Thesis (MDram (Drama))--University of Stellenbosch, 2009. / This study focuses on Bertolt Brecht`s use of music in his epic theatre. After looking at his objectives against the background of his times, certain key aspects of his dramatic theory and practice in general are discussed e.g. its epic nature, Verfremdung, Gestus and his social engagement. This is important for an understanding of his functional use of music as an important element in his productions. Music as a sign system in drama is discussed with special reference to the genres in which music plays an essential role, viz. opera, in particular Wagner`s Gesamtkunstwerk and, most importantly, cabaret. The focus is on Brecht`s reaction against and point of connection with, each of these genres. The second part of the study focuses on the role of music in the practice of Brecht`s theatre. Naturally the specific composers with whom Brecht worked and specific productions are discussed. The relevant productions discussed are Aufstieg und Fall der Stadt Mahagonny (1930), Die Dreigroshenoper (1931) and Mutter Courage und Ihre Kinder (1939). Brecht worked against a background of social, political and economic upheaval. His art aimed at making people aware of unjustified social circumstances and inspiring them to engage in the task of changing these circumstances. For him this entailed communicating in a fresh way with words which had lost their meaning because of ideological abuse. For this purpose he made use of music in a very specific way. He tried – not always successfully – to avoid using music as an ornamental narcotic. This implied that music was always meant to serve the intention of the text, the Gestus. Music in Brecht`s theatre was dramatic not incidental, functional not ornamental, and music not as a means of escapism, but as an inspiration. The music, like all the other elements in his theatre, had to stimulate critical thinking and had to be of social use in order for it to be considered functional. The “great struggle for supremacy between music, text and production”, to which Brecht so often referred, complicated his goal of functionality and it was no easy task to marry his dialectical ideas. This caused for certain discrepancies between his theory and practice and I will take that into consideration in this study.

周仕深. / "2007年5月". / 論文(哲學碩士)--香港中文大學, 2007. / 參考文獻(leaves [189]-202). / "2007 nian 5 yue". / Abstracts in Chinese and English. / Zhou Shishen. / Lun wen (zhe xue shuo shi)--Xianggang Zhong wen da xue, 2007. / Can kao wen xian (leaves [189]-202). / 前言´ؤ´ؤ有關粤劇音樂調式的硏究 --- p.i / Chapter 一´Ø --- 引言 --- p.i / Chapter 二´Ø --- 過往硏究 --- p.i / Chapter 三´Ø --- 章節結構 --- p.vi / Chapter 四´Ø --- 硏究方法 --- p.vii / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 --- p.viii / Chapter 第一章 --- 音階和調式槪論 --- p.1 / Chapter ´ؤ´Ø --- 引言 --- p.1 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 西方古典音樂的調式 --- p.3 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 中國傳統音樂的音階和調式 --- p.5 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 東南亞國家傳統音樂調式簡介 --- p.15 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 潮州及客家音樂調式簡介 --- p.18 / Chapter 六´Ø --- 小結 --- p.20 / Chapter 第二章 --- 粤劇音樂的音階 --- p.22 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 粤劇歷史簡介 --- p.22 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 粤劇音樂的音階 --- p.24 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 粤樂傳統七律 --- p.27 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 小結 --- p.41 / Chapter 第三章 --- 粤劇曲牌中的「線」和調式 --- p.44 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 曲牌的「線」與調式的關係 --- p.44 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 曲牌調式分類 --- p.46 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 曲牌中有關「線」的處理 --- p.59 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 曲牌的調式處理 --- p.61 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 --- p.65 / Chapter 第四章 --- 板腔音樂唱腔的調式基礎 --- p.67 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 