The interaction between Xylocopa californica and Chilopsis linearis was used to test the hypothesis that nectar robbing is costly to plants. No evidence for these costs, either in terms of decreased pollination or increased energy demands, was found. In fact, the mean number of seeds per fruit and the mean individual weight of seeds per fruit was higher from fruits that developed from robbed flowers than from fruits that developed from unrobbed flowers, indicating that the presence of Xylocopa californica enhanced pollination. Chilopsis linearis pollen was isolated from the tips of the abdomens of robbing Xylocopa californica and it was determined that these bees could be transferring pollen from flower to flower as they position themselves to rob. This association was found to be one of mutual benefit rather than one of exploitation.

No description available.

Wong Wai Kin. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 1995. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 195-200). / Wong Wai Kin. / Acknowledgements --- p.i / Abstract --- p.ii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Kelvin features in easterly surges in southern China --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2 --- Northerly surges in southern China --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3 --- Objectives and Methodology --- p.8 / Chapter 2 --- Theory of Kelvin Waves against an Incline --- p.9 / Chapter 2.1 --- Introduction --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2 --- General formalism --- p.13 / Chapter 2.3 --- Vertical barrier --- p.17 / Chapter 2 4 --- Infinite incline --- p.18 / Chapter 2.5 --- Finite incline --- p.21 / Chapter 2.6 --- Analysis of scales and non-dimensional variables --- p.24 / Chapter 2.7 --- The governing equation of pressure disturbance --- p.30 / Chapter 2.7.1 --- Variational Principle --- p.31 / Chapter 2.7.2 --- Integration of continuity equation --- p.32 / Chapter 2 8 --- Kelvin waves against a topography --- p.33 / Chapter 2.9 --- Summary --- p.37 / Chapter 3 --- Numerical Study of Linear Kelvin Waves --- p.39 / Chapter 3.1 --- Introduction --- p.39 / Chapter 3.2 --- Shallow Water Wave Theory --- p.40 / Chapter 3.3 --- Kelvin wave in the presence of topography --- p.43 / Chapter 3.4 --- Numerical model --- p.47 / Chapter 3.5 --- Uniform or slowly varying topography depth --- p.50 / Chapter 3.5.1 --- Uniform topographical depth --- p.51 / Chapter 3.5.2 --- Slowly varying bottom topography --- p.52 / Chapter 3.6 --- Numerical study on infinite incline --- p.54 / Chapter 3.7 --- Finite incline --- p.57 / Chapter 3.8 --- Numerical experiments using more realistic terrain --- p.61 / Chapter 3.8.1 --- Experiment A --- p.61 / Chapter 3.8.2 --- Experiment --- p.64 / Chapter 3.9 --- Further discussion --- p.69 / Chapter 3.10 --- Coastal Kelvin waves features of northeasterly cold surges in Southern China --- p.74 / Chapter 3.11 --- Summary --- p.75 / Chapter 4 --- Nonlinear Kelvin Waves Features --- p.78 / Chapter 4.1 --- Introduction --- p.78 / Chapter 4.2 --- Mathematical Model --- p.82 / Chapter 4.3 --- Existence of Non-linear Travelling Solution --- p.85 / Chapter 4.4 --- Qualitative discussion on solution --- p.86 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Linearized equation at Z = 0 --- p.87 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Linearized equations at Z1 --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.3 --- Case with no viscosity --- p.88 / Chapter 4.4.4 --- Case with viscosity: m2 > m2 > 0 --- p.92 / Chapter 4.4.5 --- Case with viscosity: m2 > m2 > 0 --- p.94 / Chapter 4.5 --- Expression for the wave speed --- p.95 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Solitary Wave --- p.96 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Travelling Wave --- p.96 / Chapter 4.6 --- Numerical Calculations --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.1 --- Shooting method --- p.98 / Chapter 4.6.2 --- Nonlinear Periodic Solution --- p.100 / Chapter 4.6.3 --- Nonlinear Solitary Wave Solution --- p.100 / Chapter 4.6.4 --- Oscillatory Travelling Wave Solution --- p.102 / Chapter 4.6.5 --- Monotonic Travelling Wave Solution --- p.104 / Chapter 4.7 --- Wave Disturbance along y direction --- p.107 / Chapter 4 8 --- Existence of the terrain gradient --- p.109 / Chapter 4.9 --- Summary --- p.116 / Chapter 5 --- Froude Number Study on Northerly Cold surges --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1 --- Introduction --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Prediction of cold surges passing over the NanLing Range --- p.118 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Theoretical studies on orographic blocking effect and the Froude number --- p.119 / Chapter 5.2 --- Methodology --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.1 --- Physical meaning of the Froude number --- p.123 / Chapter 5.2.2 --- Definition of northerly cold surges --- p.125 / Chapter 5.2.3 --- Method of calculation using ECMWF data set --- p.126 / Chapter 5 .2. --- 4 Calculation using the meteorological station data --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3 --- Result --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Froude Number Statistics using ECMWF data --- p.127 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Froude number statistics using meteorological station data --- p.133 / Chapter 5.4 --- Non-dimensional number statistics combining rotation and stratification --- p.135 / Chapter 5.5 --- Summary --- p.138 / Chapter 6 --- Diagnostic Study on Northerly Cold Surge --- p.140 / Chapter 6.1 --- Introduction --- p.140 / Chapter 6. 2 --- Diagnostic variables in the study --- p.141 / Chapter 6.2.1 --- Diagnosis of geopotential tendency in terms of advection of relative vorticity --- p.142 / Chapter 6.2.2 --- Diagnosis of the vertical motion --- p.144 / Chapter 6.3 --- Data and calculation --- p.147 / Chapter 6.4 --- Results and Discussion --- p.149 / Chapter 6. 4 --- .1 Brief description on the cold surge --- p.149 / Chapter 6.4.2 --- Diagnosis using ECMWF data set --- p.149 / Chapter 6.4.3 --- Diagnosis using the limited area model simulation results --- p.161 / Chapter 6.5 --- Summary --- p.162 / Chapter 7 --- Conclusion --- p.169 / Appendices --- p.172 / Chapter A --- Non-dimensional Governing Equations --- p.172 / Chapter B --- Governing Equation for Pressure Disturbance --- p.177 / Chapter B.1 --- Variation Approach --- p.177 / Chapter B.2 --- Integration of Continuity Equation --- p.180 / Chapter C --- "Semigeostrophic Theory, Dispersion and Dissipation" --- p.182 / Chapter C.1 --- Semigeostrophic Approximation --- p.182 / Chapter C.2 --- Dispersive effects --- p.188 / Chapter C.3 --- Dissipative effects --- p.190 / Chapter D --- Bibliography

