The use of optical fiber is of great interest in developing extensive, high-speed networking infrastructures. Optical fiber provide many advantages over traditional copper cables and wireless links. Among them are high security, low electromagnetic interference, extremely low loss and high bandwidths, light weight and manageability. However, the very small wavelengths associated with optical radiation requires very small waveguide dimensions. Waveguide dimension of single mode fiber (SMF) are < 10µm, resulting in relatively poor yield in device manufacturing. For residential and other last-mile networks topologies, cost constraints limit the appeal of SMF. Multimode fiber (MMF) allow for less restrictive manufacturing tolerances; however, the distortion that results from the dispersion in propagation among the many modes can be prohibitively large for data rates approaching and exceeding 1 Gb/s. To improve the deployability of MMF, a method of dispersion compensation that maintains the ease-of-use characteristic of MMF is required This dissertation demonstrates an opto-electronic method of dispersion compensation by the use of a multisegment photodetector. It is shown the modes of the fiber can be seperated such that when the individual photodetector signals are combined, the resulting temporal response of the fiber link is improved from that of a conventional fiber link. This method is extremely robust to system variation and is independent of data rate and transmission format, allowing it to be employed in a wide variety of optical links. More importantly, the implementation demonstrated is comparable, in simplicity and alignment tolerance, to a conventional photodetector. System performance is shown using both temporal and frequency response as well as real bit error rate and eye diagram measurements.

Few mode fibers and multimode fibers (MMFs) are traditionally regarded as unsuitable for important applications such as communications and sensing. A major challenge in using MMFs for aforementioned applications is how to precisely control the waveguide modes propagating within MMFs. In this thesis, we experimentally demonstrate a generic method for controlling the linearly polarized (LP) modes within a two-mode fiber (TMF). Our method is based on adaptive optics (AO), where one utilizes proper feedback signals to shape the wavefront of the input beam in order to achieve the desired LP mode composition. In the first part of this thesis, we demonstrate the feasibility of AO-based mode control by using the correlation between the experimentally measured field distribution and the desired mode profiles as feedback for wavefront optimization. Selectively excitation of pure LP modes or their combinations at the distal end of a TMF are shown. Furthermore, we demonstrate that selective mode excitation in the TMF can be achieved by using only 5×5 independent phase blocks. Afterwards, we extend our AO-based mode control method to more practical scenarios, where feedback signals are provided by all-fiber devices such as a directional fiber coupler or fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs). Using the coupling ratio of a directional coupler as feedback, we demonstrate adaptive control of LP modes at the two output ports of the directional coupler. With feedback determined by the relative magnitude of optical power reflected by a FBG and the transmitted power, selective excitations of the LP01 and the LP11 modes are experimentally shown. As the final component of this thesis, we experimentally combine the AO-based mode control with time-division-multiplexing. By choosing reflected pulses with appropriate arrival time for mode control, we can selectively excite the LP11 mode at different FBG locations within the TMF, based on the ratio of optical signals reflected by FBGs in the TMF and the transmitted signal. Using two lasers set at the two FBG peak reflection wavelengths associated with the LP01 and the LP11 modes, we can accomplish AO-based mode control within a TMF by using only the reflection signals from the FBG. By using the ratio of the reflected signals of two lasers as feedback, we demonstrate selective excitation of almost pure LP01 or LP11 mode at the FBG location within the TMF. The method developed in this thesis is generic and can be extended to many other applications using appropriately chosen feedback signals. It is possible to generalize the AO-based mode control method to MMF as well. This method may find important applications in MMF-based communication, sensing and imaging et. al. in the future. / Ph. D.

This thesis deals with the possibilities of energy transmission by optical fiber for the purpose of powering of electronic systems. It comprises issues of electrical energy conversion to optical energy, coupling the power into the optical fiber, coupling between fiber and opto-electric transducer, conversion of optical energy to electrical energy, and transformation on required voltage levels. The principles of such Power-Over-Fiber are discussed in the first part of the work. Various technologies for the implementation of key system parts and their effectivity are discussed. In the next part, several Power-Over-Fiber commercial devices are compared. Subsequently, systems for Power-Over-Fiber experimental implementations are proposed. They are based on the utilization of semiconductor laser, multimode fiber, photovoltaic cell and related electronic circuits. The final part of the thesis deals with the construction of experimental systems and measurement of parameters of transmitted power and efficiency.

