Obwohl EtG seit dem Jahr 2000 intensiv als Alkoholmarker in Haaren beforscht wird, bietet die Thematik weiterhin Raum für Forschung, insbesondere im Bereich der instrumentellen Analytik. Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit ist die Beleuchtung dieser und weiterer Aspekte. Die Extraktion erfolgte überwiegend mittels der sogenannten Mikropulverisierung. Sie ermöglichte die simultane Mahlung der Haarmatrix und Extraktion des EtGs mit einem hohen Probendurchsatz. Die Selektion und anschließende Detektion erfolgte überwiegend durch HPLC-MS/MS. Die Sicherheit bei der Bestimmung des Analyten wurde durch die erfolgreiche Teilnahme an drei Ringversuchen der Society of Hair Testing (SoHT) belegt. Wiederholbedingungen wurden durch Herstellung von eigenen Haarreferenzmaterialien und die Verwendung von homogenen Fremdhaarmaterialien sichergestellt. Zur Evaluierung der Stabilität von EtG wurden zwei Haarmaterialien unter thermischen Stressbedingungen eingelagert und mit dem Gehalt von Referenzproben verglichen. Der Analyt zeigte außergewöhnliche Stabilität unter den gewählten Bedingungen. Ebenso erfolgte eine Beurteilung des Zerstörungsgrads von EtG im Haar durch oxidierende Substanzen, einhergehend mit der Entwicklung eines zerstörungsfreien Schnelltests mittels FTIR zur Detektion von oxidierten Cysteinspezies in Haaren. Das Modellsystem Barthaar wurde für zwei Experimentreihen etabliert: die Korrelation des EtG-Gehaltes im Barthaar nach Aufnahme definierter Alkoholmengen und den Nachweis von glucuronidierten Spezies im Barthaar nach Aufnahme der korrespondierenden Muttersubstanzen. Während keine eindeutige Korrelation zwischen aufgenommener Alkoholmenge und EtG-Gehalt im Barthaar hergestellt werden konnte, war es durchaus möglich, zwei glucuronidierte Metabolite von Arzneistoffen im Barthaar nach Konsum der Ausgangssubstanzen nachzuweisen. / Although EtG is subject to extended research since the year 2000, the topic still holds headroom for further experiments, especially when it comes to the field of instrumental analysis. The goal of the present thesis was the clarification of crucial analytical and further aspects. The extraction was mostly carried out using the so-called micropulverisation. It rendered the simultaneous milling of the hair matrix and extraction of EtG possible with a high sample throughput. Selection of the analyte and following detection was mainly carried out using HPLC-MS/MS. The quality of analysis was ensured by the successful participation in three interlaboratory tests carried out by the Society of Hair Testing (SoHT). Repetitive conditions were ensured by manufacturing of own hair reference materials as well as by the usage of homogeneous external hair materials. Two hair materials were treated under thermal stress conditions and the EtG values were compared to reference samples to verify the analytes stability. EtG showed extraordinary stability under the chosen conditions. Likewise, an assessment of the degree of EtG decay after oxidative treatment as well as the development of a nondestructive assay via FTIR to detect oxidized cysteine species were established. The model system beard hair was arranged for the conduction of two experimental series: the correlation of the EtG content in beard hair after defined oral consumption of ethanol and the detection of glucuronidation of the corresponding parent substances after consumption. Whilst no distinct correlation could be observed for the ethanol experiment, it was possible to provide evidence for the existence of two glucuronized metabolites of drugs after consumption of the parent compounds.

Les phytochélatines (PC) sont des polypeptides ayant la structure générale, (alpha-Glu-Cys)n-Gly, où n = 2 à 11. Leur synthèse est induite par un grand nombre de végétaux en réponse à une élévation de la concentration du milieu en métaux, en particulier le cadmium (ci-après, Cd). Le but de cette étude a été de développer un outil pour évaluer la biodisponibilité du Cd dans les eaux douces. Pour ce faire, une méthode analytique a été réalisée afin de déterminer les phytochélatines induites dans les algues C. reinhardtii. Celle-ci consiste à utiliser la chromatographie liquide couplée à la spectrométrie de masse en tandem (LCHP-SM/SM) "on-line". L’ionisation des molécules est celle faite par électronébulisation (IEN) (traduction de electrospray ionisation). L’objectif principal de ce mémoire est la validation de cette méthode : la détermination des courbes de calibration et des limites de détection et l'identification d'interférences potentielles. L’utilisation de dithiothreitol (DTT) à une concentration de 25 mM a été nécessaire à la conservation de la forme réduite des phytochélatines. En effet, suite à la validation de la méthode d’analyse des phytochélatines il a été démontré qu’elle représente un potentiel d’application. Ceci dans la mesure où l’induction des phytochélatines (PC2, PC3 et PC4) dans les algues C. reinhardtii a été possible à deux concentrations de Cd (1 x 10-7 M et 1 x 10 6 M) et ce, après plusieurs temps d'induction (1, 2, 4, et 6 h). Ainsi, l’étude de la stabilité des phytochélatines a été réalisée et toutes les températures examinées ont démontré une diminution des phytochélatines analysées par HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. Il se pourrait que la cause de la dégradation des phytochélatines soit physique ou chimique plutôt que bactérienne. Toutefois, un approfondissement au niveau de la purification de la solution d’extraction serait nécessaire à la mise au point de la dite méthode analytique afin de quantifier les phytochélatines dans l’algue C. reinhardtii. / Phytochelatins (PC) are polypeptides having the general structure, (alpha-Glu-Cys)n-Gly, where n = 2 to 11. Many plants respond to an elevated concentration of metals in environment, particularly Cd, by synthesizing PC. The purpose of this study was to develop a tool to assess the bioavailability of the Cd in fresh water by determining phytochelatins in algae, C. reinhardtii, by