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Uppsatsen undersöker vilka förändringar som har skett i stadsplaneringen i en utvald svensk stad under 1970- och 1980-talen till dagens datum år 2017 ur ett genusperspektiv. Staden som är vald är Varberg, Halland. Studien har gjorts genom att undersöka kartor och intervjupersoner som arbetat med stadsplanering i Varberg under 1970- och 1980-talen, samt personer som arbetar med det idag. Studien är en kvalitativ studie med inriktning på ostrukturerade intervjuer. Följande var mina frågeställningar:• På vilket sätt har stadsbilden förändrats genom årtiondena i Varberg?• Hur har de manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönster sett ut i Varberg?• Vad är de största skillnaderna på dagens översiktsplanering och den från 1978?Studien visar att rörelsemönster är ständigt skiftande och att Varberg som stad har blivit större än vad som estimerades på 1970-talet. Under 1970-talet var Varberg en industristad, idag kan den snarare benämnas som en turiststad, där turismen har ett starkt fäste och är en stor del av näringslivet. Fler kvinnor har välkomnats in i planeringsrummet och staden har ett annat fokus på utveckling idag. Framförallt för mål mer konkretiserad, skola och utbildning har större plats i översiktsplanering. Det manliga och kvinnliga rörelsemönstret har skilt sig åt, då industrin funnits i nord och skolor, vård och affärer i söder. Staden har utvecklats för att bibehålla en stadskärna och inte utlokalisera detaljhandel och därmed öppna upp för att oavsett vem du är ska ha nära till centrum.

The purpose of this study was to determine if a firefighter's fundamental movement patterns can act as predictors for occupational injury and performance during the firefighter academy training. The study consisted of 23 firefighter candidates entering the 16-week firefighter academy training. The firefighter candidates', VO2Max, 1.5 mile-run and Firefighter Physical Conditioning Course and movement patterns were assessed at the on-set of the 16-week training. The firefighter movement patterns were assessed utilizing the Functional Movement Screen, which was designed to identify flaws in fundamental movement patterns. The firefighter candidates were then observed and their injuries documented during the firefighter academy training. The injury results as well as the initial performance tests were then compared to the results obtained by the Functional Movement Screen. There were no significant findings when comparing the Functional Movement Screen to the performance tests. The only significant correlation was with the Functional Movement Screen asymmetry score and the Firefighter Physical Conditioning Course. The relationship between the injuries recorded and Functional Movement Screen scores were inconclusive. The results of this study were unable to determine if a movement-based assessment such as the Functional Movement Screen can be utilized as an injury or performance predictor tool. The findings determined that further research needs to be performed with efforts placed on larger population groups and more emphasis placed on the scoring and analysis criteria used by the movement-based assessment. / Ph. D.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of fatigue on force application and resulting movement patterns during the performance of consecutive chin-ups. Special attention was directed toward relating any fatigue effects to upper limb strength dominance. Twenty male adult subjects each performed one trial. Each trial consisted of consecutive chin-ups. Fatigue caused changes in the movement patterns, duration of movement and force applied through the supporting hands. Throughout the performance greater vertical forces were applied through the dominant upper limb segment with the application of these forces resulting in horizontal displacement of the total body center of gravity toward the dominant hand.

The purpose of the study was to examine selected mechanical factors involved in hitting a baseball to the same and opposite fields. Special emphasis was placed on an identification of those factors which distinguish players of different hitting abilities. Twenty male college level baseball players, ten in each of two groups, hit six pitched baseballs, three each to two assigned areas of the playing field. The movement patterns for the opposite field and same field batting swings appeared to be similar in form with differences between the two swings due to (a) differences in the angular displacements at the left wrist and left elbow joints and (b) differences in the temporal characteristics.

