There is a paucity of longitudinal data investigating the role of vitamin D in the maintenance of health in ethnic minority groups. Specifically, little is known about the role of vitamin D on muscle strength, how this affected by emigrating from low to high latitudes. This PhD thesis provides insight into the relationship between vitamin D status and muscle strength in healthy adults migrating from sunny climates (45°N to 45°S to the equator) to higher latitude (Aberdeen, 57°N) (first study) and also sunlight behaviours in both low and high latitudes (second study). A total of 71 people of ethnic minority aged 19-42 years took part in the first study with 56% were seen within 3 months of arriving in Aberdeen (newcomers) and the remainder having been resident for any longer period than this (residents). Participants attended visits every 3 months for 15 months. At each visit, fasted blood samples were collected for analysis of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D [25(OH)D] by dual tandem-mass spectrometry, parathyroid hormone (PTH), carboxy-terminal collagen crosslinks (CTX) and N-terminal propeptide of type I collagen (P1NP) by electrochemiluminescent immunoassay. Maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) was measured using a Takei digital grip dynamometer (both arms) and a Biodex dynamometer (right knee) for isometric knee extension and isokinetic knee extension and flexion. Mean baseline 25(OH)D concentrations were higher in the newcomers (35.2 nmol/L) than the residents (25.0 nmol/L, p<0.01). After adjusting for the season of measurement at baseline, there was a trend for higher vitamin D status only between newcomers arriving in spring (33.5 nmol/L) and residents (26.8 nmol/L, p=0.09), but not between the newcomers arriving in autumn (36.1 nmol/L) and residents in autumn (35.2 nmol/L, p=0.81). Notably, few newcomers (13%) and residents (7%) had 25OHD concentrations >50 nmol/L. There was a small seasonal variation in 25(OH)D concentration with the difference between zenith (summer/autumn) and nadir (winter/spring) was 5 nmol/L, 6 nmol/L, and 12 nmol/L among the newcomers arriving in spring, autumn and residents, respectively. There was no seasonal variation in bone turnover markers. There was a positive, albeit small, association between vitamin D and knee extensor isometric torque. Mixed modelling predicted that each 1 nmol/L increase in 25(OH)D would increase peak torque by 1 Nm (p=0.04). If extrapolated to higher 25(OH)D, the change in muscle strength would be clinically meaningful. In the second study, 117 Asians in Kuala Lumpur (3°N) and 110 non-Europeans (78% Asians) in Aberdeen were recruited and monitored for one year [every 3 months for participants in Aberdeen and during Southwest monsoon (SWM; July-Sept) and Northeast monsoon (NEM; Nov-Feb) in Kuala Lumpur]. Personal sunlight exposures were assessed by polysulphone film badges and a web-based questionnaire. Asians living in their usual environment (Kuala Lumpur) had similar sunlight behaviours to Asians living in Aberdeen. Sunlight was the major source of vitamin D in Kuala Lumpur during both seasons (median % cutaneous in SWM = 61%; NEM = 59%), but only during summer in Aberdeen (52%). Dietary intakes provided the most source of vitamin D in Aberdeen during autumn (94%), winter (97%) and spring (56%). This thesis has added evidence to the current limited observations on vitamin D and muscle strength, particularly in the cohort of young adults migrating from low to high latitudes. Intervention studies are yet to be conducted with a speculation that an increase in vitamin D status may show a positive impact on muscle strength. The extent of low sunlight behaviour among healthy adults in Kuala Lumpur is of concern.