Le projet FUI12 RLDO – dans le cadre duquel s’inscrit cette thèse – préconise une solution de réseau de topologie en étoile passive pour la montée en débit des réseaux domestiques. Cette solution de réseau rencontre des difficultés dans son implémentation avec la non-uniformité des puissances des ports de sortie des coupleurs multimodes. L’analyse de ce point nous a permis de comprendre que les propriétés des modes de propagation dans les éléments du réseau jouent un rôle clé dans les problèmes rencontrés. Pour caractériser la propagation dans le réseau, nous avons développé un banc de réflectométrie optique complexe dans le domaine fréquentiel. Les phénomènes limitant la sensibilité à la phase – liés en particulier à la non-linéarité du balayage en fréquence de la source laser – sont étudiés pour contribuer à une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes. Puis les performances de la mesure en intensité et en phase de l’instrument que nous avons mis en place sont testées. Nous avons aussi étudié les conditions de résolution optimales pour caractériser les modes d’un guide multimode et analysé l’incertitude sur la dispersion chromatique dans le cas où il est impossible de déterminer si on a accès à un mode ou plusieurs modes dans un diagramme de dispersion donné. Nous introduisons par la suite une méthode d’analyse temps-fréquence adaptative, permettant d’obtenir les courbes de dispersions avec une résolution optimale. Cette méthode nous a permis de montrer le caractère quasi-monomode, en condition d’excitation monomode, de la fibre multimode spéciale RLDO à 1310 nm et à 1550 nm. L’analyse de la propagation dans les fibres optiques, associée au modèle que nous avons développé pour comprendre le fonctionnement des coupleurs multimodes, a permis d’expliquer les difficultés rencontré avec les premières expérimentations de la topologie de réseau en étoile passive multimode et d’envisager des pistes de réalisation d’un prototype de réseau fonctionnel / In order to develop high capacity future-proof home network, the FUI 12 RLDO project suggests passive star network topology using multimode couplers. This topology encounters implementation difficulties due to the non-uniformity of the power distribution in the output ports of multimode couplers. Analyzing this problem shows that the properties of modes propagating in the network elements plays a key role in this non-uniform characteristics of multimode couplers. In order to characterize these modes propagating in the network, we have developed a complex optical frequency domain reflectometry (OFDR) setup. The phenomena limiting the sensitivity to the phase in OFDR – in fact, those related to the non-linear frequency tuning of the laser source - are investigated to contribute to a better understanding of the limiting mechanisms. Then we have tested the intensity and phase measurement performance of the developed setup. Later, we studied the optimal resolution conditions to characterize the modes in a multimode waveguide. We have also analyzed the uncertainty of the measurement of the chromatic dispersion of modes in case where it is impossible to determine whether one or several modes are present in a given dispersion curve. Additionally, we have introduced an adaptive time-frequency method, to obtain the dispersion curves with optimal resolution. This method allows us to show the versatility of the special RLDO multimode fiber (single-mode behavior under single-mode excitation at 1310 nm and 1550 nm). The analysis of the propagation in the optical fibers, associated with a model we have developed to study the behavior of multimode couplers, has permitted to explain encountered difficulties with the experiments of the multimode passive star network topology. This also gives insights to develop a functional prototype of network

Cavity ring-down spectroscopy has been used over the last twenty years as a highly sensitive absorption spectroscopic technique to measure light attenuation in gases, liquids, and solid samples. An optical cavity is used as a multi-pass cell, and the decay time of the light intensity in the cavity is measured, thereby rendering the techniques insensitive to light intensity fluctuations. Optical waveguides are used to build the optical cavities presented in this work. The geometries of such waveguides permit the use of very small liquid sample volumes while retaining the advantages of cavity ring-down spectroscopy. In this thesis cavity ring-down measurements are conducted, both, in the time domain and by measuring phase-shifts of sinusoidally modulated light, and the two methods are theoretically connected using a simple mathematical model, which is then experimentally confirmed. A new laser driver, that is compatible with high powered diode lasers, has to be designed to be able to switch from time domain to frequency domain measurements. A sample path length enhancement within the optical cavity is explored with the use of liquid core waveguides. The setup was optimised with respect to the matrix liquid, the geometrical matching of waveguide geometries, and the shape of liquid core waveguide ends. Additionally, a new technique of producing concave lenses at fibre ends has been developed and the output of a general fibre lens is simulated. Finally, liquid core waveguides are incorporated into a fibre-loop ring-down spectroscopy setup to measure the attenuation of two model dyes in a sample volume of <1 µL. The setup is characterized by measuring concentrations of Allura Red AC and Congo Red from 1 µM to a limit of detection of 5 nM. The performance of the setup is compared to other absorption techniques measuring liquid samples. / Thesis (Ph.D, Chemistry) -- Queen's University, 2013-04-23 14:08:16.33

The master theses deals with a detailed analysis of optical fiber sensors. Specifically, there are discussed optical fibers, various types of sensors and realization optical fiber senzor and senzor system that has been optimized and processed data in real time. In master theses also describes the LabView programming enviroment and uses components, including the entire sensor systém of a sensors system that sends measured data