I studied the behaviors, movement dynamics, habitat relationships, and population characteristics of Rocky Mountain mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) using urban and rural winter ranges in Cache Valley, Utah , from January 1994 to February 1998. There were 2 goals to my research endeavors. The first was to assess how and why the behaviors and demographic characteristics of urban deer differed from those of rural deer. The second was to assess the scale-dependent responses to habitat and the scale-dependent patterns of habitat use by deer living in each area. To accomplish the first goal, I compared the prevalence of migration, the spatial and temporal patterns of migration, and the spatial patterns of home range use between urban and rural deer. I also compared deer reproduction and population density in each area. I then explain how behavioral and demographic dissimilarities between urban and rural deer may have corresponded to differences in their net energetic gains (NEG) on seasonal ranges. These explanations, when combined graphically, generated a time-specific hypothesis of lower NEG by urban deer on a year-round basis. To accomplish the second goal, I developed new methodologies for analyzing animal movement pathways (which represent signatures of how animals respond to habitat), and animal patterns of habitat use . These methodologies explicitly incorporated the effects of spatial scale by employing fractal geometry and information theory. The results of these analyses showed that urban and rural deer responded to their habitats in similar ways at coarse resolutions of analysis (100-600 m), but differently at fine resolutions of analysis ( 4-60 m). I argue that similarities in habitat response at coarse resolutions reflected a common movement process that allowed deer maximize use of their home ranges while minimizing energetic expenditures. With respect to patterns of habitat use, urban deer concentrated in areas with concealment vegetation , which was highly fragmented across all resolutions of analysis. Rural deer, on the other hand, dispersed throughout areas containing shrubby vegetation at fine resolutions, and south-facing slopes at coarse resolutions. Interpretation of these results is discussed in detail.

In 2010 and 2011, Manitoba Hydro in collaboration with Manitoba Conservation collared 65 gray wolves (Canis lupus) as part of a larger multi-year boreal woodland caribou research project. There is insufficient data regarding populations of gray wolves in Manitoba or their movements throughout the province. The objective of this study was to typify wolf movements in Manitoba to provide recommendations for industry and government for the development of policy and integrated resource management plans of this species. Of the 65-collared wolves, 11 were selected to examine their movements in three regions of the Province. It was found that wolf populations overlap one another in the study area, to varying degrees. Their ability to move long distances, creates challenges for resource managers, as most management plans only consider management at a regional scale rather than a multi-jurisdictional level. In addition, this examination of gray wolf movements will assist in understanding their role as predators on the protected boreal woodland caribou and depressed moose populations within the Province.

A constituição de uma base de dados normativa da marcha é essencial para o diagnóstico e o tratamento de padrões atípicos da locomoção (SUTHERLAND et al., 1997). Não obstante, são escassas as informações relativas aos padrões normais da marcha de crianças (GANLEY e POWERS, 2005), carência ainda mais evidente no tocante à produção acadêmica sobre o padrão biomecânico da locomoção da população de crianças brasileiras. Nesse sentido, especialistas em análise de marcha alertam para o fato que crianças de diferentes populações podem exibir diferentes padrões de marcha de acordo com os grupos étnicos das quais foram extraídas (MORENO-HERNÁNDEZ et al., 2010). Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o padrão biomecânico da marcha de crianças hígidas brasileiras entre 6 e 11 anos de idade. Cento e vinte e duas crianças hígidas, entre seis e 11 anos de idade foram aleatoriamente recrutadas de um universo de 328 alunos. Os sujeitos foram alocados em três grupos etários: Grupo 1 (6-7 anos), Grupo 2 (8-9 anos) e Grupo 3 (10-11 anos). Para o registro das imagens das marchas das crianças foi utilizado um sistema de captura bidimensional de movimento a uma freqüência de aquisição de 30 Hz, composto por uma câmera Sony modelo HC 46 posicionada ortogonalmente a 6 metros da pista. Marcadores esféricos reflexivos de 20mm de diâmetro foram fixados em ambos os lados do corpo dos participantes. Os valores em bruto das coordenadas dos marcadores foram transformadas em coordenadas globais 2D (CALDWELL et al., 2004) e processadas no software SkillSpector (Versão 1.0). A estratégia de Hof (1996) foi utilizada para a normalização dos dados da marcha. Os comprimentos de passo e passada apresentaram uma tendência de aumento com o avanço da idade até 8-9 anos de idade, ao passo que a cadência dos passos apresentou uma tendência de diminuição até o mesmo período. Os números não-dimensionais não apresentaram qualquer tendência de alteração com o avanço da idade. Os três grupos etários apresentaram trajetórias angulares articulares semelhantes. O presente estudo constitui ação pioneira no que tange à descrição do padrão cinemático da marcha de crianças hígidas brasileiras entre 6 e 11 anos de idade. Assim sendo, consideramos que um primeiro passo foi dado no sentido da constituição de uma base de dados normativa da locomoção desses indivíduos. / A normative database of gait is essential for diagnosis and treatment of atypicals locomotion patterns (SUTHERLAND et al., 1997). Although, there is a little knowledge about normal patterns of children gait (GANLEY & POWERS, 2005), especially concerning to academic production about biomechanics gait patterns of Brazilian children. In this sense, gait analysis expert warn that children PF different populations may exhibit different gait patterns according to ethnic groups wich were extracted (MORENO-HERNÁNDEZ et al., 2010). Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe biomechanical gait pattern of healthy Brazilian children between six and 11 years old. One hundred and twenty-two healthy children aged 6-11 years were randomly recruited from a population of 328 students. Subjects were divided into three age groups: Group 1 (6-7 years), Group 2 (8-9 years) and Group 3 (10-11 years). The data were recorded using a two-dimensional motion capture system, at 60 Hz, composed of a camera of the Sony model that was positioned orthogonally at 6-m distance to the walkway. Spherical reflexive markers 20mm in size were attached on both sides of the body of participants. Raw data values were transformed in 2D global coordinates through a Direct Linear Transformation method and were processed in SkillSpector software (version 1.0), wich was validated using studies with predominantly uniplanar displacement (CALDWELL et al., 2004). Hofs strategy (1996) was used for the normalization of gait data. Step and stride length showed a tendency of increase with advancing age until 8-9 years old, while the cadence of steps showed a decreasing tendency until the same period. Nondimensional numbers did not show any tendence to change with advancing age. The three age groups showed similar joint angle trajectories. This study is a pioneering action in regard to the description of kinematic patterns of gait in healthy Brazilian children aged 6-11 years. Therefore, we consider that a first step was taken towards establishment of a normative database of gait o these individuals.

