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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Porcine myocardial ischemia-reperfusion studies on cardioprotection, ventricular arrhytmia and electrophysiology /

Odenstedt, Jacob, January 2009 (has links)
Diss. (sammanfattning) Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2009. / Härtill 4 uppsatser.
2

Techniques amenant à réduire le caractère invasif de la chirurgie cardiaque et de l’ischémie / reperfusion myocardique / Techniques aiming to reduce the invasiveness of cardiac surgery and of the myocardial ischemia / reperfusion

Vola, Marco 05 December 2013 (has links)
Dans le cadre du développement d’une stratégie clinique de diminution de l’invasivité de l’acte de Chirurgie cardiaque, axée à la fois sur la réduction du traumatisme de la paroi thoracique, de l’ischémie myocardique peropératoire, et de l’agressivité de la CEC, une étude prospective randomisée a été réalisée pour comparer l’impact sur le métabolisme myocardique en peropératoire de l’utilisation de la cardioplégie cristalloïde Custodiol® versus la solution de cardioplégie de St Thomas au cours de la chirurgie coronarienne. L’objectif de cette étude est de comparer les modifications periopératoire de la concentration dans l’espace interstitiel de lactate, pyruvate, glycérol et glucose dans les deux groupes de cardioplégie et ceci depuis le déclampage jusqu'à 24h en post-opératoire. Matériels et méthodes. Vingt-huit patients ont pu être inclus dans l’étude. Le monitorage a été pratiqué avec la technique de microdialyse (cathéter CMA 70, Analyseur CMA 600, CMA Microdialysis,Sweden), avec une mesure toutes les 10 minutes pendant le temps du clampage et la première heure post déclampage, puis toutes les heures, des concentrations interstitielles des métabolites. Les concentrations plasmatiques des troponines à la sortie du bloc opératoire et à H +12 ont été également évaluées dans les deux groupes. Résultats : Des 28 patients inclus et randomisés, 22 ont pu bénéficier d’un monitorage complet (12 pour le groupe Custodiol® et 10 pour le groupe St Thomas). Six ont été exclus pour des raisons techniques (1 arrachement, 3 plicatures, 1 chute du cathéter et 1 dysfonctionnement de l’analyseur). Une analyse comparative entre les patients inclus et exclus de l’étude ne montre pas de différences significatives pour les facteurs de risque cardiovasculaires, la FEVG, l’âge, le genre. Les valeurs moyennes des concentrations +/- écart type de lactate, pyruvate, glucose et glycérol au déclampage (T0,) sont les suivants : groupe Custodiol® : 2.77+/-1.81 mmol l-1 ; 13.74+/-20.87 μmol l-1 ; 0.46+/-0.84 mmol l-1 ; 196.99+/-122.22 mmol l-1 ; groupe St Thomas : 0.89+/-0.64 mmol l-1 ; 6.49+/-9.10 μmol l-1 ; 0.19+/-0.18 mmol l-1 ; 73.17+/-72.11 mmol l-1. Les temps de CEC et de clampage ont été respectivement dans le groupe Custodiol® de : 94.2+/-14 min et 59.8+/-15 min, et, dans le groupe St Thomas de 82.6+/-15.9 min et 55.8+/-16.29 et min (p=ns). Les concentrations post-opératoires en troponine T (sortie de bloc et H+12) ont été respectivement de 2.8+/-1.8 et 7.4+/-5.3 μmol/L pour le groupe Custodiol® et de 3.3+/-4.0 et 5.0+/-3.6 μmol/L (p=ns) pour le groupe Saint Thomas. Aucun évènement clinique ou électrocardiographique n’a eu lieu en post opératoire dans les deux groupes. Conclusion. Le monitorage de l’état redox myocardique interstitiel a été possible dans les deux groupes de façon sûre et efficace et a permis de déceler des variations des concentrations en métabolites dans les deux groupes en l’absence d’évènements cliniques. Les résultats de ces analyses retrouvent, au déclampage, des concentrations significativement plus hautes de lactate et glycérol dans le groupe Custodiol®. Ces différences s’effacent rapidement pendant la phase de reperfusion avec une tendance (non significative) à une concentration de lactates plus basse dans le groupe de