Law, Sau Kwan. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2009. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 111-117). / Abstract also in Chinese. / Thesis Committee --- p.i / Acknowledgements --- p.ii / Contents --- p.iii / Abstract --- p.vii / 論文摘要 --- p.x / Abbreviations --- p.xi / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xxiii / Chapter CHAPTER ONE --- INTRODUCTION / Chapter 1.1 --- Embryonic Stem (ES) Cells / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Characteristics of ES Cells l / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Therapeutic Potential of ES Cells --- p.3 / Chapter 1.1.3 --- Myocardial Infarction and ES cells-derived Cardiomyocytes --- p.4 / Chapter 1.1.4 --- Current Hurdles of Using ES cells-derived Cardiomyocytes for Research and Therapeutic Purposes --- p.6 / Chapter 1.2 --- Transcription Factors for Cardiac Development / Chapter 1.2.1 --- GATA-binding Protein 4 (GATA-4) --- p.8 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Myocyte Enhancer Factor 2C (MEF2C) --- p.10 / Chapter 1.2.3 --- "NK2 Transcription Factor Related, Locus 5 (Nkx2.5)" --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.4 --- Heart and Neural Crest Derivatives Expressed 1 /2 (HANDI/2) --- p.11 / Chapter 1.2.5 --- T-box Protein 5 (Tbx5) --- p.13 / Chapter 1.2.6 --- Serum Response Factor (SRF) --- p.14 / Chapter 1.2.7 --- Specificity Protein 1 (Spl) --- p.15 / Chapter 1.2.8 --- Activator Protein 1 (AP-1) --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3 --- Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Cellular Production of ROS --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- Maintenance of Redox balance --- p.18 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- Redox Signaling --- p.19 / Chapter 1.4 --- Nitric Oxide (NO) and NO Signaling --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Aims of the Study --- p.22 / Chapter CHAPTER TWO --- MATERIALS AND METHODS / Chapter 2.1 --- Mouse Embryonic Fibroblast (MEF) Culture / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Derivation of MEF --- p.23 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Maintenance of MEF Culture --- p.24 / Chapter 2.1.3 --- Irradiation of MEF --- p.25 / Chapter 2.2 --- Mouse ES Cell Culture / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Maintenance of Undifferentiated Mouse ES Cell Culture --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells --- p.26 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Exogenous addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and NO --- p.27 / Chapter 2.3 --- ROS Localization Study / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Frozen Sectioning --- p.28 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Confocal microscopy for ROS detection --- p.28 / Chapter 2.4 --- Intracellular ROS Measurement / Chapter 2.4.1 --- "Chemistry of 2',7'-dichlorodihydrofluorescein diacetate (H2DCFDA)" --- p.29 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Flow Cytometry for ROS Measurement --- p.29 / Chapter 2.5 --- Gene Expression Study / Chapter 2.5.1 --- Primer Design --- p.30 / Chapter 2.5.2 --- RNA Extraction --- p.31 / Chapter 2.5.3 --- DNase Treatment --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.4 --- Reverse Transcription --- p.32 / Chapter 2.5.5 --- Quantitative Real Time PCR --- p.33 / Chapter 2.5.6 --- Quantification of mRNA Expression --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6 --- Protein Expression Study / Chapter 2.6.1 --- Total Protein Extraction --- p.34 / Chapter 2.6.2 --- Nuclear and Cytosolic Protein Extraction --- p.35 / Chapter 2.6.3 --- Measurement of Protein Concentration --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.4 --- De-sumoylation Assay --- p.36 / Chapter 2.6.5 --- De-phosphorylation Assay --- p.37 / Chapter 2.6.6 --- De-glycosylation Assay --- p.38 / Chapter 2.6.7 --- Western Blot --- p.39 / Chapter 2.7 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.41 / Chapter CHAPTER THREE --- RESULTS / Chapter 3.1 --- Study of Endogenous ROS / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Level and Distribution of Endogenous ROS --- p.47 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Quantification of intracellular ROS --- p.48 / Chapter 3.2 --- Effect of Exogenous Addition of Nitric Oxide (NO) on Cardiac Differentiation / Chapter 3.2.1 --- Beating Profile of NO-treated Embryoid Bodies (EBs) --- p.50 / Chapter 3.3 --- Effect of Exogenous Addition of H2O2 on Cardiac Differentiation / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Beating Profile of H2O2-treated EBs --- p.51 / Chapter 3.3.2 --- mRNA Expression of Cardiac Structural Genes --- p.52 / Chapter 3.3.3 --- Protein Expression of Cardiac Structural Genes --- p.54 / Chapter 3.3.4 --- mRNA Expression of Cardiac Transcription Factors --- p.58 / Chapter 3.3.5 --- Protein Expression of Cardiac Transcription Factors --- p.67 / Chapter 3.3.6 --- Post-translational Modifications of Cardiac Transcription Factors --- p.74 / Chapter 3.3.7 --- Translocation of Cardiac Transcription Factors --- p.89 / Chapter CHAPTER FOUR --- DISCUSSION / Chapter 4.1 --- Changes in the Level of Endogenous ROS During Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells --- p.96 / Chapter 4.2 --- H2O2 and NO Have Opposite Effects Towards Cardiac Differentiation --- p.97 / Chapter 4.3 --- Exogenous Addition of H2O2 Advances Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells into Cardiac Lineage --- p.99 / Chapter 4.4 --- Possible Role of H2O2 in Mediating Cardiac Differentiation of Mouse ES Cells --- p.103 / Chapter 4.5 --- Future Directions --- p.108 / Conclusions --- p.110 / References --- p.111