online HPLC-ESI-MS/MS. The gold of this work was the validation of the analytical method i.e. the determination of the calibration curves and the limits of detection. The addition of dithiothreitol (DTT), 25 mM, was found to be necessary to maintain the PC in their reduced form for analysis. It was shown that the liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-MS/MS) technique has excellent potential for PC analysis, however, it will still requires some more work with respect to sample purification. Furthermore, the stability of the PC was evaluated for different sample storage temperatures. At all temperatures studied, some degradation of PC was observed possibly due to physical rather than chemical or bacterial reasons. Finally, the induction of phytochelatins (PC2, PC3 and PC4) was observed in C. reinhardtii for two Cd concentrations (10-7 M and 10-6 M) and for several induction times (1, 2, 4, and 6 h).

The use of chemicals, which generates a lot off benefits, is responsible for the contamination of soil, water and foods. The concern about contamination of surface and ground water systems by pesticides has grown in scientific circles, especially by the presence of pesticides and other compounds in water sources. Thus, rapid analytical methods, sensitive and efficient must be developed in order to verify the concentration levels of pesticides and other organic compounds in water samples agree with those established by law to protect human health and the environment media. This study aimed to optimize, validate and implement an extraction method to determine residues of mononitro, ketones, trifluralin, oxirane, lindane, 2,4-D ester, chlorpyrifos, bromoketal, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan and endosulfan sulfate in samples of tap water, industrial wastewater and groundwater by Dispersive Liquid-Liquid Microextraction (DLLME) modified and Gas Chromatography with Mass Spectrometry Tandem using Triple Quadrupole type (GC-(TQ)MS/MS). The method is based on the rapid injection, with a syringe, of a mixture of an extractor solvent (50 μL of carbon tetrachloride) and an dispersor solvent (2.0 mL acetone) previously cooled (ice batch, 0 - 4 °C) in an aqueous sample (5.0 mL), contained in a 10 mL graduated glass tube with conical bottom, with no pH correction and cooled (ice batch, 0 - 4 °C). It is not necessary to stir the sample in this step. Remove 25 μL of the sedimented phase separated by simple sedimentation for 10 min. from the bottom of conical tube with a microsyringe and transferred to a vial of 200 μL for GC- (TQ)MS/MS determination. The preconcentration factor obtained was 100 times. The method was validated by determining the limits of detection and quantification limits (LOD and LOQ), linearity, precision and accuracy. The calibration curves showed adequate linearity between 0.05 e 10 μg L-1 with coefficients of determination higher than 0.993. The method showed good recovery values between 70 and 115%, RSD(%) ranged from 10.9 to 17.2%, LOQs between 0.02 and 0.09 μg L-1, and was considered adequate for the analysis of pesticide residues and other organic compounds evaluated in water samples. After validation, the method was applied to samples of drinking water, industrial wastewater and groundwater. No pesticide residues and other organic compounds evaluated were found in the water samples tested. / A utilização de substâncias químicas, que por um lado gera benefícios, por outro é responsável pela contaminação do solo, água e alimentos.A preocupação com a contaminação de sistemas aquáticos superficiais e subterrâneos por pesticidas tem crescido no meio científico, em especial pela presença de pesticidas e outras susbtâncias químicas em mananciais de água. Dessa forma, métodos analíticos rápidos, sensíveis e eficientes têm de ser desenvolvidos para verificar se os níveis de concentração dos pesticidas e outras substâncias químicas em amostras de água estão de acordo com os estabelecidos pela legislação, a fim de resguardar a saúde humana e o meio ambiente. Este estudo teve como finalidade otimizar, validar e aplicar um método de extração e determinação de resíduos de mononitro, ketona, trifluralina, oxirano, lindano, 2,4-D-éster, clorpirifós, bromoketal, α-endosulfan, β-endosulfan e endosulfan sulfato em amostras água de torneira, efluente industrial e água subterrânea, aplicando a técnica DLLME modificada e quantificação por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas Sequencial tipo Triplo Quadrupolo (GC-(TQ)MS/MS). A técnica de extração DLLME está baseada na injeção rápida, com auxílio de uma seringa, de uma mistura dos solventes extrator (50 μL de tetracloreto de carbono) e dispersor (2,0 mL de acetona) previamente resfriada em banho de gelo a uma temperatura entre 0 e 4 °C, em uma amostra aquosa (5,0 mL) contida em um tubo de vidro, com fundo cônico, graduados com volume de 10 mL, sem correção de pH e mantida resfriada em banho de gelo entre 0 e 4 °C. O procedimento não requer agitação da amostra. Retira-se a fase sedimentada separada por sedimentação simples após 10 min., do fundo do tubo cônico com auxílio de uma microseringa de 25 μL e transfere-se para um frasco de 200 μL, para determinação no sistema GC-(TQ)MS/MS. O fator de pré-concentração obtido é de 100 vezes. Na validação do método determinaram-se os limites de detecção e limites de quantificação (LOD e LOQ), linearidade, precisão e exatidão. As curvas analíticas apresentaram linearidade adequada entre 0,05 e 10 μg L-1 com valores de coeficiente de determinação superior a 0,993. O método apresentou bons valores de recuperação, entre 70 e 115% e RSD(%) entre 10,9 e 17,2%, com LOQs entre 0,02 e 0,09 μg L-1. O método foi considerado adequado para a análise de resíduos dos pesticidas em estudo em amostras de água. Após a validação, o método foi aplicado em amostras de água de potável, efluente industrial e água subterrânea. Não foram encontrados resíduos dos pesticidas e outras substâncias químicas estudados nas amostras analisadas.