A constituição de uma base de dados normativa da marcha é essencial para o diagnóstico e o tratamento de padrões atípicos da locomoção (SUTHERLAND et al., 1997). Não obstante, são escassas as informações relativas aos padrões normais da marcha de crianças (GANLEY e POWERS, 2005), carência ainda mais evidente no tocante à produção acadêmica sobre o padrão biomecânico da locomoção da população de crianças brasileiras. Nesse sentido, especialistas em análise de marcha alertam para o fato que crianças de diferentes populações podem exibir diferentes padrões de marcha de acordo com os grupos étnicos das quais foram extraídas (MORENO-HERNÁNDEZ et al., 2010). Assim sendo, o objetivo do presente estudo foi descrever o padrão biomecânico da marcha de crianças hígidas brasileiras entre 6 e 11 anos de idade. Cento e vinte e duas crianças hígidas, entre seis e 11 anos de idade foram aleatoriamente recrutadas de um universo de 328 alunos. Os sujeitos foram alocados em três grupos etários: Grupo 1 (6-7 anos), Grupo 2 (8-9 anos) e Grupo 3 (10-11 anos). Para o registro das imagens das marchas das crianças foi utilizado um sistema de captura bidimensional de movimento a uma freqüência de aquisição de 30 Hz, composto por uma câmera Sony modelo HC 46 posicionada ortogonalmente a 6 metros da pista. Marcadores esféricos reflexivos de 20mm de diâmetro foram fixados em ambos os lados do corpo dos participantes. Os valores em bruto das coordenadas dos marcadores foram transformadas em coordenadas globais 2D (CALDWELL et al., 2004) e processadas no software SkillSpector (Versão 1.0). A estratégia de Hof (1996) foi utilizada para a normalização dos dados da marcha. Os comprimentos de passo e passada apresentaram uma tendência de aumento com o avanço da idade até 8-9 anos de idade, ao passo que a cadência dos passos apresentou uma tendência de diminuição até o mesmo período. Os números não-dimensionais não apresentaram qualquer tendência de alteração com o avanço da idade. Os três grupos etários apresentaram trajetórias angulares articulares semelhantes. O presente estudo constitui ação pioneira no que tange à descrição do padrão cinemático da marcha de crianças hígidas brasileiras entre 6 e 11 anos de idade. Assim sendo, consideramos que um primeiro passo foi dado no sentido da constituição de uma base de dados normativa da locomoção desses indivíduos. / A normative database of gait is essential for diagnosis and treatment of atypicals locomotion patterns (SUTHERLAND et al., 1997). Although, there is a little knowledge about normal patterns of children gait (GANLEY & POWERS, 2005), especially concerning to academic production about biomechanics gait patterns of Brazilian children. In this sense, gait analysis expert warn that children PF different populations may exhibit different gait patterns according to ethnic groups wich were extracted (MORENO-HERNÁNDEZ et al., 2010). Therefore, the objective of this study was to describe biomechanical gait pattern of healthy Brazilian children between six and 11 years old. One hundred and twenty-two healthy children aged 6-11 years were randomly recruited from a population of 328 students. Subjects were divided into three age groups: Group 1 (6-7 years), Group 2 (8-9 years) and Group 3 (10-11 years). The data were recorded using a two-dimensional motion capture system, at 60 Hz, composed of a camera of the Sony model that was positioned orthogonally at 6-m distance to the walkway. Spherical reflexive markers 20mm in size were attached on both sides of the body of participants. Raw data values were transformed in 2D global coordinates through a Direct Linear Transformation method and were processed in SkillSpector software (version 1.0), wich was validated using studies with predominantly uniplanar displacement (CALDWELL et al., 2004). Hofs strategy (1996) was used for the normalization of gait data. Step and stride length showed a tendency of increase with advancing age until 8-9 years old, while the cadence of steps showed a decreasing tendency until the same period. Nondimensional numbers did not show any tendence to change with advancing age. The three age groups showed similar joint angle trajectories. This study is a pioneering action in regard to the description of kinematic patterns of gait in healthy Brazilian children aged 6-11 years. Therefore, we consider that a first step was taken towards establishment of a normative database of gait o these individuals.