Graduation date: 1996

The entire thesis text is included in the research.pdf file; the official abstract appears in the short.pdf file; a non-technical public abstract appears in the public.pdf file. Title from PDF of title page (University of Missouri--Columbia, viewed on January 15, 2010). Thesis advisor: Dr. Peter Nabelek. Includes bibliographical references.

The formation and evolution of metamorphic core complexes has been widely studied using low temperature thermochronometry methods. Interpretation of these data has historically occurred through the lens of the traditional slip rate method which provides a singular rate that unroofing occurs at temporally as well as spatially, and assumes unroofing is dominated by motion on a single master detachment fault. Recently, several new studies have utilized (U-Th)/He ages with a higher spatial density and greater nominal precision to suggest a late-stage rapid increase in the rate of unroofing. This analysis is based on the traditional slip rate method interpretation of broad regions of core complexes that display little to no change in age along the slip direction. An alternative interpretation is presented that instead of a change in slip rate, there may have been a change in the style of unroofing, specifically caused by the transfer of displacement from low-angle detachment faulting to high-angle normal faults. Apatite fission-track (AFT), and apatite and zircon (U-Th)/He (AHe and ZHe) analyses were applied to samples from the Santa Catalina-Rincon (n=8 AHe, and n=9 ZHe) and Harcuvar (n=12 AFT, n=16 AHe, and n=17 ZHe) metamorphic core complexes in an attempt to resolve the possible thermal effects of high-angle normal faulting on core complex formation. Samples from the Harcuvars were taken along a transect parallel to slip direction with some samples specifically targeting high-angle normal fault locations. The AFT data collected here has the advantage of improved analysis and modeling techniques. Also, more than an order of magnitude more data were collected and analyzed than any previous studies within the Harcuvars. The AFT ages include a trend from ~22 Ma in the southwest to ~14 Ma in the northeast and provide a traditional slip rate of 7.1 mm/yr, similar to previous work. However, two major high-angle, detachment-parallel normal faults were identified, and hanging-wall samples are ~3 m.y. older than the footwalls, indicating high-angle normal faults rearranged the surface expression of the distribution of thermochronometer ages to some extent. AHe ages range from 8.1 Ma to 18.4 Ma but in general decrease with increasing distance in the slip direction. ZHe ages generally range between 13.6 Ma and 17.4 Ma. A series of unexpectedly young AFT ages (10-11 Ma), given by three complete samples and distinct population modes in others, suggest that some parts of the range underwent a later-stage unroofing event possibly caused by high-angle faulting. Confined fission-track length distributions were measured for Harcuvar samples and modeled using the modeling software HeFTy to infer thermal histories and calculate local cooling rates. These imply a component of steady cooling in some parts of the range, evidence of a different departure from a single-detachment dominated model. / text