Des polymères à séquences contrôlées contenant de l’information numérique ont été synthétisés par voie itérative supportée, via une stratégie « AB+CD » mettant en jeu deux réactions orthogonales. Cette stratégie a permis la synthèse de poly(alcoxyamine amide)s et de poly(alcoxyamine triazole)s à séquences contrôlées isomoléculaires, sans avoir recours à des chimies de protection. Les poly(alcoxyamine amide)s ont été synthétisés sur différents supports – solides, solubles et fluorés – ainsi que par une approche convergente, tandis que les poly(alcoxyamine triazole)s ont permis l’étude de la SpAAC qui met en jeu une cyclooctyne et un azoture pour former un triazole sans utilisation de cuivre. La structure des polymères obtenus a chaque fois permis un séquençage par MS/MS, grâce à la présence de liaisons faibles, permettant de décoder le code binaire incrémenté le long des chaînes via des groupements codant pour 0 ou pour 1. De plus, les poly(alcoxyamine amide)s ont aussi été optimisés pour l’encodage de données : via la synthèse de codes-barres moléculaires pour augmenter la capacité de stockage, ainsi que via une polymolécularité induite permettant la lecture du code incrémenté sans fragmentation. / Information-containing sequenced-controlled polymers were synthesized by an « AB+CD » supported iterative strategy, involving two orthogonal reactions. This approach allowed the protecting-group-free synthesis of monodisperse sequence-controlled poly(alkoxyamine amide)s and poly(alkoxyamine triazole)s. The poly(alkoxyamine amide)s were synthesized on different supports - solid, soluble, and fluorinated – and also by a convergent strategy. Besides, the synthesis of the poly(alkoxyamine triazole)s allowed studying the SpAAC, involving a cyclooctyne and an azide for a copper-free formation of a triazole. The structure of the obtained polymers also allowed an MS/MS sequencing of the binary code implemented along the chains through functional groups coding for 0 or 1, thanks to the presence of weak linkages. Furthermore, the poly(alkoxyamine amide)s were optimized for data encoding, by synthesizing molecular barcodes to increase storage capacity, and by an induced polydispersity to decode the polymers without fragmentation.

Cette étude a eu pour objectif de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du comportement photochimique de certains micropolluants de type antibiotiques vétérinaires (sulfaquinoxaline, pyriméthamine) ou antibactérien (triclosan) en solution aqueuse et à la surface de la kaolinite, utilisée comme un modèle de sol.L’étude du comportement photochimique de la sulfaquinoxaline a été réalisée sous excitation à 254 nm et 365 nm. Dans tous les cas, une dégradation efficace est observée avec un rendement quantique qui dépend de la longueur d’onde d’excitation, du pH et la concentration d’oxygène dissous. De plus, la présence de l’oxygène moléculaire dans le milieu conduit à une inhibition partielle la photodégradation mettant en évidence l’implication partielle de l’état excité triplet. Ce dernier a pu être mis en évidence par photolyse laser nanoseconde à travers un transfert Triplet-Triplet (T-T) en employant le β-carotène comme accepteur. Sur le plan analytique, la phototransformation de la sulfaquinoxaline conduit à la formation d’un grand nombre de produits qui ont été identifiés par HPLC/ESI/MS/MS en identifiant les processus de fragmentation intervenant pour chaque molécule étudiée. L’étude a permis de montrer que les états excités singulet et triplet sont tout les deux impliqués dans la photodegradation et que les processus principaux intervenant sont la photohydrolyse, la désulfonation avec un réarrangement intramoléculaire, l'hydroxylation des motifs aromatiques et l'isomérisation selon un processus de type photo Fries.L’étude de la photoréactivité de la pyriméthamine a montré que la dégradation est plus efficace avec la forme neutre. Le rendement quantique a été évalué à environ 4,0x10-2 en milieu aéré et sous excitation à 254 nm. L’étude par photolyse laser a montré la formation intermédiaire de l’état excité triplet mais également de l’électron solvaté (absorption à 700 nm). Les processus de formation des photoproduits primaires sont la substitution de l’atome de chlore par un groupement hydroxyle ou par un atome d’hydrogène