唱腔旋律與粤音的關係 --- p.67 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 板腔唱腔的調式交替原則 --- p.80 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 粤劇粤曲唱腔設計´ؤ´ؤ「度腔」 --- p.85 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 反線中板唱腔的調式變化 --- p.86 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 --- p.92 / Chapter 第五章 --- 乙反線 --- p.94 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 乙反線簡介 --- p.94 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 乙反線行腔及其調式結構 --- p.98 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 從乙反二黃慢板行腔看粤劇唱腔設計 --- p.101 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 唱詞聲調對乙反線「乙」音的影響 --- p.112 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 --- p.115 / Chapter 第六章 --- 士工線 --- p.116 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 板腔中的士工線 --- p.116 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 王粤生的士工線小曲創作 --- p.117 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 士工線、乙反線與反線「合一乙」音程之比較 --- p.120 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 小結 --- p.123 / Chapter 第七章 --- 南音和木魚唱腔調式分析 --- p.124 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 南音和木魚歷史簡介 --- p.124 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 南音和木魚唱詞結構 --- p.125 / Chapter 三´Ø --- 木魚唱腔分析 --- p.127 / Chapter 四´Ø --- 南音唱腔分析 --- p.142 / Chapter 五´Ø --- 小結 --- p.150 / Chapter 第八章 --- 結論 --- p.153 / Chapter 附錄一 --- 把式圖 --- p.159 / Chapter 附錄二 --- 記譜 --- p.161 / Chapter 附錄三 --- 測音步驟 --- p.184 / Chapter 一´Ø --- 音高測定槪念 --- p.184 / Chapter 二´Ø --- 硏究方法及步驟 --- p.185 / 參考資料 --- p.189

Este trabalho é um recorte investigativo sobre a improvisação e o jogo teatral como estética e linguagem nas encenações do Grupo Pasárgada, ao longo de quatro décadas e meia de atuação, propondo novos olhares e caminhos sobre o teatro para crianças e jovens e sua contribuição para a cena teatral contemporânea. Na presente Dissertação de Mestrado, destaco em três textos escritos e encenados por mim, exemplos de minha atuação prática e teórica, embasada no jogo teatral e no conceito de modelo de ação de Bertolt Brecht, como método de aprendizagem em seu caráter coletivo e pedagógico. Destaco também a importância do vasto universo da cultura popular brasileira, com seus jogos tradicionais, contos populares, cantigas de roda, brincadeiras infantis e seu significado presente em praticamente toda a minha obra. Apresento ainda, como registro, a continuidade dessa investigação através de uma dramaturgia em processo, tematizando A Cruzada das Crianças, de Marcel Schwob e o poema homônimo de Bertolt Brecht, sobre crianças em tempos de guerra - os ecos do passado - buscando revelar a invisibilidade que a criança vem ocupando através dos séculos, sendo vítima da mais completa indiferença e da mais cruel das exposições. / This work is an investigative cut on improvisation and theatrical play as aesthetic and language in stagings of Pasargadae Group, over four and a half decades of work, proposing new looks and ways of theater for children and young people and their contribution to contemporary theater scene. In this Master\'s Dissertation highlight in three texts written and staged for me examples of my practical and theoretical performance, based on the theatrical play and action model concept of Bertolt Brecht as a learning method in their collective and pedagogical. I also highlight the importance of the vast universe of Brazilian popular culture, with its traditional games, folk tales, nursery rhymes, children\'s play and its present meaning in almost all my work. I present also as a record, the continuation of this research through a playwriting process, thematising the Children\'s Crusade, written by Marcel Schwob and the eponymous poem by Bertolt Brecht, on children in times of war - the echoes of the past - seeking reveal the invisibility that the child has occupied over the centuries, victim of the most complete indifference and the cruelest of exhibitions.