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The principal aim of the study was to investigate the extent and under which conditions does local-level trade in Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi and Balanites aegyptiaca fruits contribute to rural development- poverty alleviation- in Rashad of Nuba Mountains, Sudan. Purposive sampling technique was applied to select the 221 household collectors and 62 household traders in 2008/2009. Quantitative and qualitative data were collected through several methods including interviews, household survey, market surveys, direct observations, and through literature review. Both quantitative and qualitative methods were used to analyze the production-to-consumption system (PCS) of the three products and to assess their contribution to household income and expenditure. The results indicate that the contribution to total household‟s income was 51%, 42% and 26% for A. digitata, Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits, respectively. The A. digitata fruits case study represents accumulative and subsistence livelihood strategies; while Z. spina-christi and B. aegyptiaca fruits case studies represent a subsistence livelihood strategy for the households. The results also show that the financial returns from local-level trade in the selected NTFPs were negatively affected by different factors related to products markets, base resource, participants‟ attributes, and the political environment under which the products are traded. The study concluded that any assumption regarding the potential of the NTFPs case studies to affect rural development positively depends on the role of the product in financial capital creation and the related accumulative strategy. Thus, attention paid to not assume that all NTFPs have a potential for rural development- push people out of poverty. To promote the local-level trade in the studied NTFPs and influence future direction of their financial returns toward accumulative strategy, interventions and supports (e.g. access to microfinance, capacity building and organization of the actors, market information and resource management) are important. / Das Hauptziel der Studie bestand darin zu untersuchen, in welchem Maße und unter welchen Bedingungen der Handel mit Früchten von Adansonia digitata, Ziziphus spina-christi und Balanites aegyptiaca zur Armutsbekämpfung in Rashad im Gebirge Nuba Mountains, Sudan beiträgt. Das zielgerichtete Probenahmeverfahren wurde eingesetzt, um 221 Sammler und 62 Händler von Haushalten im Zeitraum 2008/2009 auszuwählen. Quantitative und qualitative Daten wurden durch mehrere Methoden erhoben, die Interviews, Haushaltserhebungen, direkte Beobachtungen sowie Literaturanalysen umfassen. Sowohl quantitative als auch qualitative Methoden kamen zum Einsatz, um das System von der Produktion zur Konsumption der drei Produkte zu analysieren und deren Beitrag zu den Einnahmen und Ausgaben der Haushalte zu beurteilen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, dass der Beitrag zum Haushaltsgesamteinkommen 51%, 42% bzw. 26% für A. digitata, Z. spina-christi bzw. B. aegyptiaca Früchte betrug. Die A. digitata Früchte-Fallstudie zeigt akkumulations- und eigenbedarfsorientierte Lebensunterhalts- und Erwerbsstrategien; während die Fallstudien zu den Früchten von Z. spina-christi und B. aegyptiaca eine Eigenbedarfs-Lebensunterhaltsstrategie für die Haushalte darstellen. Die Ergebnisse zeigen auch, dass die finanzielle Rendite vom Handel auf lokaler Ebene mit ausgewählten NTFP„s (Nichtholzprodukten) durch verschiedene Faktoren negativ beeinflusst wurde, die in Beziehung stehen mit den Märkten für die Erzeugnisse, mit der Ressource Baum, den Einstellungen der Teilnehmer und dem politischen Umfeld, in welchem die Produkte gehandelt wurden. Die Untersuchung legt den Schluss nahe, dass jede Annahme bezüglich des Potentials von NTFP-Fallstudien, die ländliche Entwicklung positiv zu beeinflussen, von der Rolle des Produkts bei der Bildung von Finanzkapital und der damit in Beziehung stehenden akkumulativen Strategie abhängig ist. Somit wird die Aufmerksamkeit darauf gelenkt, dass nicht angenommen werden kann, dass alle NTFP„s ein Potenzial für die ländliche Entwicklung haben, und somit die Menschen aus der Armut herausführen. Den Handel der untersuchten NTFP‟s auf lokaler Ebene zu fördern, und die künftige Richtung des finanziellen Gewinns hinsichtlich akkumulativer Strategie, Interventionen und Hilfeleistungen (z.B. Zugang zu Mikrofinanzen, Kapazitätsaufbau und Organisation von Akteuren, Marktinformationen und Ressourcenmanagement) zu beeinflussen, ist bedeutsam.

The Melungeons are a group of indeterminable origin living in the Blue Ridge Mountains of Southeastern Tennessee and Southwestern Virginia. This thesis describes characteristics of these tri-racial isolates and gives theories as to their mysterious origins. Being darker skinned, the Melungeons were pushed into more mountainous regions by European colonists in the early 1700’s. While multiple hypotheses exist as to the origin of the Melungeon people, there is no single theory that is accepted by all scholars. Dr. Brent Kennedy’s The Melungeons: The Resurrection of a Proud People, served as a catalyst for my Melungeon research. Kennedy is my cousin, and his book provided facts behind the family stories I recalled from childhood. It also linked me to other famous Melungeons such as Brandy Jack Mullins and Mahala Mullins. Although there are an abundance of stories and facts about my Melungeon heritage, there is also much history that has been lost. This thesis traces my Melungeon roots, following the family stories of N.B. Kennedy, Brandy Jack Mullins, Mahala Mullins, and Kenneth Kennedy. In order to fully understand these people and their stories, I not only researched their history, but I also visited the areas where they lived and died. In this manner, I was able to gain a better understanding my own family as well as the history of the Melungeons. A person’s past is pieced together through oral history, written records, fading pictures, and personal artifacts. Along with these methods, we as writers and researchers add a bit of our own thought and imagination to fill in the gaps of a person’s life. In this manner, personal mythology is created. This thesis ends with an example of one fictionalized story from my family surrounding the death of my uncle, Kenneth Kennedy.

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