Title: Stimulation of strength abilities by short home exercise for women at the age of 50-65 years. Objectives: The objective of this work is to provide information about the influence of the short home exercise on muscle strength by a case study. Methods: Individually designed intervention program is based on the objective of this work and on a diagnosis of musculoskeletal system/locomotor system. Strength of the subject was measured through fourteen different strength tests by the isokinetic dynamometer. Subject's body composition was also measured by the bioimpedance method. Key words: muscle strength, Sarcopenia, age

Orientador: Marcos Ferreira Minicucci / Resumo: Introdução: As doenças cardiovasculares são as principais causas de mortalidade em todo o mundo. O infarto agudo do miocárdio com supradesnivelamento de segmento ST (IAMCSST) vem apresentando redução da mortalidade após a introdução das terapias de reperfusão. Diversos fatores estão associados a pior prognóstico e foi evidenciado que massa e função muscular podem estar associadas a comorbidades como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, síndrome metabólica, diabetes mellitus, obesidade e morte precoce. A força e massa muscular são regulados por diversos fatores entre os quais podemos destacar a miostatina. A miostatina, conhecida classicamente como regulador negativo da musculatura tem apresentado papel controverso na literatura, sendo por vezes relacionada a perda de massa muscular. Até o presente momento não há estudos investigando o papel da miostatina nas síndromes coronarianas agudas. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo é avaliar a associação dos valores séricos de miostatina, com a massa e função muscular, tempo de internação e mortalidade hospitalar de pacientes com IAMCSST admitidos no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu. Materiais e métodos: Trata-se de um estudo prospectivo observacional com pacientes admitidos com diagnóstico de IAMCSST no Hospital das Clínicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, no período de maio de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019. Foram incluídos pacientes com IAMCSST, que aceitaram participar e foram recrutados nas primeiras 48 ... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Mestre

A mielomeningocele (MMC) é a uma doença congênita, causada pelo defeito do fechamento do tubo neural durante o período gestacional, resultando em falha de fusão dos elementos posteriores da coluna vertebral, com consequente protrusão das meninges e displasia da medula espinhal e das raízes nervosas. A displasia medular promove paralisia sensitivomotora que acomete os membros inferiores, o sistema urinário e o intestino. O baixo nível de atividade física das crianças e adolescentes com MMC pode resultar em complicações secundárias, como alterações respiratórias, ortopédicas, cardiovasculares, obesidade e sensação de fadiga, podendo afetar a independência e a qualidade de vida destes indivíduos, especialmente os não-deambuladores. Objetivos: Verificar a força, potência e fadiga muscular de crianças e adolescentes com MMC, comparando com crianças e adolescentes saudáveis, pareados pela idade e gênero, de forma a agregar informações acerca da relação que existe entre a hipocinesia e o desenvolvimento da performance de membros superiores em crianças e adolescentes não-deambuladores. Metodologia: Participaram deste estudo transversal 33 crianças e adolescentes de ambos os gêneros, com idades entre 10 e 16 anos, separados em dois grupos: Grupo não-deambuladores (GND) - composto por 11 crianças e adolescentes com MMC, que não deambulam, usuários de cadeira de rodas, em acompanhamento no Ambulatório Neurológico Infantil (NRI) do HCFMRP da Universidade de São Paulo; e Grupo Controle (GCT) - composto por 22 crianças e adolescentes saudáveis pareados pelo gênero e idade. Todos os indivíduos foram inicialmente submetidos a uma avaliação física para obtenção de dados antropométricos e composição corporal, por bioimpedância elétrica; avaliação do nível de atividade física por meio da aplicação do Questionário Internacional de Nível de Atividade Física (IPAQ); avaliação do nível de maturação sexual por meio da aplicação de um questionário sobre a evolução das características sexuais secundárias de acordo com os estágios propostos por Tanner; avaliação da força muscular isométrica dos movimentos de abdução, flexão e extensão de ombros e cotovelos pelo dinamômetro handheld (DHH); análise da força de preensão palmar, através do dinamômetro de bulbo; e, somente para GND, avaliação do nível de lesão medular, através do protocolo de Hoffer et al. (1973). Posteriormente, os indivíduos de GND e GCT foram submetidos à avaliação dos torques isométricos e isocinéticos (em duas velocidades, 60°s-¹ e 120°s-¹) através da contração dos músculos abdutores, adutores, flexores e extensores de ombro e cotovelo dominantes, por meio do aparelho isocinético Biodex System 4®. Foram verificadas as seguintes