patients du groupe Custodiol®. Des études multicentriques ciblées sur des clampages longs supérieurs à 90 min nous semblent nécessaires pour définir si une différence à la fois métabolique et clinique peut exister entre les différentes solutions de protection cardiaque / In our unit, the challenge is to develop a clinical strategy of reduction of the invasiveness of the “On pump procedure” of cardiac surgery: that means a reduction of the chest wall trauma, of the cross clamping perioperative myocardial ischemia, and of the invasiveness of the extra-corporeal circulation. In this background, we organized a randomized perspective study in order to assess the impact of the perioperative myocardial redox metabolism during the on pump coronary surgery protected with Custodiol® versus St Thomas crystalloid cardioplegias. Objectives: To assess the presence and the severity of the perioperative myocardial ischemia in the Custodiol® versus St Thomas group, defined as the interstitial myocardial concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glucose, at the time of the removal of the aortic clamp. Materials and methods : Twenty height patients could be enrolled in the study and were randomized in the Custodiol® and in the St-Thomas group. Monitoring was assessed with the technique of the cardiac microdialysis (CMA 70 probe, CMA 600 analyzer, CMA Microdialysis, Sweden), by dosing every ten minutes during the aortic cross clamping period and every hour out of the operating room, up to 24 hours, the interstitial myocardial concentrations of Lactate, pyruvate, glycerol and glucose. The Lactate/pyruvate ratio and glucose/lactate ratios and 12 hours post-operative troponin plasmatic concentrations were also assessed. Statistical analysis comparing the Custodiol® versus ST Thomas group were performed via a t-test. Results: Out of the 28 enrolled patients, twenty-two (12 of the Custodiol® group and 10 of the St Thomas group) could be successfully monitored with the microdialysis technique. Six were excluded because of technical reasons (one intempestive ablation, 3 iatrogenic plication of the tube, 1 felled out of the table, one due to a dysfunction of the analyzer). The comparative analysis between included and excluded patients did not prove any statistical result in terms of cardiovascular risk factors, EF, age and gender. At declamping time (T0), mean values of concentrations of lactate, pyruvate, glucose and glycerol were the following: Custodiol® group: 2.77+-1.81 mmol l-1;13.74+-20.87 μmol l-1;0.46+-0. mmol l-1;196.99+-122.22 mmol l-1 ; St Thomas : 0.89+-0.64 mmol l-1 ; 6.49+-9.10 μmol l-1; 0.19+-0.18 mmol l-1; 73.17+-72.11 mmol l-1. Cross clamping and CPB times were respectively 94.2+/-14 et 59.8+/-15 min (Custodiol®), and 82.6+/-15.9 et 55.8+/-16.29 et minutes (St-Thomas) (p=ns) . Post operative plasmatic levels of Troponin (arrival in the ICU and 12 H+12) were respectively de 2.8+/-1.8 and 7.4+/-5.3 (pour le groupe Custodiol®) et de 3.3+/-4.0 et 5.0+/-3.6 μmol/L (Saint Thomas) (ns). Conclusion: Monitoring of the interstitial myocardial redox state was safely possible in both groups and allowed to assess metabolic different findings in the two cardioprotective methods that were not enhanced by perioperative clinical ischemic events. Microdialysis assessed, at the time of aorta declamping, significantly higher concentrations of lactate and Glycerol in the Custodiol® group. That difference regressed during the reperfusion phase with a tendency for a lower lactate level in the Custodiol® group. Multicentric studies focused on cross clamping time longer than 90 minutes seem necessary to enhance metabolic interstitial and clinical superiority between cardioprotective solutions
3

MicroRNA-214 Protects Against Hypoxia/Reoxygenation Induced Cell Damage and Myocardial Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via Suppression of PTEN and Bim1 Expression