Les accidents vasculaires cérébraux constituent la troisième cause de mortalité et la première cause de handicap chez l'adulte dans les pays industrialisés. Ils induisent d'importantes altérations fonctionnelles au sein du tissu neuro-glio-vasculaire avec des conséquences dramatiques en terme de handicap cognitif et moteur affectant le quotidien des patients. L'objectif de ce travail est d'étudier les modifications des conductances potassiques vasculaires, Kir et Kv, dans un modèle d'ischémie-reperfusion focale par occlusion intraluminale de l'artère cérébrale moyenne chez le rat. Une étude de la plasticité ionique au cours de la période post-ischémique (7 jours) est réalisée par des techniques électrophysiologiques (patch-clamp) et une évaluation du déficit sensorimoteur représentatif du handicap fonctionnel observé chez des patients suite à un accident vasculaire cérébral est effectuée. Face à ces lésions, l'évaluation en phase aiguë de deux traitements pharmacologiques a été réalisée, par l'administration de la Stobadine, molécule aux propriétés antioxydantes, et de Fénofibrate, agoniste des récepteurs PPAR alpha.<br />Au niveau vasculaire, nous avons confirmé à 24 heures de reperfusion l'altération du courant Kir2.x, de la relaxation K + dépendante qui lui est associée ainsi que de la relaxation endothélium-dépendante. Il est mis en évidence pour la première fois la réduction d'une autre conductance potassique, voltage-dépendante, impliquant les canaux Kv. Au cours de la période post-ischémique étudiée jusqu'à 7 jours, une récupération totale, spontanée et progressive de la conductance Kir2.x et de la relaxation potassium-dépendante est obtenue. En revanche aucune récupération de la relaxation endothélium-dépendante n'est observée à 7 jours de reperfusion. En ce qui concerne le déficit sensorimoteur observé dès 24 heures et évalué par le test du ruban adhésif et de la traction préhensile, un retour significatif et progressif des capacités sensorimotrices se met en place mais reste partiel.<br />L'administration de Stobadine (1h et 6h après l'ischémie) permet de prévenir l'altération de la relaxation endothélium-dépendante et de la densité de courant Kir2.x dès 24h de reperfusion sans modifier la cinétique de la récupération spontanée de la relaxation potassium-dépendante. En revanche ce traitement induit une diminution significative des lésions cérébrales et une accélération de la récupération des fonctions motrices et sensorimotrices au cours des 7 premiers jours de reperfusion. De même, à 3 jours de reperfusion, une réduction significative des lésions cérébrales et une accélération de la récupération du déficit moteur sont observées suite à l'administration du Fénofibrate (traitement biquotidien sur 3 jours) en parallèle d'une récupération totale des deux mécanismes de vasorelaxation étudiés.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

[Truncated abstract] The innate ability of the heart to compensate for an increase in workload as a result of disease or injury, through an increase in size and mass is known as cardiac hypertrophy. The hypertrophy of the heart compensates for an increase in workload with an increase in cardiac output. However, excessive hypertrophy can result in cardiac dysfunction and substantially increases the risk of cardiac failure and mortality. The molecular mechanisms that regulate the development of cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure are not entirely understood. Traditionally, the G-protein Coupled Receptor (GPCR) and the downstream Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase (MAPK) family of proteins have been implicated. However, elevated circulating and ventricular levels of several classes of cytokines also suggested that signaling by the downstream effectors of cytokine receptors, such as the Signal Transducers and Activators of Transcription (STATs), may be important. The aim of this thesis was, therefore, to characterize the involvement of MAPK and STAT pathways in regulating cardiac hypertrophy and cardiac failure. A function for MAPK and STAT signaling in regulating cardiac hypertrophy stimulated by the inflammatory cytokine IL-1Β was initially defined in primary cultures of neonatal rat cardiac myocytes. In this study, it was demonstrated that the chemical inhibition of ERK or p38MAPK was sufficient to inhibit IL-1Β-stimulated ANF expression. In contrast, simultaneous inhibition of both ERK and p38MAPK was required to ablate the hypertrophic morphology of cardiac myocytes treated with IL-1Β. These results demonstrated differential signaling from the MAPK isoforms in regulating the gene expression and morphological components of cardiac hypertrophy. In addition, it was revealed that IL-1Β treatment resulted in a delayed response (>60 min) in STAT3α tyrosine phosphorylation, which was subsequently shown to require the initial rapid activation of either ERK or p38MAPK. IL-1Β-stimulated STAT3 phosphorylation was also dependent on the de novo synthesis of secondary signaling molecules. The ablation of the STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation by the inhibition of ERK or p38MAPK activity, correlated with the attenuation of IL-1Β-stimulated ANF expression, suggesting that signaling through STAT3α may be involved in regulating gene expression associated with IL-1Β cardiac hypertrophy