Under det senaste året har våra vardagsliv förändrats. Från en dag till en annan slutade vi gå till arbete och skola för att i stället arbeta och studera på distans. Tidigare har många använt sig av kollektivtrafik för att underlätta vardagen och förflytta sig i samhället. Idag däremot har vi tydliga rekommendationer från Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) att i största möjliga mån undvika att resa med kollektivtrafik för att minska smittspridningen. Detta har lett till att allt fler väljer bilen som sitt främsta färdmedel, vilket skapar funderingar på vad för konsekvenser förändrade rörelsemönster inom kollektivtrafiken kan få för staden och dess invånare.Avsikten med denna uppsats är därför att undersöka hur rörelsemönster i kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun har sett ut både innan och under den pågående pandemin, Covid-19.Uppsatsen förankras i tidigare forskning, rapporter från organisationer och myndigheter, samt en enkätstudie. Med hjälp av dessa gavs tillräckligt med material för att kunna diskutera,analysera och besvara frågeställningarna om förändrade rörelsemönster i Karlstads kommuns kollektivtrafik innan och under Covid-19. Resultatet visade bland annat att fler än vad vi anatendast reste 0–2 gånger i veckan med kollektivtrafiken i Karlstads kommun innan Covid-19, men att denna siffra även blev högre under Covid-19. Det syns dock dels en skillnad mellan könen där män reser oftare med bil än kvinnor, dels en skillnad beroende på sysselsättning där studenter (gymnasie- och universitetsnivå) reser med kollektivtrafik mer regelbundet samt i högre utsträckning. / During the past year, our everyday lives have changed. From one day to the next we stopped going to work and school to instead work and study from home. In the past, many have used public transport to facilitate their everyday life and move around in society. Today, however, we have clear recommendations from the Swedish Public HealthAgency/Folkhälsomyndigheten (2021) to avoid travelling by public transport as much as possible to reduce the spread of infection. This has led to an increase in use of the car as the main means of transport, which creates thoughts about what consequences changed movement patterns in public transport can have for the city and its inhabitants.The purpose of this thesis is therefore to investigate how movement patterns in public transport in Karlstad municipality have looked like before and during the ongoing pandemic, Covid-19. The thesis is based on previous research, reports from organizations and authorities, as well as a survey. With the help of these, sufficient material was provided to be able to discuss, analyze and answer the questions about changed movement patterns in Karlstad municipality's public transport before and during Covid-19. The results showed, among other things, that more people than we anticipated only traveled 0–2 times a week by public transport in Karlstad municipality before Covid-19, but that this figure also became higher during Covid-19. However, there is a difference between the sexes, where men travel more often by car than women, and a difference depending on employment where students (high school and university level) travel by public transport more regularly and to a greater extent.