Wang, Xiaohui, Ha, Tuanzhu, Hu, Yuanping, Lu, Chen, Liu, Li, Zhang, Xia, Kao, Race, Kalbfleisch, John, Williams, David, Li, Chuanfu 01 January 2016 (has links)
Background: Myocardial apoptosis plays an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Activation of PI3K/Akt signaling protects the myocardium from I/R injury. This study investigated the role of miR-214 in hypoxia/ reoxygenation (H/R)-induced cell damage in vitro and myocardial I/R injury in vivo. Methods and Results: H9C2 cardiomyoblasts were transfected with lentivirus expressing miR-214 (LmiR-214) or lentivirus expressing scrambled miR-control (LmiR-control) respectively, to establish cell lines of LmiR-214 and LmiR-control. The cells were subjected to hypoxia for 4 h followed by reoxygenation for 24 h. Transfection of LmiR-214 suppresses PTEN expression, significantly increases the levels of Akt phosphorylation, markedly attenuates LDH release, and enhances the viability of the cells subjected to H/R. In vivo transfection of mouse hearts with LmiR-214 significantly attenuates I/R induced cardiac dysfunction and reduces I/Rinduced myocardial infarct size. LmiR-214 transfection significantly attenuates I/Rinduced myocardial apoptosis and caspase-3/7 and caspase-8 activity. Increased expression of miR-214 by transfection of LmiR-214 suppresses PTEN expression, increases the levels of phosphorylated Akt, represses Bim1 expression and induces Bad phosphorylation in the myocardium. In addition, in vitro data shows transfection of miR-214 mimics to H9C2 cells suppresses the expression and translocation of Bim1 from cytosol to mitochondria and induces Bad phosphorylation. Conclusions: Our in vitro and in vivo data suggests that miR-214 protects cells from H/R induced damage and attenuates I/R induced myocardial injury. The mechanisms involve activation of PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN expression, induction of Bad phosphorylation, and suppression of Bim1 expression, resulting in decreases in I/R-induced myocardial apoptosis.
4

The Cardioprotection Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Involves phos-phoinositide 3-kinase/Akt and High Mobility Group Box 1 Pathways

Liu, Xiang, Chen, Yijiang, Wu, Yanhu, Ha, Tuanzhu, Li, Chuanfu 01 July 2010 (has links)
Objective: The mechanisms by which lipopolysaccharide (LPS) pretreatment induces cardioprotection following ischaemia/reperfusion (I/R) have not been fully elucidated. We hypothesized that activation of phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt and high mobility group box 1 (HMGBx1) signaling plays an important role in LPS-induced cardioprotection. Methods: In in vivo experiments, age- and weight-matched male C57BL/10Sc wild type mice were pretreated with LPS before ligation of the left anterior descending coronary followed by reperfusion. Infarction size was examined by triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) staining. Akt, phospho-Akt, and HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblotting with appropriate primary antibodies. In situ cardiac myocyte apoptosis was examined by the TdT-mediated dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay. In an in vitro study, rat cardiac myoblasts (H9c2) were subdivided into two groups, and only one was pretreated with LPS. After pretreatment, the cells were transferred into a hypoxic chamber under 0.5% O2. Levels of HMGBx1 were assessed by immunoblot. Results: In the in vivo experiment, pretreatment with LPS reduced the at risk infarct size by 70.6% and the left ventricle infarct size by 64.93% respectively. Pretreatment with LPS also reduced cardiac myocytes apoptosis by 39.1% after ischemia and reperfusion. The mechanisms of LPS induced cardioprotection involved increasing PI3K/Akt activity and decreasing expression of HMGBx1. In the in vitro study, pretreatment with LPS reduced the level of HMGBx1 in H9c2 cell cytoplasm following hypoxia. Conclusion: The results suggest that the cardioprotection following I/R induced by LPS pretreatment involves PI3K/Akt and HMGBx1 pathways.
5

Blocking the MyD88-Dependent Pathway Protects the Myocardium From Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Hearts