variáveis: torques isométricos (PTI), torques relativos (TR), trabalho (W), potência (Pot), tempo para atingir o pico de torque (tPT) e fadiga. Para análise estatística dos dados foi utilizado teste de hipótese t (Student), Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney, ANOVA, MANOVA e métodos gráficos de descrição e comparação, considerando o nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: A análise estatística não mostrou diferença entre os grupos com relação à dominância, massa corporal, estatura, massa gorda, massa magra, níveis de maturação sexual e de atividade física e força de preensão palmar (p>0,05) e mostrou diferença na força muscular isométrica obtida pelo DHH para os músculos flexores do ombro e flexores de cotovelo bilateralmente (p?0,05). Na avaliação isocinética, alguns voluntários de ambos os grupos não atingiram as velocidades mínimas pré-estabelecidas. A análise estatística mostrou diferença entre os grupos para as variáveis TR60 para os flexores de ombro, tPT60 para os extensores de ombro, TR120 para extensores do ombro e extensores do cotovelo e tPT120 para os flexores e extensores do cotovelo (p?0,05). A análise do desempenho muscular na velocidade 120°s-1 mostrou diferença estatística quando foi comparada a evolução entre as repetições intergrupo para os adutores do ombro e flexores e extensores do cotovelo, e quando foram comparadas as repetições intragrupo para os flexores do cotovelo no GCT (p?0,05). Conclusão: As crianças e adolescentes com MMC e seus pares mostraram homogeneidade quanto antropometria, maturação sexual e nível atividade física. O GND apresentou diferenças significativas nos valores de força mensuradas pelo DHH, porém, força de preensão palmar similar aos seus pares controles. A força isocinética não mostrou alterações significativas entre os grupos para PT, Pot e W. A velocidade de 120 s-1 não mostrou ser eficiente para identificar fadiga periférica em crianças e adolescentes saudáveis e com MMC / The myelomeningocele (MMC) is a congenital disease caused by defect of the neural tube during pregnancy, resulting in merge failure of the posterior elements of the spine, with consequent protrusion of the meninges and dysplasia of the spinal cord and nerve roots. Spinal cord dysplasia promotes sensitive and motor paralysis affecting the lower limbs, the urinary system and the intestine. The low level of physical activity of children and adolescents with MMC may result in secondary complications such as respiratory, orthopedic and cardiovascular disorders, obesity and fatigue, and may affect the independence and quality of life of individuals, especially non-walkers. Objectives: Detecting the strength, power and muscle fatigue in children and adolescents with MMC, compared to healthy children and adolescents, matched for age and gender, in order to add information about the relationship between the hypokinesia and performance of the upper limbs in children and adolescents nonwalkers. Methodology: Participated in this study 33 children and adolescents of both genders, aged 10 and 16 years old, separated into two groups: non-walkers (GND) - made up of 11 children and adolescents with MMC, unable to walk, wheelchair users followed at Children\'s Neurological Clinic (NRI) HCFMRP the University of São Paulo; and Control Group (GCT) - composed of 22 healthy children and adolescents matched for gender and age. All subjects were subjected to a physical examination to obtain anthropometric data and body composition by bioelectrical impedance analysis; assessing the level of physical activity by the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ); assessing the level of sexual maturity by applying a questionnaire on the development of secondary sexual characteristics in accordance with Tanner stages ; evaluation of isometric strength muscle of abduction, flexion and extension of shoulders and elbows by handheld dynamometer (DHH); analysis of grip strength by the bulb dynamometer; and only to GND, assessing the level of spinal cord injury by the Hoffer and colaborators\' protocol (1973). Subsequently, individuals of GND and GCT underwent evaluation of isometric and isokinetic torque (at two speeds, 60°s-¹ and 120°s-¹) by contracting the abductor , adductors, flexors and extensors shoulder and elbow muscles dominant through the isokinetic Biodex System 4® machine. The following variables were assessed: isometric torque (IT), relative torques (RT), work (W), power (Po), time to reach peak torque (tPT) and fatigue. Statistical analysis was used hypothesis test t (Student), Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test, ANOVA, MANOVA and graphical methods of description and comparison, considering the significance level of 5%. Results: The statistical analysis showed no difference between groups with respect to dominance, body weight, height, body fat, lean body mass, sexual maturation and levels of physical activity and grip strength (p <0.05) and showed difference in isometric strength