима ниског&nbsp;&nbsp; фертилитета и спроведено је на узорку од 160 жена. Друго анкетно истраживање се бавило питањем привредне активације простора, а спроведено је на узорку од 437 становника. Статистичка обрада прикупљених података обрађена је помоћу програма СПСС 17 (Statistical&nbsp; Package for Social Science). Резултати анкетног истраживања су показали какви су ставови становништва о&nbsp; могућностима подизања нивоа наталитета, као и активације одређених делатности,за које се на основу истраживања у дисертацији утврдило да постоје потенцијали. Мишљење становништва о проблемима са којима се њихов&nbsp;крај суочава је веома важно, јер развој не сме бити у конфликту са локалном културом, као и обичајима који се традиционално негују. Осим тога, одрживим системом коришћења ресурса морају управљати људи који од њега живе. Резултати истраживања у дисертацији могу представљати основу за планирање одрживог развоја локалних заједница којима овај простор административно&nbsp;припада. Такође, сазнања до којих се дошло кроз овај рад употпунила су досадашња географска знања о простору Шљивовичке планине и њене&nbsp;подгорине.</p> / <p>Planinskim područjima kao oblastima sa prirodnim ograničenjima za razvoj u Srbiji se ne posvećuje dovoljno pažnje. Sa socio-ekonomskog aspekta to su najsiromašniji krajevi u državi. Problemi sa kojima se ovi prostori suočavaju su: depopulacija, privredna zaostalost, siromaštvo i drugi procesi izazvani globalnim promenama. Koncept održivog razvoja planina&nbsp; predstavlja regionalno specifičan proces koji se ne bavi samo planinama, već i stanovništvom podnožja i susednih oblasti. Disertacija predstavlja pokušaj davanja&nbsp; geografskog doprinosa ovoj kompleksnoj problematici na primeru jednog, po prostornom obuhvatu, malog planinskog područja. Šljivovička planina sa podgorinom do sada nije izučavana kao posebna prostorna celina. Istraživanja su podrazumevala parcijalnu i kompleksnu&nbsp;valorizaciju prirodnih i društveno-geografskih elemenata prostora u okviru prethodno utvrđenih granica. Cilj istraživanja je bio utvrđivanje regionalno-geografske osnove održivog razvoja proučavanog prostora. Osnovni problem&nbsp;istraživanja je socio-ekonomska stagnacija i pitanje mogućnosti delovanja svih prisutnih prirodnih i antropogenih elemenata prostora na ublažavanje negativnih trendova u razvoju. Tokom izrade disertacije sprovedena su i dva anketna istraživanja. Prvo istraživanje se bavilo uzrocima niskog&nbsp;&nbsp; fertiliteta i sprovedeno je na uzorku od 160 žena. Drugo anketno istraživanje se bavilo pitanjem privredne aktivacije prostora, a sprovedeno je na uzorku od 437 stanovnika. Statistička obrada prikupljenih podataka obrađena je pomoću programa SPSS 17 (Statistical&nbsp; Package for Social Science). Rezultati anketnog istraživanja su pokazali kakvi su stavovi stanovništva o&nbsp; mogućnostima podizanja nivoa nataliteta, kao i aktivacije određenih delatnosti,za koje se na osnovu istraživanja u disertaciji utvrdilo da postoje potencijali. Mišljenje stanovništva o problemima sa kojima se njihov&nbsp;kraj suočava je veoma važno, jer razvoj ne sme biti u konfliktu sa lokalnom kulturom, kao i običajima koji se tradicionalno neguju. Osim toga, održivim sistemom korišćenja resursa moraju upravljati ljudi koji od njega žive. Rezultati istraživanja u disertaciji mogu predstavljati osnovu za planiranje održivog razvoja lokalnih zajednica kojima ovaj prostor administrativno&nbsp;pripada. Takođe, saznanja do kojih se došlo kroz ovaj rad upotpunila su dosadašnja geografska znanja o prostoru Šljivovičke planine i njene&nbsp;podgorine.</p> / <p>Mountain areas as areas with natural constraints to development in Serbia are not paid enough attention. From a socio-economic point of view these are the poorest regions in the country. The problems that these areas face are: depopulation, economic backwardness, poverty and other processes caused by global changes.&nbsp; The concept of sustainable development is a regional mountain-specific process that deals not only with mountains, but also the population of the foothills and adjacent areas. The dissertation is an attempt of giving geographical contribution to this complex problem in the case of one, according to spatial coverage, a small mountain area. The mountain &Scaron;ljivovička planina with its footfall has not been studied as aseparate spatial unit. Studies have implied a partial and complex appreciation of natural and socio-geographical space elements within the preestablished limits. The aim of the research was to establish the regional geography basis for sustainable development of this area. The main problem is the socio-economic stagnation and the possibility of operation of all the present natural and anthropogenic elements of space at alleviating the negative trends in development. During the drafting of the thesis two surveys were carried out. The first study examines the causes of low fertility and was conducted on a sample of 160 women.Other survey dealt with the issue of economic activation space, and was conducted on a sample of 437&nbsp; residents. Statistical analysis of the collected data is processed&nbsp; using SPSS 17 Statistical Package for Social Science). The results of the survey showed what the attitude of the population about the possibilities of raising the birth rate are, as well as the activation of certain activities that are based on research in the thesis found that the potentials exist. Opinion of the population about the problems that their habitat is facing is very important, because development cannot be in conflict with the local culture and customs that are traditionally fostered. In addition, the system sustainable use of resources must be governed by people who live out of it. The research results in the dissertation can be the basis for planning the sustainable development of local communities which administratively belong to this area.&nbsp; Also, findings that have been reached through this dissertation complemented the current geographical knowledge of the area of the mountain &Scaron;ljivovička planina and its footfall.</p>

Mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) are an iconic species of wildlife, and populations of mule deer across much of the western U.S. have experienced recent fluctuations in size. Factors that affect the survival and subsequent recruitment of juveniles may be the preeminent cause of population fluctuations for mule deer in many areas. Many factors, including habitat loss, extreme weather, intense predation, timing and synchrony of parturition, and competition with other species may be influencing these changes. We studied two potential factors that can influence the survival of neonate mule deer in southern Utah. To better understand how predation affects mule deer, we first implemented a study of the response of mule deer to removal of coyotes in southern Utah. We monitored survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer in areas where coyotes were removed and where they were not removed. We used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model to estimate survival of neonate mule deer in both treatments (removal and non-removal), and to investigate factors potentially influencing survival. Our results indicated that coyote control can decrease mortality and increase survival of neonate mule deer in some situations. Removal of coyotes was most effective when removal efforts occurred for multiple consecutive years, and when control efforts occurred in or near fawning habitat. Second, we examined how synchrony of parturition affects the survival and cause-specific mortality of neonate mule deer. Reproductive synchrony is a strategy that influences the survival of juveniles and the growth of populations. Our objective was to test three possible explanations for the synchrony of parturition in mule deer; 1) pressure of predation on newborns, 2) a hybrid of predation and environmental effects, and 3) weather and food availability. To determine the effects of the timing of parturition on the survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer, we used multi-model inference within Program MARK and a known-fate model. Our results indicated that the timing of parturition influenced survival and predator-related mortality of neonate mule deer. There was a lag between the onset of parturition of mule deer and predation of mule deer by fawns; individuals born close to the onset of parturition had higher survival and lower predator-related mortality than those whose births were delayed relative to the onset of parturition. Since predators selected for neonate mule deer that were born late, predator learning may partially explain reproductive synchrony in mule deer. Environmental factors may have a greater effect than predation on the survival of early-born individuals.