et l’hydroxylation du noyau aromatique.La dégradation des micropolluants à la surface du sol a pu être abordée en utilisant l’argile kaolinite comme support modèle. Ce système simplifié nous a permis d’étudier la photodégradation sous excitation en Suntest sur le plan cinétique et analytique. L’étude cinétique a été entreprise en fonction de différents paramètres tels que l’épaisseur de la kaolinite et la concentration initiale du substrat. Le premier effet nous a permis de montrer que pour des épaisseurs inférieures à 70 µm, la vitesse de diffusion du composé des zones sombres vers les zones irradiées est très rapide devant la photolyse et de ce fait, elle peut être négligée. Cet aspect a conduit à la détermination du rendement quantique de disparition à la surface de la kaolinite. Sur le plan analytique, les réactions observées sur l’argile sont différentes de celles observées en solution aqueuse. En effet, dans le cas de la sulfaquinoxaline, seul le produit de désulfonation est observé. Au contraire de la sulfaquinoxaline, l’étude complète de la molécule de triclosan a montré la formation de plusieurs produits et notamment des dimères ou des oligomères ce qui suggère la présence du substrat sous forme d’agrégats à la surface de l’argile. Afin de confirmer cette observation expérimentale, nous avons abordé une étude de modélisation par dynamique moléculaire. Celle-ci a donnée des informations très importantes sur l’organisation des molécules à la surface de la kaolinite. Ainsi, l’adsorption du triclosan fait intervenir d'importantes liaisons hydrogène avec la surface de la kaolinite. En présence de plusieurs molécules, la formation d’agrégats est gouvernée par une importante interaction entre les noyaux aromatiques de type π-stacking. / The study undertaken within this thesis concerns the photochemical behavior of the veterinary antibiotics sulfaquinoxaline and pyrimethamine, as well as the antimicrobial triclosan in aqueous solutions and at the surface of kaolin, used as a soil model.The photochemical study on sulfaquinoxaline was performed at 254 and 365 nm. In all cases, an efficient degradation was observed with a quantum yield that depends on the excitation wavelength, pH and the dissolved molecular oxygen concentration. Molecular oxygen acts as an inhibitor which reflects the involvement of the triplet excited state. Sulfaquinoxaline was clearly shown to be a photosensitizer of β-carotene via a triplet-triplet transfer process. From the analytical point of view, several photoproducts were generated and identified by using HPLC/ESI/MS/MS technique through a close analysis of the fragmentation processes. The byproducts that were formed via the singlet as well as the triplet excited states were mainly generated by photohydrolysis, desulfonation, hydroxylation and isomerisation reactions.The photochemical study of pyrimethamine indicates an efficient photoreactivity with the molecular form. The laser flash photolysis study reveals the implication of singlet and triplet excited states. The byproducts were mainly formed through the substitution of the chlorine atom by an hydroxyl group and the hydroxylation of the aromatic moiety.The photochemical study at the surface of soil was undertaken by using kaolin as a model support. Such simple system appears to be a guideline for precise kinetic and analytical studies. The former was performed as a function of several important parameters such as the layer thickness and the initial concentration of the substrate. The first parameter clearly indicates that for a thickness lower than 70 µm, the rate of diffusion is so fast that this process can be neglected when compared to the photochemical process. Thus, the first rate constant at the surface of kaolin was determined. Only the product of desulfonation was observed with sulfaquinoxaline while with triclosan, several byproducts were obtained such as dimers and oligomers suggesting the formation of aggregates at the surface of the solid support. In order to confirm this aspect, molecular dynamics studies were undertaken and indicate that the adsorption of triclosan mainly occurs at the surface of kaolin via hydrogen molecular bonds. The arrangement of the molecules in a cluster is governed by π-stacking type interactions between the aromatic moieties.