A substituição de cardiomiócitos na vida pós-natal tem sido um dos maiores desafios da medicina regenerativa. O conceito de que os cardiomiócitos proliferam ativamente durante o desenvolvimento, mas perdem completamente esse potencial logo após o nascimento, foi recentemente questionado quando as primeiras evidências mostraram a existência de mecanismos endógenos de regeneração cardíaca em camundongos com um dia de vida. Nós avaliamos esse fenômeno em ratos de um dia de vida (P1) e investigamos o impacto da regeneração inicial na perfusão tecidual em longo prazo e a função cardíaca global em resposta ao stress. A homogeneidade da cirurgia de ressecção apical foi comprovada através do exame de ressonância magnética (MRI) e demonstramos que os ratos P1 apresentaram evidências de neoformação de cardiomiócitos a partir da marcação de Troponina I e Conexina 43 na àrea da lesão 21 dias após a cirurgia de ressecção, enquanto os ratos de sete dias de idade (P7) apresentaram a substituição do tecido principalmente por deposição de colágeno. De maneira interessate, as células recém-formadas apresentaram uma aparente falta de alinhamento uniforme nos ratos P1, e a hipoperfusão do tecido cardíaco foi detectada para ambos os grupos de pós-ressecção 21 e aos 60 dias do exame de SPECT. A função cardíaca basal direta aos 60 dias apresentou-se preservada em todos os grupos, enquanto sob estresse hemodinâmico, o grau de mudança na LVDEP, Volume Sitólico e Trabalho Sistólico indicaram função cardíaca diminuída nos ratos P7. Além disso, a relação pressão-volume diastólica final e o aumento da deposição de colágeno intersticial no P7 são consistentes com o aumento da rigidez da câmara. Coletivamente, nós mostramos que o potencial regenerativo com ausência de remodelamento cardíaco adverso é restrito aos ratos P1. Em seguida, procurou-se avaliar os mecanismos moleculares que regulam esse fenômeno através da combinação de ferramentas exploratórias. Embora tenha sido descrito anteriormente que o sistema imunológico não é totalmente maduro ao nascimento, o sequenciamento do RNA total de corações de ratos sham-operados, P1 e P7 mostrou que o procedimento cirúrgico foi suficiente para ativar algumas vias ligadas à resposta inflamatória e considerando as subpopulações de macrófagos pró (M1) e anti-inflamatórios (M2), sugerimos que o perfil de macrófagos anti-inflamatórios (M2) infiltrados no coração de ratos P1 são diferentes das células adultas pró-fibróticas regulares. Os meios condicionados M1 e M2 elevaram a taxa de proliferação de cardiomiócitos em condições de normóxia, mas somente o M2 apresentou resposta proliferativa em hipóxia e preveniu a diferenciação-induzida de fibroblastos cardíacos por menor expressão ?SMA. Por membranas array de citocinas, 15 citocinas apresentaram-se comuns aos dois meios condicionados, mas apenas 4 citocinas, sendo elas IL-4, IL-1?, IL-6 e Fractalkine, foram exclusivas ao meio condicionado M2, e que poderiam ser possíveis candidatos aos efeitos regenerativos encontrados. Nesse sentido, experimentos futuros fazem-se necessários a fim de explorar os efeitos dessas citocinas e desenvolver novas estratégias terapêuticas / The replacement of cardiomyocytes in postnatal life has proven to be one of the biggest challenges in regenerative medicine. The concept that cardiomyocytes proliferate actively during development but cease completely right after birth has been recently questioned when first evidences showed the existence of endogenous mechanisms of cardiac regeneration in one-day-old mice. We sought to evaluate this phenomenon in one-day-old rats (P1) and to assess the impact of the early regenerative process on long-term tissue perfusion and overall cardiac function in response to stress. We confirmed the successful apical resection surgery through magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and that P1 heart was associated with evidence of cardiomyocytes neoformation as indicated by Troponin I and Connexin 43 expression at 21 days postresection, while in seven-day-old rats (P7) mainly scar tissue replacement ensued. Interestingly, there was an apparent lack of uniform alignment of newly formed cells in P1, and cardiac tissue hypoperfusion has been detected for both groups at 21 postresection and at 60 days through SPECT scanning. Direct basal cardiac function at 60 days, was preserved in all groups, whereas under hemodynamic stress the degree of change on LVDEP, Stroke Volume and Stroke Work indicated diminished overall cardiac function in P7. Furthermore, the End-Diastolic Pressure-Volume relationship and increased interstitial collagen deposition in P7 is consistent with increased chamber stiffness. Collectively, we showed that regenerative potential with slight collagen deposition is restricted to P1 rats. Then we sought to evaluate the molecular mechanisms that regulate this phenomenon through explorative tools. Although it has been previously described that the immune system is not fully mature at birth, total RNA sequenced from sham-operated, P1 and P7 heart rats showed that surgery is sufficient to activate inflammatory pathways, and considering pro (M1) and anti-inflammatory (M2) macrophages subpopulations, we suggested that invaded macrophages in resected P1 hearts are different from the traditional pro-fibrotic M2-like adult cells. Conditioned M1 and M2 medium elevated cardiomyocytes proliferative rate under basal conditions, but only M2 produced the same effect in cardiomyocytes under hypoxia and prevented myofibroblasts-induced differentiation through ?SMA intensity expression. Membrane array for cytokines showed 15 common cytokines for both M1 and M2 conditioned medium, but only 4, as IL-4, IL-1?, IL-6 and Fractalkine, were M2 exclusive and possible candidates to the regenerative potential. Additional experiments are needed to further explore these cytokines and to maybe develop new therapeutic strategies