Hua, Fang, Ha, Tuanzhu, Ma, Jing, Gao, Xiang, Kelley, Jim, Williams, David L., Browder, I. William, Kao, Race L., Li, Chuanfu 16 December 2005 (has links)
We examined whether blocking the MyD88 mediated pathway could protect myocardium from ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury by transfecting Ad5-dnMyD88 into the myocardium of rats (n = 8) 3 days before the hearts were subjected to ischemia (45 min) and reperfusion (4 h). Ad5-GFP served as control (n = 8). One group of rats was (n = 8) subjected to I/R without transfection. Transfection of Ad5-dnMyD88 significantly reduced infarct size by 53.6% compared with the I/R group (15.1 ± 3.02 vs 32.5 ± 2.59) while transfection of Ad5-GFP did not affect I/R induced myocardial injury (35.4 ± 2.59 vs 32.5 ± 2.59). Transfection of Ad5-dnMyD88 significantly inhibited I/R-enhanced NFκB activity by 50% and increased the levels of phospho-Akt by 35.6% and BCL-2 by 81%, respectively. Cardiac myocyte apoptosis after I/R was significantly reduced by 59% in the Ad5-dnMyD88 group. The results demonstrate that both inhibition of the NFκB activation pathway and activation of the Akt signaling pathway may be responsible for the protective effect of transfection of dominant negative MyD88.
6

Role of TLRs, Hippo-YAP1 Signaling, and microRNAs in Cardiac Repair and Regeneration of Damaged myocardium During Ischemic Injury

Wang, Xiaohui 01 August 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Cardiovascular disease is a leading cause of death in the United States. Toll-like receptor (TLR)-mediated pathways have been demonstrated to play a role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. We and others have shown that PI3K/Akt signaling is involved in regulating cellular survival and protecting the myocardium from I/R induced injury. In this dissertation, we provide compelling evidence that miR-125b serves to “fine tune” TLR mediated NF-kB responses by repressing TNF-a and TRAF6 expression. We constructed lentiviral expressing miR-125b, delivered it into the myocardium. The data showed that delivery of lentivirus expressing miR-125b significantly reduces myocardial infarct size and improves cardiac function in I/R hearts. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that miR-125b negatively regulates TLR mediated NF-kB activation pathway by repressing TNF-a and TRAF6 expression in the myocardium. We also observed that transfection of the myocardium with lentivirus expressing miR-214 markedly attenuates I/R induced myocardial infarct size and cardiac dysfunction. We demonstrated that miR-214 activates PI3K/Akt signaling by targeting PTEN expression in the myocardium. We also investigated the role of TLR3 in neonatal heart repair and regeneration following myocardial infarction (MI). Wild type (WT) neonatal mice showed fully cardiac functional recovery and small infarct size, while TLR3 deficient mice exhibited impaired cardiac functional recovery and large infarct area after MI. Poly (I:C), a TLR3 ligand, administration significantly enhances glycolysis, YAP1 activation and the proliferation of WT neonatal cardiomyocytes. 2-deoxyglucose (2-DG), a glycolysis inhibitor treatment abolished cardiac functional recovery and YAP1 activation in neonatal mice after MI. In vitro either inhibition of glycolysis by 2-DG or inhibition of YAP1 activation prevents Poly (I:C) induced YAP1 activation and neonatal cardiomyocyte proliferation. Importantly, YAP1 activation increases miR-152 expression, leading to cardiomyocyte proliferation through suppression P27kip1 and DNMT1 expression. We conclude that microRNAs play an important role in TLR modulation induced protection against myocardial I/R injury by increasing the activation of PI3K/Akt signaling pathway, decreasing TLR/NF-kB mediated inflammatory response, and suppressing activation of apoptotic signaling following myocardial I/R injury. In addition, TLR3 is an essential for neonatal heart repair and regeneration after myocardial infarction. TLR3 modulation could be a novel strategy for heart regeneration and repair.
7

Nouveaux mécanismes de protection des cardiomyocytes contre les lésions d'ischémie / reperfusion / New mechanisms of protection of cardiomyocytes from ischemia / reperfusion injury