The aim of this study was to develop an analytical method for fluorinated silanes. Furthermore, as a secondary aim, to explore if there would be possible to detect 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl triethoxysilane (6:2 PTrEtSi) and 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorodecyl triethoxysilane (8:2 PTrEtSi) in two different matrices, sludge and cosmetic extract. The method development included experiments using LC-MS, LC-MS/MS, UPC2, GC-MS and APGC-MS/MS and was carried out using standards containing 6:2 PTrEtSi and 8:2 PTrEtSi. The analytical method that worked best for the compounds was GC-MS/MS and an analytical method using APGC-MS/MS was developed for fluorinated silanes. The IDL for 6:2 PTrEtSi was 0.0012 μg/mL and 1.32 μg/mL for 8:2 PTrEtSi. This makes the developed method suitable for high contaminated samples, such as extracts from cosmetic products. It was concluded that a method using LC as the analytical instrument would not work for the two target compounds since they were too reactive with the mobile phase. However, LC could be a good choice for siloxanes, compounds that are formed from hydrolysis and condensation of fluorinated silanes. The samples analyzed in this study were three sludge extracts and one extract from a cosmetic product. 6:2 PTrEtSi was expected to be detected in the cosmetic sample since the compound was stated on the table of contents of the cosmetic product. No detection of 6:2 TrEtSi or 8:2 TrEtSi could be made in either of the samples. The reason for this was suspected to be transformation or degradation of the compounds into other compounds. Therefore, a full scan of the cosmetic sample using LC-MS/MS was included in the experiment as an addition to verify the suspicions that compounds such as siloxanes could have been formed. An interesting peak was discovered with m/z 947 which could be a disiloxane of 6:2 PTrEtSi.

Le blé est la seconde céréale la plus cultivée dans le monde et constitue un apport majeur de l’alimentation quotidienne. L’effort consenti à continuellement améliorer les qualités meunière et boulangère du blé tendre, s’est fait au détriment du caractère nutritionnel du grain. Ainsi la plupart des produits industriels dérivés des grains de blé sont produits à partir de farines blanches raffinées qui ne contiennent ni le germe ni les sons. Cependant, dans ces différents tissus qui sont éliminés et qui servent essentiellement à nourrir les animaux, se concentrent les principaux micronutriments tels que les vitamines, les minéraux, les fibres et des substances phytochimiques. Les différentes enquêtes épidémiologiques ont bien mis en évidence les conséquences négatives de la déplétion en micronutriments des produits céréaliers raffinés. Dans l’objectif d’une alimentation plus saine voir même préventive, la consommation d’aliments enrichis en micronutriments naturellement présents dans le grain de blé tendre semble être une démarche efficace. Dans cette optique, ce travail de thèse a permis de consolider et d’accroitre les connaissances concernant les voies d’amélioration des teneurs en vitamines des grains de blés tendres ainsi que des produits industriels qui en sont dérivés. En premier, nous nous sommes intéressés au développement d’une méthode simple et rapide basée sur la spectrométrie de masse couplée à la chromatographie liquide pour la détermination simultanée de sept vitamines hydrosolubles dans divers matériels végétaux. Les vitamines présentes dans les différents matériels végétaux furent séparées en moins de 15 min grâce à l’utilisation d’une colonne C18 en phase inverse, et analysées en mode ElectroSpray positif et MRM. La réponse pour toutes les vitamines a été linéaire sur l’ensemble des concentrations étudiées (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) avec des coefficients de corrélation compris entre 0.991 et 1. Les limites de quantification de la méthode analytique ont été évaluées entre 0.09 et 3.5 μg/g. Les précisions intra-journalière et inter-journalière étaient satisfaisantes. La deuxième partie de nos travaux a concerné l’impact des procédés de transformation du grain (production d’une nouvelle fraction de mouture et grillage) sur la teneur en vitamines. Afin de réaliser cette objectif, la méthode développée a été appliquée pour l’analyse simultanée des concentrations en vitamines hydrosolubles contenues dans différentes farines semi-complètes ainsi que dans les pâtons, pains et pains grillés qui en sont dérivés. En parallèle, les concentrations endogènes des vitamines E, de la Lutéine et du β-sitostérol ont également été évaluées dans le même matériel. Nous avons mis en évidence que les concentrations en acide nicotinique, pyridoxale, pyridoxine et acide pantothénique étaient significativement plus élevées dans les gros sons que dans les autres fractions de moutures, alors que les concentrations en β-sitostérol, lutéine, α-tocotriénol, α-tocophérol et thiamine (20.87 μg/g DM)étaient plus importantes dans la fraction de mouture enrichie. L’étape de grillage induit une augmentation significative en α-tocophérol (+216%), β-γ-tocophérol (+52%), α-tocotriénol (+83%), β-γ-tocotriénol (+32%), acide nicotinique (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) et en pyridoxine (+77%). L’ensemble de ces résultats nous a permis de montrer qu’un enrichissement de farine blanche par la fraction de mouture dite enrichie pourrait potentiellement permettre d’accroître les produits qui en dérive en vitamine E. De plus le grillage pourrait libérer des composés bioactifs, augmentant ainsi leur biodisponibilité et la valeur nutritionnelle des pains. (...) / Wheat is the second largest crop cultivated around the world and constitutes a major part of the daily diet in Europe. During the course of improving the baking quality of wheat cultivar, most of the nutritional attributes have been underestimated. It is therefore unfortunate