O estudo de mutações genéticas como causa das cardiomiopatias teve início com a descoberta de mutações em proteínas sarcoméricas que levavam à Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica, desde então, alterações em diversos genes, de proteínas contráteis ou não, foram descobertas e listadas como a responsável pelo desenvolvimento de diferentes cardiomiopatias. Estudar o efeito destas mutações nos cardiomiócitos destes pacientes permanecia um desafio devido ao difícil acesso às células cardíacas. Em 2007, a técnica de reprogramação de células somáticas em células-tronco pluripotentes foi descoberta. Pelo fato das células-tronco pluripotentes serem capazes de ser diferenciadas em cardiomiócitos, surgiu-se a possibilidade de se estudar essas células de indivíduos portadores das mutações genéticas. Esta tese teve como objetivo a criação de um modelo celular para estudar a Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica causada por mutações genéticas. Inicialmente foi estabelecido um protocolo de reprogramação celular para se estabelecer linhagens celulares das células-tronco induzidas de um paciente com mutação no gene MYH7. Tendo as células caracterizadas, elas foram diferenciadas em cardiomiócitos através de um protocolo adaptado de protocolos de diferenciação direta em cardiomiócitos. Os cardiomiócitos gerados apresentaram características moleculares e funcionais semelhantes à cardiomiócitos primários humanos e foi visualizado, através de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, que os cardiomiócitos do paciente com alteração genética possuíam grande proporção de sarcômeros desorganizados em comparação a cardiomiócitos de indivíduos saudáveis. Em conclusão, o modelo celular desenvolvido sugere ser possível o estudo do efeito de mutações genéticas em Cardiomiopatia Hipertrófica. / The study of genetic mutations as the cause of cardiomyopathies initiates with the discovery of mutations in sarcomeric proteins genes that lead to Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy. Since then, mutations in several genes, coding to sarcomeric proteins or not, were discovered and listed as the reason to the cardiomyopathies. To study the effect of these mutations was a challenge due the difficulty to accesses cardiac cells. In 2007, the technique of reprogramming somatic cells into pluripotent stem cells was discovered. The fact that the pluripotent stem cells are capable of differentiating into cardiomyocytes opened the opportunity to study these cells from individuals with genetic mutations. This thesis aimed to create a cellular model to study Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy caused by genetic mutations. Initially we established a cell reprogramming protocol to establish induced stem cells lines from a patient with mutation in MYH7 gene. Having characterized the cells, they were differentiated into cardiomyocytes using an adapted protocol from direct differentiation protocols. Cardiomyocytes generated showed molecular and functional characteristics similar to human primary cardiomyocytes and were visualized by means of transmission electron microscopy. The patient\'s cardiomyocytes had a large proportion of disorganized sarcomeres compared to cardiomyocytes from healthy individuals. In conclusion, the cell model developed suggests that it is possible to study the effect of genetic mutation in Hypertrophic Cardiomyopathy using induced pluripotent stem cells derived cardiomyocytes.

Orientador: Kleber Gomes Franchini / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T05:12:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marin_TalitaMiguel_D.pdf: 34867811 bytes, checksum: 839d8dbb3d76170bebebbc5e8619b847 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / Resumo: Estudos do nosso laboratório demonstraram que a quinase de adesão focal (FAK) é ativada e contribui para a regulação dos mecanismos de sinalização que determinam as alterações fenotípicas de cardiomiócitos submetidos a estímulos mecânicos. Em estudo anterior demonstramos através da inibição farmacológica da Shp2, que a mesma contribui para a regulação do nível de fosforilação em resíduos de tirosina (atividade) da FAK e regulação da expressão de genes associados ao fenótipo hipertrófico em células em cultura. O presente estudo foi realizado para examinar o impacto da depleção da Shp2,induzida por silenciamento gênico, na atividade da FAK e nas alterações fenotípicas de Miócitos Ventriculares de Ratos Neonatos (MVRNs) em condições basais e de estímulo mecânico e os efeitos da introdução de mutações no gene da Shp2, que resultem em perda, ganho ou deleção da proteína, sobre a atividade da FAK e sobre as alterações fenotípicas nos corações de camundongos. A depleção dos níveis protéicos da Shp2 por siRNA específico induziu ao aumento da fosforilação da Tyr397, Src Tyr418, AKT Ser473, TSC2 Thr1462, e S6 quinase Thr389, à re-expressão do gene fetal marcador molecular de hipertrofia cardíaca (?