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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
61

Mezibuněčné interakce v maligním melanomu / Intercellular interactions in malignant melanoma

Nedvědová, Tereza January 2014 (has links)
Melanomas are one of the most aggressive types of tumours, with increasing incidence, high mortality and high potential to metastasize to a variety of diverse locations. The aim of this thesis was to study the tumour as a complex structure consisting not only of tumour cells but also of tumour stroma. Stromal cells play a major role in cancer biology. This is well documented for example in squamous cell epithelium tumours of the head and neck. Similar mechanisms can be expected to occur in melanomas. In the first experiment, we simulated the conditions in vivo during the metastatic process and studied the influence of non-adhesive environment both with and without the influence of stromal fibroblasts. The presented data demonstrates a change of tumour cells' phenotype leading to increased plasticity of the melanoma cells in these conditions. It also indicates the crucial role of stromal fibroblasts in interactions with melanoma cells. Cancer cell lines show variability in their behaviour, which is in accordance with well-known melanoma heterogeneity in clinical practice. The previous experiments in our laboratory indicate that cancer associated fibroblasts are able to influence the phenotype of a tumour cell line and this effect is based on a tumour type-unspecific mechanism. In the second part of...
62

Expression and Regulation of the Insulin-like Growth Factor Axis Components in Rat Liver Myofibroblasts / Expression und Regulation von Komponenten der IGF-Achse in Rattenlebermyofibroblasten

Novosyadlyy, Ruslan 03 November 2004 (has links)
No description available.
63

Functional analysis of IGFBP-2 overexpression in mouse liver myofibroblasts: Therapeutic implication for liver fibrogenesis / Funktionelle Analyse der IGFBP-2 Ueberexpression in Lebermyofibroblasten bei Maeusen: Therapeutische Vorschlaege bei Liberfibrogenese

Pannem, Rajeswara Rao 30 October 2007 (has links)
No description available.
64

The role of Microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and Ephrin B2 in Scleroderma