muscle obtained by DHH to the flexor muscles of the shoulder and elbow flexors bilaterally (p<0.05). In isokinetic evaluation, some volunteers from both groups did not meet the minimum pre-set speeds. The statistical analysis showed differences between the groups for the RT60 variables to the shoulder flexors, tPT60 to the shoulder extensors, RT120 for shoulder extensors and elbow extensors and tPT120 for the flexors and extensors of the elbow (p<0.05). The muscular performance analysis speed 120°s-1 showed statistically differences when we compared the evolution of the intergroup reps for shoulder adductors and flexors and extensors of the elbow, and when we compared the intra-group reps for the elbow flexors in GCT (p?0.05). Conclusion: The children and adolescents with MMC and their peers showed homogeneity relative for the anthropometry, sexual maturation and level physical activity. The GND showed significant differences in strength values measured by DHH, however, grip strength similar to their control peers. The isokinetic strength showed no significant changes between groups for PT, Po and W. The speed of 120°s-1 not proved to be efficient to identify peripheral fatigue in children and adolescents with and without MMC

A dinamometria isocinética é um método seguro e fidedigno de avaliação da força, trabalho e potência dos grupos musculares e representa o padrão ouro na avaliação em cadeia cinética aberta. Com os avanços tecnológicos, a avaliação isocinética tornou-se uma ferramenta muito utilizada para avaliação do desempenho muscular tanto em estudos biomecânicos como clínicos. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar revisão sistemática da literatura sobre avaliação isocinética do quadril, com ênfase nos parâmetros metodológicos associados e melhor reprodutibilidade, especificamente: posicionamento do paciente, do eixo do dinamômetro e do braço de alavanca no momento do exame; velocidade angular e tipo de contração. Foi realizada uma pesquisa bibliográfica sistematizada nas bases de dados eletrônicas Cochrane, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed e SciELO. Os critérios de inclusão foram: artigos que avaliaram a força da musculatura do quadril com o dinamômetro isocinético e que continham análise de reprodutibilidade ICC ou PCC dos testes. Foram encontrados 148 artigos selecionados nas bases de dados eletrônicas, deste total foram selecionados 20 estudos que avaliaram isocineticamente a musculatura do quadril, após a pré-seleção dos artigos, os mesmos foram subdivididos em 3 grupos de acordo com o movimento realizado pelo quadril: Grupo 1 treze artigos avaliaram o movimento de flexão e extensão; Grupo 2 nove artigos avaliaram abdução e adução; Grupo 3 seis artigos avaliaram rotação interna e externa, um total de 1137 indivíduos foram submetidos à avaliação isocinética do quadril. Em cada Grupo selecionaram-se os artigos que obtiveram melhor resultado de reprodutibilidade, cujos parâmetros metodológicos foram avaliados. Conclusão: Para obter melhor reprodutibilidade da avaliação isocinética da musculatura flexora e extensora do quadril, o indivíduo deve ser posicionado em decúbito dorsal com o eixo do dinamômetro alinhado no trocânter maior do fêmur. A fixação do braço de alavanca posicionada na região mais distal possível da coxa. A velocidade angular utilizada para análise de pico de torque e trabalho muscular 60°/s e para avaliação da potência muscular 180°/s e as contrações analisadas concêntricas e excêntricas. Na avaliação isocinética da musculatura abdutora e adutora do quadril, o indivíduo deve ser posicionado em decúbito lateral com as costas voltada para o dinamômetro, o eixo do dinamômetro posicionado na intersecção de duas linhas retas, sendo a primeira linha a partir da EIPS até o joelho e a segunda linha medial ao trocânter maior do fêmur em direção à linha média do corpo. A fixação do braço de alavanca posicionada na região distal da coxa. A velocidade angular utilizada para análise de pico de torque e trabalho muscular 30°/s e para avaliação de potência muscular 210°/s. As contrações analisadas foram concêntricas e excêntricas. Na avaliação isocinética dos rotadores internos e externos, o indivíduo testado posicionou-se sentado com eixo do dinamômetro alinhado com a linha articular do joelho, com a fixação do braço de alavanca na região distal da tíbia. A velocidade angular mais utilizada para análise de pico de torque e trabalho muscular foi de 30°/s e para avaliação da potência muscular foi 210°/s, as contrações analisadas também foram concêntricas e excêntricas. / Isokinetic dynamometry is a safe and reliable method for assessing the force, work and power of muscle groups and is the \"gold standard\" in the evaluation of muscle strength in the open kinetic chain. With technological advances, isokinetic evaluation has become a widely used tool to evaluate muscle performance in biomechanical as well as in clinical studies. The objective of this study was to systematically review the