-MHC) e à um fenótipo hipertrófico dos MVRNS não estirados. A inibição da atividade do complexo FAK/Src através do tratamento dos MVRNs com PP2 {4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7-(t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine}aboliu o aumento na fosforilação da AKT, TSC2, e S6 quinase, bem como a hipertrofia dos MVRNs induzida pela depleção da Shp2. A inibição da mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) com rapamicina bloqueou o surgimentos da hipertrofia nos MNRNs tratados com siShp2. Os MVRNs tratados com PP2 ou com RNA de interferência, específico para a FAK, apresentaram-se deficientes na ativação e aumento da fosforilação da FAK, Src, ERK (extracellular signal-regulated kinase), AKT, TSC2, e S6 quiinase, e na indução de aumento da área celular em resposta ao estimulo mecânico de estiramento cíclico prolongado in vitro. A Hipertrofia em resposta ao estiramento prolongado também foi prevenida pelo tratamento dos MVRNs com rapamicina. Os resultados são consistentes em apontar que a perda ou diminuição da função da Shp2 (por depleção, mutação ou deleção gênica cardíaco-específica) induz ao aumento da ativação da FAK, AKT e via da mTOR/S6K , que são vias de sinalização sabidamente envolvidas nos processos hipertróficos do miocárdio. Interessantemente os animais portadores de mutação LS-Shp2 apresentaram redução de 50% da atividade fosfatase relacionada ao imunoprecipitado de Shp2 no miocárdio, recapitularam a desordem humana apresentando baixa estatura, dismorfia craniofacial, evidências morfológica, histopatológica, ecocardiográficas e molelculares de presença de cardiomiopatia hipertrófica. Notavelmente o tratamento desses animais com o inibidor específico da mTOR, rapamicina, foi capaz de reverter completamente o fenótipo hipertrófico dos animais LS-Shp2. Consistentemente, o ganho de função da Shp2 (no miocárdio), induzido por mutação NS (Noonan Syndrome), foi acompanhado de diminuição da atividade basal da FAK, bem como da AKT e de proteínas envolvidas na via da mTOR e de redução da área total e largura dos cardiomiócitos adultos quando comparados aos extraídos de animais selvagens. Em conjunto, os dados, aqui apresentados, indicam que a tirosino-fosfatase Shp2 contribui para regular o nível de fosforilação da FAK em cardiomiócitos e para a regulação da expressão de gêneses do programa hipertrófico e do tamanho celular através da modulação da atividade da FAK e mTOR. Sugere também, que a inibição prolongada de Shp2 pode, por si só, induzir ao aparecimento de hipertrofia cardíaca através da FAK pela modulação da via mTOR/S6K / Abstract: Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) has been implicated in the sensing and transduction of mechanical forces, which drive changes in cardiac myocyte function and structure, in response to hemodynamic overload, into biochemical events in cardiac myocytes. This study was performed to examine whether Shp2 (Src homology region 2, phosphatase 2) controls Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) activity and its trophic actions in cardiomyocytes. Our study was performed in neonatal rat ventricular myocytes subjected to depletion of Shp2 by RNA interference and genetically modified mice carrying mutations that induce gain and loss of function and Shp2 cardiac-specific conditional gene deletion.Depletion of Shp2 by specific small interfering RNA increased the phosphorylation of FAK Tyr397, Src Tyr418, AKT Ser473, TSC2 Thr1462, and S6 kinase Thr389 and induced hypertrophic gene expression pattern (?- MHC) and phenotype of nonstretched NRVMs. Inhibition of FAK/Src activity by PP2 {4-amino-5-(4-chlorophenyl)-7- (t-butyl)pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine} abolished the phosphorylation of AKT, TSC2, and S6 kinase, as well as the hypertrophy of NRVMs induced by Shp2 depletion. Inhibition of mTOR (mammalian target of rapamycin) with rapamycin blunted the hypertrophy in NRVMs depleted of Shp2. NRVMs treated with PP2 or depleted of FAK by specific small interfering RNA were defective in FAK, Src, extracellular signal-regulated kinase, AKT, TSC2, and S6 kinase phosphorylation, as well as in the hypertrophic response to prolonged stretch. The stretch-induced hypertrophy of NRVMs was also prevented by rapamycin. Subsequently we tested the hypothesis that the introduction of mutations in the Shp2 gene, causing protein deletion or loss of protein function, would contribute to increase the levels of tyrosine phosphorylation of FAK resulting in a hypertrophic phenotype in mice hearts. Likewise, we investigated the possibility that the introduction of a mutation in the Shp2 gene, which leads to gain of function, would result in decrease phosphorylation of FAK. The results were consistent in pointing out that the loss of protein or impairment of the function of Shp2 (gene deletion, depletion or mutation) induces increased activation of FAK, AKT and a the mTOR/S6K pathways, which are signaling pathways known to be involved in controlling cardiac growth and hypertrophy. Ls-Shp2 mice recapitulated the human disorder, with short stature, craniofacial dysmorphia, and morphological, histological, echocardiographic and molecular evidence of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (HCM). Heart and/or cardiomyocyte lysates from LS-Shp2 mice showed decreased Shp2 catalytic activity, consistent with previous reports that LS mutants have dominant negative effects. Remarkably, the cardiac hypertropic phenotype in LS-Shp2 mice were completely reversed by treatment with the mTOR inhibitor, rapamycin. Consistently, the gain of function of Shp2 (induced by mutation) was accompanied by decreased basal activity of FAK and AKT and proteins involved in the mTOR signaling pathway. These findings demonstrate that basal Shp2 tyrosine phosphatase activity controls the size of cardiomyocytes by downregulating a pathway that involves FAK/Src and mTOR signaling pathways. Our results also establish the tight regulation of FAK phosphorylation by Shp-2 as a potential counter-regulatory signaling in the control of the hyperthophic genetic program in cardiac myocytes / Doutorado / Biologia Estrutural, Celular, Molecular e do Desenvolvimento / Doutor em Fisiopatologia Medica