Ghassemi Kakroodi, Parisa 03 1900 (has links)
La sclérodermie (sclérose systémique, ScS) est une maladie auto-immune du tissu conjonctif caractérisée  par  l’épaississement  de  la  peau,  l’apparition  spontanée de lésions cicatricielles, des maladies   des   vaisseaux   sanguins,   divers   degrés   d’inflammation,   en   association   avec   un   système   immunitaire hyperactif. La pathogénèse exacte de cette maladie est inconnue et aucun traitement approprié   n’est   disponible.   La fibrose est un élément distinctif de la maladie de ScS et est considérée   résulter   d’une   incapacité   à   mettre   fin   de   façon   appropriée   à   la   réponse   normale   de   réparation   des   plaies.   L’analyse   histologique   du   stade   initial   de   la   ScS   révèle   une   infiltration   périvasculaire de cellules mononucléaires dans le derme, associée à une synthèse accrue de collagène dans les fibroblastes environnants. Ainsi, la compréhension des moyens de contrôler le stade inflammatoire de la ScS pourrait être bénéfique pour contrôler la progression de la maladie peu après son apparition. La mPGES-1 est une enzyme inductible qui agit en aval de la cyclo- oxygénase (COX) pour catalyser spécifiquement la conversion de la prostaglandine (PG) H2 en PGE2. La mPGES-1  joue  un  rôle  clé  dans  l’inflammation,  la  douleur  et  l’arthrite;;  toutefois,  le   rôle de la mPGES-1 dans les mécanismes de fibrose, spécifiquement en rapport avec la ScS humaine, est inconnu. Mon laboratoire a précédemment montré que les souris à mPGES-1 nulle sont résistantes à la fibrose   cutanée   induite   par   la   bléomycine,   à   l’inflammation,   à   l’épaississement  cutané,  à  la  production  de  collagène  et  à  la  formation  de  myofibroblastes.  Sur  la   base  de  ces  résultats,  j’ai  formulé  l’hypothèse  que  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1 régulera à la baisse la production de médiateurs pro-inflammatoires et pro-fibreux au cours de la maladie   de   ScS.   Afin   d’explorer   le   rôle   de   la   mPGES-1   dans   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose   associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS,  j’ai  d’abord  examiné  l’expression  de  la  mPGES-1 dans la peau normale comparativement à des biopsies de peau extraites de patients atteints de ScS. Mes résultats ont montré que la mPGES-1 est nettement élevée dans la peau de patients atteints de ScS en comparaison avec la peau humaine normale. De plus, les niveaux de PGE2 dérivés de la mPGES-1 étaient également significativement plus élevés dans les fibroblastes cutanés isolés de patients  atteints  de  ScS  comparativement  aux  fibroblastes  isolés  de  témoins  sains.  J’ai  également   étudié  l’effet  de  l’inhibition pharmacologique de la mPGES-1  sur  l’expression  de  marqueurs  pro- fibreux.   Mes   études   ont   montré   que   l’expression   de   médiateurs   pro-fibreux clés (α-SMA, endothéline-1, collagène de type 1 et facteur de croissance du tissu conjonctif (FCTC)) est élevée dans les fibroblastes cutanés ScS en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. Un traitement avec un inhibiteur de la mPGES-1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement l’expression  de  l’α-SMA,  de  l’endothéline-1, du collagène de type 1 mais pas du FCTC dans les fibroblastes  ScS,  sans  effet  significatif  sur  les  fibroblastes  normaux.  J’ai  en  outre  examiné  l’effet   de  l’inhibition  de  la  mPGES-1 sur des cytokines pro-inflammatoires clés impliquées dans la pathologie de la ScS, incluant IL-6, IL-8 et MCP-1.  L’inhibition  pharmacologique  de  la  mPGES- 1 a eu pour effet de réduire significativement les niveaux de production de cytokines pro- inflammatoires IL6, IL8 et MCP-1 dans les fibroblastes avec lésion ScS comparativement à des fibroblastes non traités. De plus, les patients atteints de ScS ont présenté des niveaux plus élevés de p-AKT, de p-FAK et de p-SMAD3 en comparaison avec les fibroblastes cutanés normaux. L’inhibiteur  de  la  mPGES-1 a pu réguler à la baisse cette expression accrue de p-AKT et de p- FAK, mais pas de p-SMAD3,  dans  les  fibroblastes  ScS.  Ces  résultats  ont  suggéré  que  l’inhibition   de la mPGES-1 pourrait être une méthode viable pour réduire le développement de sclérose cutanée et constituent une cible thérapeutique potentielle pour contrôler les mécanismes fibreux et inflammatoires associés à la pathophysiologie de la maladie de ScS. L’un   des   autres   processus   critiques   reliés   à   l’évolution de la réponse fibreuse associée à la maladie de ScS est la différenciation des fibroblastes en des cellules activées spécialisées iii iv appelées myofibroblastes, responsables de déclencher une signalisation adhésive excessive et le dépôt excessif de matrice extracellulaire,   conduisant   à   la   destruction   de   l’architecture   de   l’organe.   