literature on isokinetic evaluation of the hip, with emphasis on methodological parameters associated to better reproducibility, specifically: patient positioning, dynamometer axis and lever arm during the evaluation; angular speed and type of contraction. A literature search was carried out systematically in electronic databases Cochrane, LILACS, PEDro, PubMed and SciELO. The inclusion criteria were papers on the evaluation of the hip muscles strength with an isokinetic dynamometer and papers that analyzed the ICC or PCC reproducibility test. 148 papers were found in electronic databases and of this total were selected 20 studies that evaluated isokinetically the muscles of the hip, after pre-selection, they were divided into 3 groups according to the movement performed by the hip: Group 1 - thirteen papers evaluated the flexion and extension; Group 2 - nine papers evaluated abduction and adduction; Group 3 - six papers evaluated internal and external rotation, a total of 1137 subjects underwent isokinetic evaluation of the hip. In each Group were selected items that obtained better results reproducibility, whose methodological parameters were evaluated. In conclusion: in order to obtain better reproducibility of isokinetic evaluation of the flexor and extensor muscles of the hip: the individual must be positioned in the supine position and the dynamometer axis must be aligned in the greater trochanter of the femur. The positioning of the lever arm must be in the most distal region of the thigh possible. The angular speed used to analyze torque peak and muscle work was 60°/s, and to evaluate the muscle power was 180°/s, and contractions analyzed concentric and eccentric. In isokinetic evaluation of the abductor and adductor muscles: the individual must be positioned in the side-lying position with your back toward the dynamometer and the dynamometer axis must be aligned with the intersection of two straight lines, with the 1st line from the posterior-superior iliac spine to the knee and the 2nd line medial to the greater trochanter of the femur toward the midline of the body. The positioning of the level arm must be in the most distal region of the thigh. The speed used to analyze torque peak and muscle work was 30°/s, and to evaluate the muscle power it was 210°/s, with concentric and eccentric contractions being analyzed. In isokinetic evaluation of internal and external rotators: the individual must be positioned in the sitting position and the dynamometer axis must be aligned with the line knee joint. The positioning of the level arm must be in the distal region of the tibia. The speed used to analyze torque peak and muscle work was 30°/s, and to evaluate the muscle power it was 210°/s, with concentric and eccentric contractions being analyzed.

AIMS: To evaluate the use of Manual Muscle Strength Tests (MMST), Timed Functional Tests (TFT) and Respiratory Function Tests (RFT) as measures of muscle strength in young boys with Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy (DMD) and specifically to evaluate the use of Peak Expiratory Flow (PEF). BACKGROUND: There is a need to measure the effect of treatments that potentially increase muscle strength in DMD. PEF may have advantages over Vital Capacity (VC) as a measure of respiratory function in young boys with DMD. METHODS: 17 boys with DMD (aged 5-10 years) were assessed regularly over one year. Assessment involved Respiratory Function Testing (PEF, VC, Forced Expiratory Volume in one second [FEV1]), Timed Functional Testing (walking 9 metres, climbing four stairs, arising from supine) and MMST. A single investigator performed MMST and TFTs. A separate investigator performed RFTs. For RFTs a percentage of predicted was calculated [PEF(%), FEV1(%), VC(%)].11/17 boys were treated with prednisolone which increases strength in DMD. RESULTS: At baseline, all boys had significant weakness. Mean (+/- SD) PEF(%) 69 +/- 13% and VC(%) 77 +/- 18% were abnormal. Baseline PEF(%) predicted correlated with MMST (P=0.003) and time to walk 9 metres (P=0.022). Baseline VC(%) correlated with MMST (P=0.049). There was a consistent statistically significant correlation between MMST and all TFTs. PEF was performed well on 80% of occasions, spirometry on 65%. Changes in PEF(%) showed statistically significant correlation with changes in all TFTs. The correlation was not statistically significant for VC(%) or FEV1(%). Prednisolone treated boys did better than those not treated. PEF, time to walk 9 metres and time to climb 4 stairs showed statistically significant improvement. The mean improvement from baseline in PEF(%) was 19 +/-14% in treated and 2 +/- 7% in untreated boys (P=0.012). CONCLUSIONS: MMST, TFTs and RFTs are valid measures of muscle strength in young boys with DMD. PEF is abnormal in young boys with DMD; correlates with other measures of strength and is sensitive to changes in strength. PEF is more easily performed than spirometry and has a role in monitoring muscle strength in young boys with DMD.