Orientador: Kleber Gomes Franchini / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-07T07:19:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marin_TalitaMiguel_M.pdf: 14587191 bytes, checksum: b8bac41b29ca5081a5bcb225f83e4773 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Arrazoado. A Quinase de Adesão Focal (FAK) é ativada e contribui para a regulação da sinalização que determina as alterações fenotípicas de cardiomiócitos estimulados mecanicamente. A regulação da atividade da FAK é complexa e depende de mecanismos intramoleculares e da cooperação com a tirosino-quinase Src. Há evidências de que a tirosino-fosfatase SHP-2 contribui para a regulação do nível de fosforilação em resíduos de tirosina e, portanto da atividade da FAK em miócitos ventriculares de ratos neonatos em cultura (MVRNs). Este estudo objetivou examinar se a SHP-2 modula o nível de fosforilação da FAK em MVRNs. Examinamos se em MVRNs controle (i.e. não submetido a estímulo mecânico), a atividade da SHP-2 contribui para o baixo nível de fosforilação em tirosina da FAK e se em MVRNs submetidos a estímulos mecânicos a inibição da atividade da SHP-2 paralela a dissociação FAK/SHP-2 exerce papel permissivo na elevação da fosforilação da FAK. Material e Métodos. Utilizou-se modelo de sobrecarga pressora por coarctação da aorta em ratos (miocárdio-VE) e estiramento in vitro em MVRNs. As abordagens experimentais incluíram técnicas de imunoprecipitação, western blot, imunohistoquímica, atividade de tirosino fosfatase in vitro, expressão de SHP-2 recombinante e avaliação da expressão do gene da cadeia pesada de beta-miosina (ß- miosina). Resultados. A coarctação da aorta (miocárdio-VE) e o estiramento (MVRNs) aumentaram a fosforilação da FAK no resíduo tirosina 397, em miocárdio-VE (200%) e em MVRNs estirados (75%). A FAK imunoprecipitada de amostras controles, encontrou-se associada a SHP-2 e o estímulo mecânico acompanhou-se de redução dessa associação, no miocárdio (60%) e em MVRNs (84%). Experimentos com imunohistoquímica e microscopia confocal demonstraram co-localização da FAK e da SHP-2 em MVRNs controle. Ocorreu redução da atividade de tirosino-fosfatase em imunoprecipitados de anticorpo anti-FAK (25%) e anticorpo anti-SHP-2 (25%) de miocárdio-VE de animais submetidos à coarctação da aorta, e anti-FAK (20%) e anti-SHP-2 (40%) de MVRNs estirados. A SHP-2 recombinante foi capaz de reduzir (70%) in vitro a fosforilação da FAK ativada por estímulo mecânico. Ocorreu aumento (125%) da quantidade de FAK fosforilada em MVRNs controles tratados com TFMS (inibidor seletivo da atividade da SHP-2); naqueles submetidos ao estiramento, o aumento em relação aos MVRNs estirados, mas não tratados com TFMS, foi menor (40%). Ocorreu paralelamente, diminuição (40%) da associação FAK/SHP-2 e aumento da expressão do gene fetal da cadeia pesada da ß - miosina (110%) em MVRNs tratados com TFMS; Os MVRNs tratados concomitantemente com TFMS e PP2 (inibidor farmacológico da FAK), apresentaram atenuação desse aumento (25%). Conclusão. Os dados sugerem que a SHP-2 modula o nível de fosforilação da FAK em MVRNs, exercendo papel inibitório na ativação da FAK, contribuindo para o seu baixo nível de fosforilação em MVRNs e miocárdio na ausência de estímulo mecânico. A diminuição da associação FAK/SHP-2, da atividade específica da SHP-2 em MVRNs ou miocárdio submetidos a estímulos mecânicos e o aumento da fosforilação da FAK mediante tratamento dos MVRNs com TFMS, indicam que a redução da atividade da SHP-2 e da associação a FAK, é um importante mecanismo que colabora para o aumento de fosforilação da FAK em MVRNs submetidos a estímulos mecânicos sustentados. O aumento da expressão da cadeia pesada da ß ¿ miosina conseqüente à inibição da atividade da SHP-2 e a atenuação desse aumento, perante a concomitante inibição da atividade da FAK, corrobora nossa hipótese de que a SHP-2 modula a ativação da FAK em cardiomiócitos, influenciando a reprogramação gênica característica da ativação da sinalização hipertrófica, por estímulo mecânico / Abstract: Mechanical forces drive changes in cardiac myocyte function and structure that occur in response to hemodynamic overload. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) has been implicated in the sensing and transduction of mechanical forces into biochemical events in cardiac myocytes. This study was performed to examine whether the protein tyrosine-phosphatase SHP-2 plays a role in baseline and stretch induced FAK activation and signaling in cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs).NRVMs were subjected to cyclic stretch up to 60 min, studied by coimmunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, tyrosine-phosphatase activity assay, RT-PCR, and used in assays utilizing recombinant SHP-2 catalytic domain. Analysis was extended to NRVMs treated with Shp2 inhibitor TFMS and with FAK/Src Inhibitor PP2. FAK had a relatively low basal level of phosphorylation at Tyr397 in non-stretched NRVMs. Cyclic stretch (1HZ, 10%) induced rapid and sustained (up to 60 min) increases in phosphorylation of FAK at Tyr397. The results