Ainsi,   l’identification   des   facteurs   endogènes   qui   initient/   favorisent   la   différenciation   fibroblaste-myofibroblaste peut mener à des stratégies thérapeutiques prometteuses pour contrôler  l’excès  de  signalisation  adhésive  et  de  fibrose  associé  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  Des  études   antérieures  dans  le  domaine  de  la  biologie  du  cancer  ont  suggéré  que  l’éphrine  B2,  une  protéine   transmembranaire appartenant à la famille des éphrines, est impliquée dans la signalisation adhésive   et   le   remodelage   extracellulaire.   Cependant,   son   rôle   dans   la   fibrose   n’a   jamais   été   exploré.   Dans   la   deuxième   partie   de   mon   étude,   j’ai   donc   étudié   le   rôle   de   l’éphrine   B2   dans   la   fibrose.   Mes   études   montrent   que   l’expression   de   l’éphrine   B2   est   significativement   augmentée   dans la peau humaine ScS comparativement à la peau normale. Plus important encore, le traitement in vitro de   fibroblastes   de   la   peau   humaine   normale   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante est capable de transformer des fibroblastes en cellules myofibroblastiques manifestant toutes les caractéristiques myofibroblastiques typiques, incluant la formation accrue de  fibres  de  tension,  des  adhérences  focales,  l’activation  accrue  de  la  FAK,  un  accroissement  de   l’expression  et  de  la  migration  de  fibroblastes  et  de  leur  adhérence  à  la  fibronectine  à  la  fois  chez   les   fibroblastes   cutanés   normaux   et   ScS.   En   outre,   j’ai   traité   des   souris   avec   de   l’éphrine   B2   recombinante et montré que ces souris ont développé une fibrose cutanée significative associée à une épaisseur dermique et à une synthèse de collagène augmentées, une teneur en hydroxyproline (teneur en collagène) accrue et un nombre accru de myofibroblastes exprimant de   l’α-SMA, une activation augmentée de la FAK et de marqueurs pro-fibreux incluant le collagène de type 1 et le FCTC. Dans  l’ensemble,  mes  études  ont  identifié  deux  médiateurs  endogènes  cruciaux  impliqués  dans  la   propagation  de  l’inflammation  et  de  la  fibrose  associées  à  la  maladie  de  ScS.  L’inhibition  de  la   mPGES-1   pourrait   représenter   une   bonne   stratégie   alternative   pour   contrer   l’inflammation   et   la   fibrose au moins durant les stades précoces de la maladie de ScS. De plus, une signalisation excessive   de   l’éphrine B2 favorise la signalisation adhésive et fibreuse en déclenchant la différenciation   de   fibroblastes   en   myofibroblastes   par   l’activation   de   la   voie   de   signalisation   de   la  FAK.  Ainsi,  l’inhibition  d’éphrine  B2  bloquera  la  formation  de  fibroblastes-myofibroblastes et régulera à la baisse la fibrose associée à la maladie de ScS. En somme, la mPGES-1  et  l’éphrine   B2 semblent toutes deux des cibles attrayantes pour le traitement de la ScS et des troubles fibreux qui y sont reliés. / Scleroderma (Systemic sclerosis, SSc) is an autoimmune disease of the connective tissue featuring skin thickening, spontaneous scarring, and blood vessel disease, varying degrees of inflammation, associated with an overactive immune system. The exact pathogenesis of this disease is unknown and there is no appropriate treatment available. Fibrosis is a hallmark of SSc disease and is considered to arise due to an inability to appropriately terminate the normal wound repair response. Histological analysis of the initial stage of SSc reveals perivascular infiltrates of mononuclear cells in the dermis, which is associated with increased collagen synthesis in the surrounding fibroblasts. Thus understanding how to control the inflammatory stage of SSc may be of benefit in controlling the progression of early onset disease. mPGES-1 is an inducible enzyme that acts downstream of cyclooxygenase (COX) to specifically catalyze the conversion of prostaglandin (PG) H2 to PGE2. mPGES-1 plays a key role in inflammation, pain and arthritis; however, the role of mPGES-1 in fibrotic mechanisms especially with respect to human SSc is unknown. My laboratory has previously shown that mPGES-1-null mice are resistant to bleomycin-induced skin fibrosis, inflammation, cutaneous thickening, collagen production and myofibroblast