The purpose of this investigation was to determine the validity and reliability of the Nicholas Manual Muscle Tester (NMMT), a portable dynamometer, as a measure of the isometric strength in women with arthritis. Female subjects (N=13; 66 �� 13.89 yrs.) with arthritis were tested for isometric muscle strength on the shoulder and hip (abduction, adduction, flexion, extension). Subjects were tested on three separate days using NMMT and Kincom 500-H dynamometers. Each subject performed three maximal isometric contractions for each joint action. A visual analog pain scale was used to determine level of pain prior to testing. Reliability values based on intraclass correlations coefficients (R) ranged from .85 to .93., with the exception of shoulder abduction being .49. Validity was determined correlating the mean value of the NMMT score with corresponding Kincom isometric measure. Pearson product moment correlations ranged from (r) .02 to .86, with 4 of 8 values meeting .05 level of significance. Correlation coefficients for pain and isometric force values were inconclusive and ranged from -.305 to .218. Major conclusions were: a) NMMT had high test-retest reliability in this sample; b) NMMT provides little criterion evidence of validity with the Kincom for most movements of hip and shoulder; c) level of pain was not a significant factor in subject reliability. / Graduation date: 1995

Graduation date: 1995

Larger and stronger muscles are positively associated with bone strength in the growing skeleton; however, less is known about the role of muscle properties on bone strength later in life. The primary objective of this study was to examine the relationship between muscle cross sectional area (MCSA), muscle force and rate of torque development (RTD) with bone strength indices (bone strength index (BSI) and strength strain index (SSI)) in the radius of healthy middle-aged adults. All bone and muscle measurements were determined in the non-dominant forearm in a sample of 40 healthy adults (23 men, 17 women: mean age 49.5, SD 2.3 yrs). Peripheral quantitative computer tomography (pQCT) was used to scan the distal and shaft sites of the radius bone in the forearm. MCSA was determined from the forearm shaft scan. Forearm muscle force was measured by hand grip dynamometry and RTD was obtained from isometric wrist flexion from an isokinetic dynamometry protocol. Hierarchical regression analyses were used to identify whether muscle properties (MCSA, grip force, and RTD) independently predicted radius bone strength indices (BSI and SSI), after adjusting for the confounders of sex, height and weight. Steps of the regression models that included sex, height, weight and a muscle property explained between 66% and 71% of variance in distal radius BSI and between 74% and 78% variance of estimated bone strength (SSI) at the shaft site (all steps p<0.001). MCSA explained a significant amount of variance in BSI (R2=0.08; p<0.01) and SSI (R2=0.04; p<0.05) at the radius. Grip force was also a significant predictor of SSI (R2=0.05; p<0.01) but not distal radius BSI (R2=0.03; p=0.07). Conversely, RTD explained a significant amount of variance in bone strength at the distal radius (R2=0.04; p<0.05), but not at the shaft (R2=0.01; p=0.17). These cross sectional findings support the theory that regional muscle size, force, and rate of torque development are related to estimated bone strength in the forearm at midlife. Further research should focus on targeted interventions to help determine which muscle property elicits a greater osteogenic response to optimize bone strength at distal and shaft sites of the radius.

Objectives: To describe the relationship between sensorimotor function and walking in incomplete SCI. Methods: 25 subjects were assessed using Lower Extremity Motor (LEMS) and Pinprick (LEPS) scores, and 7 walking measures: FIM-Locomotor Score, Assistive Device Score, Walking Index for SCI, 10-metre Walk Test (10mWT), Timed Up and Go (TUG), Six-Minute Walk Test (6MWT) and Walking Mobility Scale. Results: Walking and sensorimotor function varied between subjects. Walking measures significantly correlated with LEMS and individual leg muscles but not LEPS. 21/22 ambulatory subjects had LEMS threshold>20. Non-ambulatory subjects didn’t achieve threshold. Not all subjects completed all walking measures: 10mWT: n=19; TUG: n=14, 6MWT: n=13. Most walking measures were significantly related. 10mWT and 6MWT were highly correlated. Subjects walking0.95 m/s didn’t reach predicted 6MWT. Conclusion: Lower extremity strength is important for walking and should be further examined with other factors in a range of subjects across different measures to fully understand these relationships.