Ivanes, Fabrice 30 September 2013 (has links)
Les maladies cardiovasculaires constituent un problème de santé publique. Les pré et postconditionnement ischémiques mais aussi pharmacologiques constituent autant d‘avancées qui permettront l‘amélioration de la prise en charge des malades en situation d‘ischémie/reperfusion myocardique. Néanmoins, la morbi-mortalité des maladies cardiovasculaires reste importante et nécessite le développement de nouvelles techniques. Les premiers résultats de la thérapie cellulaire myocardique ont été décevants, et s‘il est désormais établi que l‘on ne peut régénérer le myocarde, les effets bénéfiques observés, notamment avec les cellules souches mésenchymateuses semblent en rapport avec un effet paracrine qui passe par l‘activation de la voie de signalisation PI3kinase/Akt sur un mécanisme comparable à celui du postconditionnement ischémique. Les médiateurs de cet effet sont vraisemblablement des facteurs de croissance comme le VEGF ou l‘IGF-1 même si un effet individuel direct de l‘une ou l‘autre de ces molécules n‘a pu être mis en évidence. La modulation de l‘activité de l‘ATP synthase mitochondriale est également une cible thérapeutique prometteuse. Cette enzyme inverse son activité et hydrolyse l‘ATP durant l‘ischémie, conduisant à dépléter le pool d‘ATP intracellulaire et accélérer la survenue de la mort cellulaire. De nouvelles molécules ayant un effet similaire à l‘IF1 permettent de bloquer cette inversion d‘activité de l‘ATP synthase, de préserver l‘ATP et donc d‘améliorer la survie cellulaire par un effet de type préconditionnement ischémique. Ces 2 techniques, très différentes mais non antinomiques, pourraient faire partie de l‘arsenal thérapeutique dans les années à venir / Cardiovascular diseases are a major problem of public health management. Ischemic and pharmacological pre and postconditioning should significantly improve the prognosis of patients suffering from myocardial ischemia/reperfusion. However, the morbi-mortality of these patients is still high and research must remain active. The first results of myocardial stem cell therapy show that we cannot regenerate myocardium but a recent meta-analysis reported positive effects that can be explained through a paracrine mechanism. Mesenchymal stem cells protect ischemic cardiomyocytes from reperfusion injury through a paracrine activation of the PI3kinase/Akt pathway in a similar way to ischemic postconditioning. The mediators of this protection could be growth factors such as VEGF or IGF-1 though we couldn’t demonstrate a direct effect of one or the other. Modulating the activity of the ATP synthase during ischemia is another promising therapeutic target. This enzyme reverses its activity and hydrolyses ATP when the supply in oxygen is impaired. This leads to the reduction of the cellular pool of ATP and accelerates cell death. We identified new small molecules with a similar effect to IF1 that can selectively inhibit the reverse activity of the ATP synthase, preserve ATP and thus increase cell survival in a preconditioning-like effect. These two different techniques could be part of the therapeutic arsenal against ischemia/reperfusion in the next decades.
8

Implication des fonctions mitochondriales dans l'effet cardioprotecteur induit par la sur-expression de la protéine H11 kinase/Hsp22 chez la souris / Cardioprotective effect induced by H11 kinase/Hsp22 over-expression : involvement of mitochondrial functions