formation. Based on these results I hypothesized that pharmacological inhibition of mPGES-1 will downregulate the production of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic mediators during SSc disease. To explore the role of mPGES-1 in inflammation and fibrosis associated with SSc disease, I first investigated the expression of mPGES-1 in normal skin compared to skin biopsies extracted from SSc patients. My results showed that mPGES-1 is markedly elevated in SSc skin compared to normal human skin. In addition, the levels of mPGES-1- derived PGE2 were also significantly higher in skin fibroblasts isolated from SSc patients compared to fibroblasts isolated from healthy controls. I further investigated the effect of pharmacological inhibition of mPGES-1 on the expression of pro-fibrotic markers. My studies showed the expression of key pro-fibrotic mediators (α-SMA, endothelin-1, collagen type 1 and connective tissue growth factor) are elevated in SSc skin fibroblasts compared to normal skin fibroblasts. Treatment with mPGES-1 inhibitor resulted in significant reduction in the expression of α-SMA, endothelin-1, collagen type 1 but not CTGF in SSc and normal fibroblasts. Further, I investigated the effect of mPGES-1 inhibition on key pro-inflammatory cytokines implicated in SSc pathology including IL-6, IL-8 and MCP-1. Pharmacological inhibition of mPGES-1 resulted in significant reduction in the production levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL6, IL8 and MCP-1 in SSc-lesioned fibroblasts compared to untreated fibroblasts. In addition, SSc patients exhibited higher levels of p-AKT, p-FAK and p-SMAD3 compared to normal skin fibroblasts. mPGES-1 inhibitor was able to down regulate this increased expression of p-AKT, p-FAK but not p-SMAD3 in SSc fibroblasts. These results suggested that inhibition of mPGES-1 may be a viable method to alleviate the development of cutaneous sclerosis and is a potential therapeutic target to control fibrotic and inflammatory mechanisms associated with the pathophysiology of SSc disease. One of the other critical processes associated with the evolution of fibrotic response associated with SSc disease is the differentiation of fibroblasts into specialized activated cells called myofibroblasts responsible for triggering excessive adhesive signaling and deposition of excessive extracellular matrix (ECM) leading to the destruction of organ architecture. Thus identifying endogenous factors which initiate/promote fibroblast-myofibroblast differentiation can lead to promising therapeutic strategies to control excessive adhesive signaling and fibrosis associated with SSc disease. Previous studies in cancer biology have suggested that ephrin B2, a transmembrane protein belonging to the family of ephrins, is involved in adhesive signaling and extracellular remodeling. However its role in fibrosis has never been explored. Therefore, in second part of my study, I investigated the role of ephrin B2 in fibrosis. My studies show ephrin v vi B2 expression is significantly enhanced in human SSc skin versus normal skin. Most importantly, in vitro treatment of normal human skin fibroblasts with recombinant ephrin B2 is able to transform fibroblasts into myofibroblastic cells exhibiting all typical myofibroblastic- characteristics including increased stress fibre formation, focal adhesions, increased activation of FAK, increased expression of and enhanced fibroblast migration and adhesion to fibronectin in both normal and SSc skin fibroblasts. Further, I treated mice with recombinant ephrin B2 and showed that these mice developed significant skin fibrosis associated with enhanced dermal thickness and collagen synthesis, increased hydroxyproline content (collagen content) and increased number of α-SMA-expressing myofibroblasts, enhanced activation of FAK and pro- fibrotic markers including type-I collagen and CTGF. Overall, my studies have identified two crucial endogenous mediators involved in propagating inflammation and fibrosis associated with SSc disease. mPGES-1 inhibition may present a good alternative strategy to counteract inflammation and fibrosis at least during early stages of SSc disease. Further, excessive ephrin B2 signaling promotes adhesive and fibrotic signaling by triggering fibroblast to myofibroblast differentiation via activation of the FAK signaling pathway. Thus, inhibition of ephrin B2 will block fibroblast-myofibroblast formation and downregulate fibrosis associated with SSc disease. Overall, both mPGES-1 and ephrin B2 seems to be attractive targets for treatment of SSc and related fibrotic disorders.
65