that most of wheat-based food products are mostly produced from refined white flour from which peripheral tissues (germ and envelopes) are removed. However, these tissues, which are eliminated and serve mainly for animal feeding, contain most of the vitamins, minerals, fiber and phytochemicals of the grain. It is becoming evident that many of the health benefits associated with the consumption of whole grain cereal products, relate to the enhanced intake of micronutrients, phytochemicals and dietary fiber. In the context of consuming wheat derived foods with enhanced nutritional value, as part of a healthy diet, this thesis provide results which strengthen the knowledge of vitamins accumulation in common wheat and in wheat-based food products. Firstly, we have developed a simple and rapid method based on liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) for the simultaneous screening of seven water soluble vitamins in various wheat-based food materials. The vitamins present in the test materials were separated in less than 15 min by using a reverse-phase C18 column, and analyzed by positive ion electrospray selected reaction monitoring MS/MS. The MS response for all the vitamins was linear over the working range (0.05 to 9 μg/mL) with correlation coefficients ranging between 0.991 and 1. Limits of quantification in the different food materials ranged from 0.09 to 3.5 μg/g. Intra-day and inter-day precision was found satisfactory. The second part of our research, have focused on monitoring the levels of vitamins upon the wheat-based foods processing operations, such as production of new wheat milling fraction (consisting in enriched fraction) and breadmaking toasted bread. In order to achieve this goal, the developed method was applied for the simultaneous analysis of the water-soluble vitamin natural content of different semi-coarse wheat flours and in their corresponding baking products. In addition the vitamin E, Lutein and β-sitosterol natural content was also measured in the same materials. It was shown that the concentration of nicotinic acid, pyridoxal, pyridoxine, pantothenic acid were significantly higher in the coarse bran than in the other milling fractions, while the concentration of β-sitosterol, lutein, α-tocotrienol, α-tocopherol and thiamin (20.87 μg/g DM) were the highest in the enriched fraction. The toasting step induced a significant increased of α-tocopherol (+216%), β-γ-tocopherol (+52%), α-tocotrienol (+83%), β-γ-tocotrienol (+32%), nicotinic acid (+55%), nicotinamide (+97%) and of pyridoxine (+77%). Furthermore, it was demonstrated that the enriched fraction could be a functional ingredient in order to enrich wheat-based products in fat soluble vitamins and that the toasting process could release bound bioactive compounds and led to enhance the nutritional quality of bread. (...)

Milk is one of the most consumed fresh food, considered a nutritionally complete product. Veterinary drugs are used in order to increase productivity. However, improper use of these products may result in the presence of residues in milk. This study aims to develop a method for determination of antiparasitic residues in bovine milk using fast liquid-liquid low temperature partitioning (LLE-LTP) method and liquid chromatographic coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Different classes were studied for antiparasitic, such as macrocyclic lactones, pyrethroids, benzimidazoles, organophosphates, carbamates, among others. The spikes were held comprising the Maximum Residue Limits (MRLs) of each compound at levels 1- 200 ug L-1. For validation step was adopted the following parameters: selectivity, linear range, matrix effect, limits of detection (LOD) and quantitation (LOQ), decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ), precision, accuracy. The method was considered valid to 55 antiparasitic and presented LOD from 0.03 to 6.0 μg L-1 and LOQ from 1 to 20 ug L-1. Recoveries were between 70 and 120% with RSD ≤ 20%, that were considered acceptable. The proposed method was applied to 15 real samples where all samples presented residues of at least one antiparasitic. Of these, two samples contained cyhalothrin and nicarbazin residues above the MRL. However, the method was efficient in determining antiparasitic residues in bovine milk using LLE-LTP and LCMS/ MS, showing good sensitivity and selectivity. / O leite é um dos alimentos in natura mais consumidos, por ser considerado um produto completo nutricionalmente. A fim de tratar e assegurar a sanidade do rebanho, faz-se uso de medicamentos veterinários. No entanto, a utilização inadequada destes produtos pode acarretar na presença de resíduos destes no leite. Este estudo tem como objetivo desenvolver um método para determinação de resíduos de antiparasitários em leite bovino, empregando método extração líquido-líquido com rápida partição a baixa temperatura (LLELTP) e cromatografia líquida acoplada à espectrometria de massas em série (LC–MS/MS). Avaliou-se diferentes classes de antiparasitários, como lactonas macrocíclicas, piretróides, benzimidazóis, organofosforados, carbamatos, entre outros. As fortificações foram realizadas abrangendo os Limites Máximos de Resíduos (LMRs) de cada composto, em níveis de 1 a 200 μg L-1. Para a etapa de validação do método avaliou-se os seguintes parâmetros: seletividade, faixa linear, efeito matriz, limites de detecção (LOD) e quantificação (LOQ), limite de decisão (CCα), capacidade de detecção (CCβ), precisão e exatidão. O método foi considerado validado para 55 antiparasitários e apresentou valores de LOD de 0,03 a 6,0 μg L-1 e de LOQ de 1 a 20 μg L-1. As recuperações ficaram entre 70 e 120%, e RSD ≤ 20%, sendo considerados aceitáveis. O método proposto foi aplicado em 14 amostras reais, onde todas apresentaram resíduos de pelo menos um antiparasitário. Destas, duas amostras continham resíduos de cialotrina e nicarbazin acima do LMR. O método mostrou-se eficiente na determinação de resíduos de antiparasitários em leite bovino empregando LLELTP e LC–MS/MS, demonstrando boa sensibilidade e seletividade.