Long, Romain 29 April 2014 (has links)
La reperméabilisation par thrombolyse, angioplastie ou chirurgie cardiaque des artères coronaires au décours d’un épisode d’ischémie myocardique est à l’origine d’une réduction spectaculaire de la morbi-mortalité de l’insuffisance coronaire aiguë. Elle est cependant la cause de lésions supplémentaires. La recherche de nouvelles approches cardioprotectrices complémentaires des méthodes de reperfusion actuelles est donc indispensable pour réduire les conséquences de l’ischémie myocardique. La découverte de puissants mécanismes cardioprotecteurs endogènes qui consistent en de brefs épisodes d’ischémie-reperfusion (IR) réalisés avant l’ischémie (pré-conditionnement ischémique, PCI) ou lors de la reperfusion (post-conditionnement ischémique) a permis de déterminer les mécanismes intervenant dans l’établissement des lésions d’IR. Le rôle prépondérant de la mitochondrie et l’augmentation de la perméabilité de ses membranes notamment via l’ouverture du pore de transition de perméabilité mitochondriale (mPTP) a pu être mis en évidence.Depré et al. (2001) ont décrit une stratégie cardioprotectrice novatrice : la surexpression de la protéine Hsp22 chez la souris protège le myocarde de l’infarctus et induit l’hypertrophie de ce dernier. Cette protéine est en effet capable d’activer des acteurs clés de la survie cellulaire notamment la voie des NO synthases qui est fortement impliquée dans le processus de PCI.Dans un premier temps, nous avons étudié les effets d’Hsp22 sur les fonctions mitochondriales et analysé le rôle du NO dans ces effets à l’aide d’un modèle murin sur-exprimant Hsp22 dans le myocarde. Nous avons montré qu’à l’état basal, la sur-expression d’Hsp22 augmente la production mitochondriale de NO, ce qui stimule la phosphorylation oxydative et s’accompagne de l’augmentation de la production d’espèces réactives de l’oxygène (ERO) par le complexe I de la chaîne respiratoire mitochondriale. Cette sur-expression réduit également la capacité maximale des complexes I et III à produire des ERO et limite l’ouverture du mPTP. Après anoxie, la sur-expression d’ Hsp22 exacerbe la diminution de phosphorylation oxydative par un mécanisme dépendant du NO et réduit la surproduction d’ERO par la chaîne respiratoire. Ces caractéristiques sont semblables à celles conférées par le PCI. La protéine Hsp22 induit donc au niveau mitochondrial des modifications qui pourraient participer à son effet cardioprotecteur. Une étude sur un modèle d’IR in vivo a permis de confirmer qu’Hsp22 limite fortement la taille de l’infarctus et de montrer que cet effet est associé à une réduction de l’atteinte des fonctions mitochondriales après IR. Les ERO sont des médiateurs clés dans le PCI mais également dans le développement de l’hypertrophie myocardique et du vieillissement prématuré. Or, Hsp22 stimule la production d’ERO mitochondriales, induit une hypertrophie myocardique et un effet cardioprotecteur similaire au PCI. Nous avons donc étudié le rôle des ERO dans les effets induits par Hsp22. Nos résultats ont montré qu’Hsp22 active les principales sources d’ERO cellulaires dans le myocarde aboutissant à un stress oxydant. Cet effet est associé à une forte réduction de la durée de vie des animaux sur-exprimant Hsp22 et à l’apparition de marqueurs de vieillissement prématuré dans le myocarde. Un traitement antioxydant permet de réduire cette sur-production d’ERO ainsi que l’hypertrophie myocardique et de rétablir l’espérance de vie des animaux transgéniques. Enfin, l’effet cardioprotecteur induit par Hsp22 est maintenu avec l’âge et n’est pas dépendant des ERO.En conclusion, l’effet cardioprotecteur durable induit par Hsp22 est associé à une protection des fonctions mitochondriales NO dépendante mais s’accompagne d’un stress oxydant responsable de l’hypertrophie myocardique et de la réduction de la durée de vie. Un traitement antioxydant est capable d’inhiber les effets délétères induits pas Hsp22 sans affecter son effet cardioprotecteur. / Development of reperfusion strategies such as thrombolysis, angioplasty and cardiac surgery to restore blood flow after myocardial ischemia is responsible for a spectacular reduction in deleterious consequences resulting from acute coronary syndrome. However reperfusion itself causes supplementary lesions. Research for new complementary cardioprotective strategies is needed to reduce the impact of myocardial ischemia. The discovery of powerful intrinsic cardioprotective processes consisting in repeated short cycles of ischemia-reperfusion (IR) before the ischemic episode (ischemic preconditioning) or at the moment of the reperfusion (ischemic postconditioning) has allowed to analyze the mechanisms involved in IR lesions and highlighted a crucial role of mitochondria and more particularly of the increase in its membrane permeability via the opening of the mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP). Dr C. Depré et al. (2001) demonstrated that the over-expression of Hsp22 protein coding gene which induced myocardial hypertrophy protected from myocardial infarction. The mechanism of this innovative cardioprotective strategy is not fully understood but Hsp22 promotes the activation of cellular survival pathways such as the NO synthase pathway which is also involved in ischemic preconditioning (Depré et al., 2006).The goal of the first part of our study was to evaluate the effects of Hsp22 on mitochondrial functions and the role of NO in these effects using a transgenic mouse model overexpressing Hsp22 in the heart. Our results showed that Hsp22 overexpression increases mitochondrial NO production which stimulated oxidative phosphorylation in basal state. This was accompanied by an increased in reactive oxygen species (ROS) production by mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I. This overexpression also reduced the maximal capability of complex I and III to produce ROS production and limited mPTP opening. After anoxia, Hsp22 overexpression increaseed oxidative phosphorylation inhibition by a NO-dependent mechanism and limited the burst of ROS production from the respiratory chain.. Thus, Hsp22 modulates mitochondrial functions and this could participate to its cardioprotective effect as these characteristics replicate those of ischemic preconditioning. In the next step, we confirmed that Hsp22 overexpression highly reduced infarct size in an in vivo model of IR and showed that this was associated with a better preservation of mitochondrial functions.As ROS are key mediators of preconditioning but also of myocardial hypertrophy and aging and Hsp22 stimulates mitochondrial ROS production, induces a myocardial hypertrophy and a cardioprotective effect replicating preconditioning, we explored the role of ROS in Hsp22-induced effects in the last part of the study. Our results showed that Hsp22 overexpression activated major cellular sources of ROS leading to myocardial oxidative stress. This was associated with an extensive reduction of lifespan and the appearance of aging markers in the myocardium of young transgenic mice. Antioxidant treatment reduced the overproduction of ROS induced by Hsp22, decreased myocardial hypertrophy and restored lifespan in Hsp22 overexpressing mice showing the role of ROS in these effects. Finally, the cardioprotective effect induced by Hsp22 was maintained in old mice and was not dependent of ROS production. In conclusion, long-lasting cardioprotective effect induced by Hsp22 is associated with a NO-dependent preservation of mitochondrial functions and an oxidative stress responsible for myocardial hypertrophy and reduced lifespan. Antioxidant treatment is able to inhibit deleterious consequences of Hsp22 overexpression without affecting its cardioprotective effect.
9