Estudo imuno-histoqu?mico da presen?a de miofibroblastos e da express?o do fator transformador de crescimento-beta1, interferon gama, metaloproteinase de matriz 13 e indutor de metaloproteinases de matriz em les?es odontog?nicas epiteliais

Santos, Pedro Paulo de Andrade 28 February 2012 (has links)
Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-03T15:38:43Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PedroPAS_TESE_1-70.pdf: 4719637 bytes, checksum: 8f16cb0e2326a80cfc947b1ea2b89641 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-28 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / Myofibroblasts are cells that exhibit a hybrid phenotype, sharing the morphological characteristics of fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells, which is acquired during a process called differentiation. These cells then start to express -SMA, a marker that can be used for their identification. Studies suggest that myofibroblasts are related to the aggressiveness of different tumors and that TGF-1 and IFN- play a role in myofibroblast differentiation, stimulating or inhibiting this differentiation, respectively. The objective of this study was to investigate the role of myofibroblasts in epithelial odontogenic tumors, correlating the presence of these cells with the aggressiveness of the tumor. Immunohistochemistry was used to evaluate the expression of TGF-1 and IFN- in myofibroblast differentiation, as well as the expression of MMP-13, which is activated by myofibroblasts, and of EMMPRIN (extracellular matrix metalloproteinase inducer) as a precursor of this MMP. The sample consisted of 20 solid ameloblastomas, 10 unicystic ameloblastomas, 20 odontogenic keratocysts, and 20 adenomatoid odontogenic tumors. For evaluation of myofibroblasts, anti- -SMA-immunoreactive cells were quantified in connective tissue close to the epithelium. Immunoexpression of TGF-1, IFN-, MMP-13 and EMMPRIN was evaluated in the epithelial and connective tissue components, attributing scores of 0 to 4. The results showed a higher concentration of myofibroblasts in solid ameloblastomas (mean of 30.55), followed by odontogenic keratocysts (22.50), unicystic ameloblastomas (20.80), and adenomatoid odontogenic tumors (19.15) (p=0.001). No significant correlation between TGF-1 and IFN- was observed during the process of myofibroblast differentiation. There was also no correlation between the quantity of myofibroblasts and MMP-13 expression. Significant correlations were found between MMP-13 and TGF-1 (r=0.087; p=0.011), between MMP- 13 and IFN- (r=0.348; p=0.003), as well as between EMMPRIN and MMP-13 (r=0.474; p<0.001) and between EMMPRIN and IFN- (r=0.393; p=0.001). The higher quantity of myofibroblasts observed in solid ameloblastomas, odontogenic keratocysts and unicystic ameloblastomas suggests that these cells are one of the factors responsible for the more aggressive biological behavior of these tumors, although the myofibroblast population was not correlated with TGF-1, IFN-, MMP-13 or EMMPRIN. The correlation between MMP- 13 and TGF-1 suggests that the latter induces the expression of this metalloproteinase. The present results also support the well-established role of EMMPRIN as an inducer of MMP-13. Furthermore, the relationship between EMMPRIN and IFN- and between MMP-13 and IFN- suggests synergism in the antifibrotic effect of these markers / Os miofibroblastos s?o c?lulas que apresentam um fen?tipo h?brido exibindo caracter?sticas morfol?gicas de fibroblastos e de c?lulas musculares lisas, sendo a aquisi??o de tal fen?tipo denominada diferencia??o, passando ent?o a expressar a -SMA, a qual ? importante na identifica??o dessas c?lulas. Estudos t?m sugerido que os miofibroblastos apresentam rela??o com a agressividade de diversas les?es e que o seu processo de diferencia??o estaria relacionado ? express?o do TGF- 1 e do IFN- atuando, respectivamente, no est?mulo e na inibi??o dessa diferencia??o. O objetivo deste trabalho foi investigar o papel dos miofibroblastos em les?es odontog?nicas epiteliais, relacionando-os ? agressividade das les?es e analisar por meio da imuno-histoqu?mica, a express?o do TGF- 1 e IFN- no processo de diferencia??o, al?m da an?lise da MMP-13 que ? ativada por miofibroblastos e do indutor de metaloproteinases de matriz (EMMPRIN) como precursor desta MMP. A amostra foi constitu?da por 20 ameloblastomas s?lidos, 10 ameloblastomas unic?sticos, 20 ceratocistos odontog?nicos e 20 tumores odontog?nicos adenomat?ides. Para a avalia??o dos miofibroblastos, foram quantificadas as c?lulas imunorreativas ao anticorpo - SMA presentes no tecido conjuntivo, pr?ximo ao tecido epitelial. As express?es de TGF- 1, IFN- , MMP-13 e EMMPRIN, foram avaliadas no componente epitelial e no conjuntivo, estabelecendo-se o percentual de imunorreatividade e atribuindo-se escores de 0 a 4. A an?lise dos miofibroblastos evidenciou maior concentra??o nos ameloblastomas s?lidos (m?dia de 30,55), seguido pelos ceratocistos odontog?nicos (22,50), ameloblastomas unic?sticos (20,80) e tumores odontog?nicos adenomat?ides (19,15) com valor de p= 0,001. N?o foi encontrada correla??o significativa entre TGF- 1 e IFN- no processo de diferencia??o dos miofibroblastos, bem como na rela??o entre a quantidade de miofibroblastos e a express?o da MMP-13. Constatou-se, correla??o estat?stica entre MMP-13 e TGF- 1 (r= 0,087; p= 0,011) al?m de significante correla??o entre MMP-13 e IFN- (r=0,348; p=0,003). Entre EMMPRIN e MMP-13 verificou-se signific?ncia (r= 0,474; p<0,001) assim como entre EMMPRIN e IFN- (r=0,393; p=0,001). A maior quantidade de miofibroblastos evidenciada nos ameloblastomas s?lidos, ceratocistos odontog?nicos e ameloblastomas unic?sticos sugere que estas c?lulas podem ser um dos fatores respons?veis para um comportamento biol?gico mais agressivo destas les?es, embora a popula??o de miofibroblastos n?o tenha apresentado correla??o com TGF- - 1, IFN- ,MMP-13 e EMMPRIN. Quanto a correla??o evidenciada entre MMP-13 e TGF- 1, isto pode sugerir um papel indutor do TGF- 1 para a express?o da MMP-13, assim como os resultados deste estudo refor?am a rela??o bem estabelecida do EMMPRIN como indutor da MMP-13. Constatou-se tamb?m rela??o entre EMMPRIN e IFN- assim como entre MMP-13 e IFN- sugerindo, dessa forma, um sinergismo na a??o anti-fibr?tica desses marcadores
66