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Orange juice is a relevant contribution to the Brazilian economy, as long as five glasses of orange juice consumed in the world, three are produced in Brazil. For the purpose of increase the production of fruits and, consequently, juices, there is a growing concern about the presence of pesticide residues in food, so monitoring by analytical methods is required in order to ensure consumer s health. This study shows the validation of an analytical method for the determination of nine fungicides in natural and processed orange juices by UPLC-MS/MS. The extraction procedure used was the modified mini-Luke method. Developed in 1975, it was modified in later years and has been used to monitor the presence of pesticides in non-fatty matrices such as fruits and vegetables. The method consists of adding 30 mL of acetone followed by 60 mL of 1:1 (v/v) mixture of petroleum ether and dichloromethane to 15 g of sample. After homogenization and centrifugation, an aliquot of 1.2 mL was transferred into tubes and evaporation led to a water bath to near dryness. The residue was reconstituted in 1 mL of methanol containing 0.1% acetic acid and analyzed by UPLC-MS/MS. The parameters evaluated for the validation were: calibration curve and linearity, limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ), accuracy (as recovery%), precision (as RSD %) and selectivity (as matrix effects%). The results were satisfactory for all parameters, thus showing that the modified mini-Luke extraction method was effective to extract the studied fungicides in natural and processed orange juices. In the range of concentration studied, the method was linear. The method LOQ were 10, 20 and 50μg kg-1 for six, two and one fungicides studied, respectively. It is noted that these values are the same or below the values of the maximum residue limits (MRL) established by Brazilian, American and European laws, indicating that the method can be used worldwide to determine the nine fungicides studied in orange juice.It can be inferred that the method is selective, as long as this parameter was assessed from the matrix effects. It was negative for most of the fungicides studied and all values remained in the range -20 to +20%, not influencing the results. The analyzed fungicides, show average recoveries between 70 and 120%, only excepting thiophanate - methyl and carbendazin. The thiophanate-methyl presented values below 70% when spiked at concentrations of 10 and 20 μg kg 1 and carbendazim presented values above 120% when spiked at concentrations of 10 μg kg 1. The extraction method, combined with modern chromatographic technique for the determination of analytes, were effective for the analysis of pesticide residues in orange juice. / O suco de laranja representa uma contribuição relevante para a economia brasileira, uma vez que, de cada cinco copos de suco de laranja consumidos no mundo, três são produzidos no Brasil. A fim de aumentar a produção de frutas e, consequentemente, de sucos, também é verificado um aumento na preocupação quanto à presença de resíduos de agrotóxicos em matrizes alimentares, fazendo-se necessário o monitoramento, através de métodos analíticos para, assim assegurar a saúde do consumidor. Neste estudo, foi validado um método analítico para determinação de nove fungicidas em sucos de laranja natural e processado por UPLC-MS/MS. Para a extração dos fungicidas da matriz, utilizou-se o método denominado mini-Luke modificado. Desenvolvido no ano de 1975, sofreu algumas modificações nos anos posteriores e tem sido utilizado para monitorar a presença de agrotóxicos em matrizes não gordurosas como frutas e vegetais. O método consiste na adição de 30 mL de acetona, seguidos de 60 mL da mistura 1:1 (v/v) de éter de petróleo e diclorometano em 15 g de amostra. Após homogeneização e centrifugação, foi retirada uma alíquota de 1,2 mL do extrato, que após evaporação, foi ressuspendido em 1 mL de metanol acidificado com 0,1% de ácido acético e analisado por UPLC-MS/MS. Os parâmetros avaliados para validação do método foram: curva analítica e linearidade, limite de detecção (LOD), limite de quantificação (LOQ), exatidão (recuperação%), precisão (RSD%) e seletividade (efeito matriz%). Os resultados obtidos foram satisfatórios para todos os parâmetros avaliados, mostrando desta forma, que o método de extração mini-Luke modificado foi eficaz para extrair os fungicidas estudados em sucos de laranja natural e processado. Na faixa de concentração estudada, o método mostrou-se linear. Os valores de LOQ do método foram de 10, 20 e 50 μg kg-1 para seis, dois e um fungicidas estudados, respectivamente. Salienta-se que estes valores são iguais ou inferiores aos valores dos limites máximos de resíduos (LMR) estabelecidos pelas legislações brasileira, americana e européia, indicando que o método pode ser empregado a nível mundial para determinar os nove fungicidas estudados em sucos de laranja. Pode-se afirmar que o método é seletivo, uma vez que este parâmetro foi avaliado a partir do efeito matriz, o qual para a maioria dos fungicidas estudados foi negativo, e todos os valores permaneceram na faixa de -20 e +20%, não influenciando os resultados. Os fungicidas estudados apresentaram valores de recuperação dentro da faixa de 70 a 120% com exceção do tiofanato-metílico e do carbendazim. O tiofanato-metílico apresentou valores abaixo de 70% para os níveis de fortificação de 10 e 20 μg kg-1 e o carbendazim, valores acima de 120% para o nível de fortificação de 10 μg kg-1. O método de extração, aliado com a técnica cromatográfica para determinação dos analitos, mostraram-se eficientes para a análise de resíduos de agrotóxicos em sucos de laranja.

Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Endocrine Disrupter Compounds (EDCs) like pesticides, alkylphenols and hormones among other classes of compounds are responsible for alterations in the endocrine system functions. Endocrine disruption occurs when EDCs interact with the hormone receptors, altering the natural response patterns of the endocrine system. Aquatic organisms, such as fish, are able to accumulate EDCs residues in concentration several times higher than the surrounding water. Consequently, fish is a major source of contamination for both top predators and human consumers. This study aimed to develop and validate a fast method for the determination of 40 endocrine disrupters in fish fillet, using modified QuEChERS and Gas Chromatography coupled with Mass Spectrometry in tandem, using a triple quadrupole analyzer (GC-(TQ)MS/MS). A factorial design was performed to optimize the extraction procedure, which consist of the extraction of 10.0 g of fish fillet with 10.0 mL of acetonitrile with 1% (v/v) of acetic acid followed by manual shaking for 1 min. In the partition step 2.0 g of sodium chloride, 1.7 g of anhydrous sodium acetate and 0.3 g of anhydrous magnesium sulfate were added, followed by shaking and centrifugation at 3400 rpm for 8 min. Then the extract was transferred to a 15 mL polypropylene tube containing the C18 and PSA sorbents, beyond the anhydrous magnesium sulfate. After shaking and centrifuging, the supernatant was filtered and analyzed by GC-(TQ)MS/MS. The method was validated by spiking the blank sample at three concentration levels (10, 25 and 50 Ug kg-1) obtaining recovery values between 70.1 to 120.0% for 36 of the 40 endocrine disrupters evaluated. RSD values below 20% ensured the good precision of the method. The linearity was evaluated using the coefficient of determination (r2) with values higher than 0.996 for all compounds. The matrix effect was evaluated, and it was pretty intense for most compounds, with values exceeding 10%. This effect was compensated using analytical curves obtained with standards prepared in blank matrix extracts. This method was applied in 6 samples of fish fillet from different species. Residues of bisphenol A, chlorpyrifos and bifenthrin were detected. Therefore, the modified QuEChERS method proved to be appropriated for the determination of endocrine disrupters in fish fillet using GC-(TQ)MS/MS since it showed to be effective and can be applied to routine analysis. / Compostos conhecidos como disruptores endócrinos (DEs), tais como agrotóxicos, alquilfenóis, hormônios, dentre outras classes de substâncias são responsáveis pela alteração de funções do sistema endócrino. Esse efeito ocorre quando os DEs interagem com os receptores hormonais, alterando os padrões de resposta natural do sistema endócrimo. Os organismos aquáticos, como os peixes são capazes de acumular concentrações de DEs várias vezes superiores a água ao seu redor. Consequentemente, os peixes são uma importante fonte de contaminação para seus predadores e consumidores humanos. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver e validar um método rápido para a determinação de 40 disruptores endócrinos em filé de peixe (jundiá), utilizando QuEChERS modificado e Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada à Espectrometria de Massas em série, empregando analisador triplo quadrupolo (GC-(TQ)MS/MS). Utilizou-se do planejamento fatorial em estrela para otimização do procedimento de extração, o qual consiste da extração de 10,0 g de filé de peixe com 10,0 mL de acetonitrila/1% (v/v) ácido acético seguido de agitação manual por 1 min. Na etapa de partição adicionou-se 2,0 g de cloreto de sódio, 1,7 g de acetato de sódio anidro e 0,3 g de sulfato de magnésio anidro. Realizou-se agitação por 1 min e centrifugação a 3400 rpm por 8 min. Em seguida, o extrato foi transferido para um tubo de polipropileno de 15 mL contendo os sorventes C18 e PSA, além de sulfato de magnésio anidro. Foi realizada a agitação manual e centrifugação, o extrato foi filtrado e analisado por GC-(TQ)MS/MS. O método foi validado fortificando a amostra branco em três níveis de concentração (10, 25 e 50 Ug kg-1) obtendo valores de recuperação entre 70,1 e 120,0% para 36 dos 40 disruptores endócrinos avaliados. Valores de RSD inferiores a 20% garantiram a boa precisão do método. A linearidade foi avaliada utilizando o coeficiente de determinação (r2) sendo este maior que 0,996 para todos os compostos. O efeito matriz foi avaliado, o qual foi bastante intenso para a maioria dos compostos, com valores superiores a 10%. O efeito matriz foi compensado utilizando-se curvas analíticas preparadas no extrato branco da matriz. A aplicação do método foi realizada em 6 amostras de filé de peixe de diferentes espécies, nas quais resíduos de bisfenol A, clorpirifós etílico e bifentrina foram encontrados. O método QuEChERS modificado proposto para a determinação de disruptores endócrinos em filé de peixe utilizando GC-(TQ)MS/MS mostrou ser eficaz, podendo ser aplicado em análise de rotina.