Novel Therapeutic Approaches for Ischemic Heart and Brain Injury: Modulation of Toll-Like Receptor-Mediated Signaling Pathways and PI3K/Akt Signaling

Lu, Chen 01 May 2014 (has links)
Innate immune and inflammatory responses contribute to myocardial and cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the induction of innate immune and inflammatory responses via activation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). We have shown that activation of NF-κB contributes to myocardial and cerebral I/R injury. Indeed, inhibition of TLR4-mediated NF-κB activation significantly decreased myocardial and cerebral I/R injury via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. PI3K/Akt signaling is an important pathway in regulating cellular survival and inflammatory responses. Therefore, an important question is how to differentially modulate PI3K/Akt signaling and TLR/NF-κB-mediated signaling pathway during I/R injury? We demonstrated that pretreatment of mice with Pam3CSK4, a specific TLR2 ligand, significantly decreased cerebral I/R injury and improved neuronal functional recovery. Importantly, therapeutic administration of Pam3CSK4 also markedly decreased cerebral I/R injury. The mechanisms involved suppression of NF-κB binding activity and activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. We also demonstrated that CpG-ODN, a specific TLR9 ligand, induced protection against cerebral I/R injury via activation of PI3K/Akt signaling. Our findings were consistent with our previous reports showing that administration of Pam3CSK4 or CpG-ODN protected against myocardial I/R injury via a PI3K/Akt-dependent mechanism. In addition, we demonstrated for the first time that TLR3 located in endosomes played a deleterious role in myocardial I/R injury via activation of NF-κB. To investigate how to activate PI3K/Akt signaling during I/R injury, we examined the role of microRNA (miRs) in regulating PI3K/Akt signaling during myocardial ischemic injury. We discovered that Pam3CSK4 or CpG-ODN treatment significantly increased the expression of miR-130a in the myocardium, while myocardial infarction markedly decreased the levels of miR-130a in the myocardium. The data indicated that miR-130a served a protective role in myocardial ischemic injury. Indeed, we demonstrated for the first time that increased expression of miR-130a significantly attenuated cardiac dysfunction and promoted angiogenesis after myocardial infarction. The mechanisms involved activation of PI3K/Akt signaling via targeting PTEN expression by microRNA-130a. This dissertation discovers novel mechanisms of cerebral and myocardial ischemic injury and provides solid basis for developing new approaches for the treatment and management of stroke and heart attack patients.
10