Este trabalho é um recorte investigativo sobre a improvisação e o jogo teatral como estética e linguagem nas encenações do Grupo Pasárgada, ao longo de quatro décadas e meia de atuação, propondo novos olhares e caminhos sobre o teatro para crianças e jovens e sua contribuição para a cena teatral contemporânea. Na presente Dissertação de Mestrado, destaco em três textos escritos e encenados por mim, exemplos de minha atuação prática e teórica, embasada no jogo teatral e no conceito de modelo de ação de Bertolt Brecht, como método de aprendizagem em seu caráter coletivo e pedagógico. Destaco também a importância do vasto universo da cultura popular brasileira, com seus jogos tradicionais, contos populares, cantigas de roda, brincadeiras infantis e seu significado presente em praticamente toda a minha obra. Apresento ainda, como registro, a continuidade dessa investigação através de uma dramaturgia em processo, tematizando A Cruzada das Crianças, de Marcel Schwob e o poema homônimo de Bertolt Brecht, sobre crianças em tempos de guerra - os ecos do passado - buscando revelar a invisibilidade que a criança vem ocupando através dos séculos, sendo vítima da mais completa indiferença e da mais cruel das exposições. / This work is an investigative cut on improvisation and theatrical play as aesthetic and language in stagings of Pasargadae Group, over four and a half decades of work, proposing new looks and ways of theater for children and young people and their contribution to contemporary theater scene. In this Master\'s Dissertation highlight in three texts written and staged for me examples of my practical and theoretical performance, based on the theatrical play and action model concept of Bertolt Brecht as a learning method in their collective and pedagogical. I also highlight the importance of the vast universe of Brazilian popular culture, with its traditional games, folk tales, nursery rhymes, children\'s play and its present meaning in almost all my work. I present also as a record, the continuation of this research through a playwriting process, thematising the Children\'s Crusade, written by Marcel Schwob and the eponymous poem by Bertolt Brecht, on children in times of war - the echoes of the past - seeking reveal the invisibility that the child has occupied over the centuries, victim of the most complete indifference and the cruelest of exhibitions.

Der Beitrag vermittelt Ansätze zu einem Theorie- und Gehörbildungsunterricht, der die Berufsziele und künstlerischen Neigungen der Studierenden als Inspiration zur Entwicklung innovativer Methoden nutzt. Dazu bedarf es seitens des Lehrenden einer genauen Kenntnis der wissenschaftlichen Inhalte einerseits sowie der künstlerischen und pädagogischen Praxis andererseits. Gleichzeitig ist eine Offenheit des Lehrer-Schüler-Diskurses für die schöpferischen Beiträge beider Seiten unabdingbar – nicht selten sind es die Anregungen von Studierenden, die faszinierende Erkenntnisse für Lernende und Lehrende möglich machen. So kann Gehörbildung anhand beliebter Titel aus Rock und Pop zur Entdeckungsreise in eine Welt musikalischer Archetypen werden – z.B. bizarr verkleidet in den Songs der Rockband Knorkator. Praxisverfügbarkeit von Theorie bedeutet, dass der Weg zwischen Konzept und klingender Umsetzung jederzeit in beide Richtungen begehbar ist. Sie impliziert, dass Musiker und Pädagogen sich als Künstler in umfassendem Sinn verstehen. Als Beispiel für ein Fächer und Institutionen verbindendes Projekt beschreibt die Autorin die Entwicklung eines Schulmusicals durch Studierende von der Auswahl des Sujets über szenische Konzeption, Textdichtung, Komposition bis hin zur Einstudierung und Aufführung. / The essay provides approaches to a teaching of music theory and ear training that uses the students’ professional goals and artistic inclinations as inspiration for the development of innovative methods. This requires the teacher to have precise knowledge of the scientific content on the one hand and of artistic and pedagogical practice on the other. The discourse between teachers and students has to be open for creative contributions on both sides – suggestions of students frequently afford fascinating insights. In this way ear training on the basis of well-known rock and pop songs can turn into an expedition to musical archetypes – as bizarrely disguised in the songs of the rock band Knorkator. Practical availability of theory means that the path between concept and audio implementation can be walked into both realms at any time. It implicates a self-concept of musicians and pedagogues as artists in a wide-ranging sense. As an example of a project linking subjects and institutions the author describes the development of a school musical by students, from the selection of the subject to scenic conception, text poetry, composition, rehearsal and performance.