of coimmunoprecipitation assays indicated that FAK and SHP-2 are associated in non-stretched NRVMs, but cyclic stretch markedly reduced (to 25% and 60% after 10 and 60 min, respectively) the amount of SHP-2 recovered from the anti-FAK antibody precipitates. The tyrosine phosphatase activity of the anti-SHP-2 immunocomplex taken from non-stretched cardiac myocytes was relatively high, but it was markedly reduced (to 60% after 10 and 60 min) in samples of stretched cells. The recombinant PTP domain of SHP-2 was demonstrated to be able to dephosphorylate the native FAK immunoprecipitated from NRVMs. The inhibition of SHP-2 activity by the pharmacological inhibitor TFMS markedly increased FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 in non-stretched NRVMs to levels comparable to those seen in stretched cells. Treatment with TFMS lasting for 4h was accompanied by a marked increase (to 200) the expression of beta-myosin heavy chain mRNA in non-stretched NRVMs. This effect was attenuated by 25% in NRVMs simultaneous treated with the FAK/Src inhibitor PP2.In conclusion, the present data demonstrated that the basal FAK phosphorylation at Tyr397 is modulated by SHP-2 and that inhibition of SHP-2 during cyclic stretch has a permissive role on FAK activation by mechanical stress. Our results also establish the tight regulation of FAK phosphorylation by SHP-2 as a potential counter-regulatory signaling in the control of the hyperthophic genetic program in cardiac myocytes / Mestrado / Medicina Experimental / Mestre em Fisiopatologia Médica

Orientador: Marta Helena Krieger / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T15:25:30Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Oliveira_MarianaGoncalvesde_M.pdf: 2027053 bytes, checksum: c424b2043397f6d28d8adebb3fc72bd3 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O óxido nítrico (NO) é um multifuncional agente biológico que nas últimas décadas tem sido alvo de uma infinidade de estudos e constitui hoje um dos mais importantes mediadores de processos intra e extracelulares. Diversos estudos demonstram sua capacidade de prevenção da ativação e adesão plaquetária ou leucocitária e inibição da proliferação e migração de células musculares lisas vasculares (VSMCs), entretanto, em condições de baixa disponibilidade do NO esses processos são prejudicados. Atualmente há o grande interesse no desenvolvimento de compostos capazes de liberar NO de forma modulada e estável, e, nesse sentido, os complexos nitrosilos de rutênio têm se destacado por suas características excepcionais. É amplamente reconhecido que a modulação fenotípica de VSMCs tem papel crítico na progressão de diversas doenças vasculares proeminentes. Sabe-se que o fator de crescimento derivado de plaquetas (PDGF-BB) é um dos principais estimulantes desse processo. Este estudo se propôs a caracterizar os efeitos inibitórios do complexo de rutênio trans-[Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam)](PF6)2, nomeado Ru(cyclam)NO, na modulação fenotípica, resposta proliferativa e migratória de VSMCs induzidas por PDGF-BB. VSMCs foram obtidas por técnica de cultura primária. A citotoxicidade do complexo, na faixa de concentração de 100 ?M a 1500 ?M, foi determinada em ensaios de redução do MTT e incorporação neutral red (NR), e comparadas a do nitroprussiato de sódio (SNP). A concentração 100 ?M foi definida para os demais protocolos experimentais. Western blotting, ensaios transwell e wound healing, e incorporação de timidina triciada foram utilizados para determinação da modulação fenotípica, migração e proliferação celular, respectivamente, e níveis de nitrato no meio foram determinados por quimiluminescência para avaliação do perfil de liberação de NO. O complexo demonstrou baixa citotoxicidade, mesmo na maior concentração e após 48 horas de exposição, reduzindo ao máximo em 30% a porcentagem de células viáveis em ambos os ensaios, demonstrando ser menos tóxico que o SNP. Níveis de nitrato no meio atigiram a concentração máxima após 30 minutos (11 ?M ± 4,8), de maneira mais lenta em relação ao SNP, cuja concentração máxima foi após 5 minutos (13 ?M ± 3,7). A proliferação das VSMCs induzida por PDGF-BB foi inibida, reduzindo à metade a radioatividade incorporada, bem como a expressão do marcador de proliferação PCNA. Observou-se redução de 45% na migração induzida por PDGF-BB nos ensaios transwell, e no wound-healing, embora qualitativo, a redução é notável. A modulação fenotípica da VSMC foi observada pela redução em 60% da expressão da proteína alfa-actina, característica do fenótipo maduro, e foi quase totalmente prevenida pelo tratamento com o complexo. Tal prevenção pode ser mediada pelo fator de transcrição ELK-1, que favorece a expressão de genes de diferenciação, e cuja fosforilação foi estimulada pelo PDGF-BB, porém inibida em quase 50% pelo pré-tratamento com Ru(cyclam)NO. As respostas observadas nos tratamentos com Ru(cyclam)NO foram promissoras, e, embora seu mecanismo de ação x ainda não esteja completamente esclarecido, este complexo demonstrou atividade biológica singular, e sua aplicação em condições clínicas onde há descontrole de processos de proliferação e migração de VSMCs, como a reestenose, apresenta-se como uma proposta interessante / Abstract: Nitric oxide (NO) is a multifuctional biological agent that in the recent decades has been the subject of a plethora of studies and today is one of the most important intracellular and extracellular processes mediators. Several studies have demonstrated its ability to prevent leukocyte