La thérapie cellulaire à l’aide des cellules souches mésenchymateuses : la livraison non-invasive pour guérir le myocarde infarci

Sid-Otmane, Celia 12 1900 (has links)
La thérapie cellulaire est au centre de la médecine régénérative, une nouvelle avenue thérapeutique en constante évolution depuis les 2 dernières décennies, particulièrement pour les maladies touchant les organes avec très faible potentiel de régénération. Parmi les nombreuses populations de cellules souches identifiées jusqu’à présent, les cellules souches mésenchymateuses (MSC) offrent plusieurs avantages, notamment en cardiopathie ischémique. Les MSC originalement isolées de la moelle osseuse (MO) sont à présent isolées de plusieurs autres organes dont le tissu adipeux (cellules souches mésenchymateuses dérivées du tissu adipeux ASC), un organe facile d’accès et disponible en grande quantité chez l’humain. Les évidences précliniques et cliniques des MSC et ASC pointent vers une efficacité thérapeutique qui demeure limitée et nécessite une optimisation pour atteindre le potentiel de guérison et de réparation myocardique post injure ischémique. Malgré un potentiel de différenciation in vitro et in vivo, l’effet thérapeutique des cellules souches est lié aux nombreux médiateurs constituant leur sécrétome. Ainsi, afin d’optimiser l’impact thérapeutique, plusieurs méthodes ont été utilisées pour enrichir le sécrétome. Une de ces méthodes est la culture des cellules souches sous forme 3-D. Nous avons donc testé le potentiel thérapeutique des ASC sous forme de monocouche (ML pour Monolayer) et sous forme de sphéroïdes (SB pour spheroid bodies) dans deux modèles animaux différents. Ceci a été fait en testant l’efficacité d’une transplantation à distance sous cutanée. En utilisant un modèle de péritonite, les ASC sous forme SB et ML ont démontré un effet antiinflammatoire en réduisant l’infiltration de cellules inflammatoires, plus spécifiquement les neutrophiles et les macrophages. Dans un modèle d’ischémie reperfusion (I/R) du myocarde chez le rat, les ASC sous forme ML et SB ont diminué la cicatrice du myocarde. Les deux formes injectées ont réduit la présence de macrophages dans le myocarde, augmenté les cellules progénitrices endogènes c-kit+ ainsi que la densité vasculaire. Les SB ont démontré un impact plus significatif sur certains paramètres évalués tels la densité vasculaire et le recrutement de cellules progénitrices endogènes c-kit+. En conclusion, ces deux études ont permis de démontrer un potentiel pro-guérison des cellules souches, par l’entremise d’un effet endocrinien anti-inflammatoire. / The therapeutic potential of regenerative medicine and cell-based strategies have been in constant evolution for the last 2 decades, especially for the repair and healing of organs with minimal regenerative capacity such as the heart. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represent a population of stem cells with great advantages. First isolated from bone marrow, they can now be readily isolated from different organs including adipose tissue. Adipose derived stem cells (ASC) are easily accessible, which is of great interest for clinical application. Beside their differentiation potential, the main therapeutic impact attributed to MSC and ASC has been through their secreted mediators i.e. via a paracrine phenomenon. Different strategies have been used to enhance the therapeutic impact of ASC, one of which consists of enriching the latter’s secretome by producing 3-D structures such as spheroid bodies. Monolayer (ML) and spheroid bodies (SB) were both used in two different animal models through remote (subcutaneous) transplantation. First, on a rat peritonitis model that proved that subcutaneous injection of the two forms reduced inflammation through decreased neutrophil and macrophage infiltration. Second, ML and SB were remotely transplanted on a rat myocardial ischemia reperfusion (I/R) model. The two forms reduced infarct scar, reduced macrophages, increased endogenous progenitor c-kit+ cells and enhanced vascular density in the infarct and peri-infarct area. SBs showed better impact on vascularization and endogenous progenitor cells recruitment compared to ML. Briefly, our studies demonstrated the efficacy of a remote ASC transplantation through an endocrine-like effect against inflammation, collagen deposition and vascularization.

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