or platelet adhesion and activation, and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) proliferation and migration. However, low availability of NO conditions determines impairement of these processes. There is a keen interest in the development of compounds capable of releasing NO modulated so stable, and the nitrosyl ruthenium complexes have gained prominence for its exceptional features. It is widely recognized that the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs, and its uncontrolled proliferation and migration, plays a critical role in the progression of several prominent vascular diseases. It is known that the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) is a primary stimulant of the process. This study aimed to determine the inhibitory effects of the ruthenium complex NO donor trans-[Ru(NO)Cl(cyclam)](PF6)2, named Ru(cyclam)NO, in the phenotypic switching, on migratory and proliferative responses of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB, and its biological response. VSMCs were obtained from primary culture methodology. The complex cytotoxicity were determined by MTT reduction and incorporation of neutral red (NR) assays, in the range of concentration from 100 ?M to 1500 ?M, and compared to sodium nitroprusside (SNP). For the following experimental protocols the concentration of the 100 ?M was set. Western blotting, transwell and wound healing assays, and incorporation of tritiated thymidine were used for determination of phenotypic switching, cell migration and proliferation, respectively. Evaluation of the NO profile release was determined as nitrate levels in the culture medium by chemiluminescence. The complex Ru(cyclam)NO showed low cytotoxicity even at the highest concentration evaluated and after 48 hours of exposition, reducing only 30% the percentage of viable cells in both trials, showing be less toxic than the SNP. Medium nitrate levels exibhited the highest concentration after 30 min (11 ?M ± 4.8), slower when compared to SNP, which reached the maximum concentration after 5 minutes (13 ?M ± 3.7). The proliferation of VSMCs induced by PDGF-BB was inhibited by half of the radioactivity incorporated counting, as well as the reduction on the expression of the proliferation marker PCNA. Observed a reduction by 45% in the migration induced by PDGF-BB determined in transwell assays, and on the wound-healing, although a qualitative result, the reduction of migration induced by PDGF-BB. The 60% reduction by PDGF-BB treatment of the contractile protein expression ?-SMA, characteristic of mature phenotype, revealed the modulation of VSMCs phenotype, and it was almost completely prevented by treatment with the complex. Such prevention was associated with inhibition by almost 50% of phosphorylation of the transcription factor ELK-1 stimulated by PDGF-BB. The responses determined with complex treatments revealed promising for future development of cardiovascular devices. Although its xii mechanism of action is not completely understood, this complex showed singular biological activity, and its application in some clinical conditions where there is uncontrolled proliferation and migration of VSMCs presents as a substancial proposal / Mestrado / Fisiologia / Mestra em Biologia Funcional e Molecular

Abstract Excitation-contraction coupling (ECC) is a process linking the electrical excitation of the muscle cell (myocyte) membrane to the contraction of the cell. In this study the possibilities of mathematical modeling were studied in current ECC research. Mathematical modeling was employed in two distinct ECC research areas, the enzymatic regulation of ECC and ECC during cardiac myocyte development. Despite the distinction, both of these are extremely complex biological systems characterized by diverse and partly contradictory reported experimental results, with a large part based on genetically engineered animal models. Novel mathematical models were developed for both of these research areas. The model of ventricular myocyte ECC with calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (CaMKII)-mediated regulation faithfully reproduced the heart-rate dependent regulation of ECC. This regulation is thought to be the major effect of CaMKII-mediated regulation. The model of the embryonic ventricular myocyte provided the first comprehensive system analysis of how the embryonic heartbeat is generated at the cellular level. A similar type of model was also developed to show the notable differences between neonatal and adult ventricular myocyte ECC. The mathematical models of ECC presented in this study were further used to simulate ECC in genetically engineered myocytes. The cellular mechanisms of genetically engineered animal models could be better understood by employing mathematical modeling in parallel to experimental characterization of the animal model. It was found in simulations that the indirect consequences and the compensatory mechanisms induced by genetic modification may have a more significant effect on ECC than the direct consequences of the modification. To understand the overwhelming complexity of biological systems including ECC, competent system analysis tools, such as mathematical modeling, are required. The purpose of mathematical modeling is not to replace the experimental studies, but to provide a more comprehensive system analysis based on the experimental data. This system analysis will help in planning subsequent experiments needed to gain the most relevant information about the studied biological system.