Élucidation des rôles des voies Wnt et Hippo dans le développement et la fonction du tractus reproducteur femelle chez la souris

St-Jean, Guillaume 11 1900 (has links)
Le développement du tractus reproducteur femelle est issu de la coordination minutieuse de nombreuses voies de signalisation régulant les processus de prolifération, différenciation et d’apoptose cellulaire durant l’embryogenèse. Les voies Wnt et Hippo se démarquent à cet égard. L’activation de la voie Wnt, via des ligands spécifiques, participe à la stabilisation et l’augmentation de l’activité transcriptionnelle du coactivateur de transcription β-catenin. La voie Hippo, pour sa part, ne possède aucun de ligand spécifique. L’inactivation de la voie Hippo (via les kinases Lats1 et Lats2) entraine la stabilisation des coactivateurs de la transcription YAP/TAZ et l’augmentation de leur activité transcriptionnelle. Plusieurs évidences suggèrent notamment la possibilité de redondance fonctionnelle entre certains ligands de la voie Wnt, dont Wnt4 et Wnt5a, dans le développement du tractus reproducteur femelle. Cette avenue demeure toutefois peu étudiée. L’implication de la voie Hippo n’a pas été rapportée dans le développement du tractus reproducteur femelle. Toutefois, les nombreuses interactions rapportées dans la littérature entre les deux voies suggèrent un rôle méconnu de la voie Hippo. L’objectif de ce projet était donc d’élucider les rôles de Wnt4, Wnt5a, Lats1 et Lats2 dans le mésenchyme de Müller et le développement de l’utérus. Les résultats de notre première étude ont confirmé la fonction partiellement redondante de Wnt4 et Wnt5a dans le développement de l’utérus. Notre modèle est notamment caractérisé par des anomalies développementales ainsi qu’une perte de fonction utérine associée à des anomalies de décidualisation in vivo et une diminution de la viabilité des concepti. Les résultats de notre seconde étude ont confirmé les rôles redondants de Lats1 et Lats2 dans le maintien de la multipotentialité des cellules mésenchymateuses müllériennes. Une différenciation hâtive des cellules mésenchymateuses müllériennes en myofibroblastes via, entre autres, l’expression du gène cible Ctgf, a été observée. Nos résultats additionnels n’ont pu mettre en évidence une interaction potentielle entre les voies Wnt et Hippo pouvant expliquer l’apparition des phénotypes. Ces deux études permettent de confirmer certains rôles connus et d’établir de nouveaux rôles de ces voies dans le développement des canaux de Müller. Ils pourront aussi établir les fondements de modèles permettant l’étude de différentes pathologies utérines et l’identification de cibles thérapeutiques. / The development of the female reproductive tract arises from the coordination of numerous signaling pathways regulating processes such as proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis during embryogenesis. The Wnt and Hippo pathways are known to be involved in these processes. Wnt pathway activation, via its specific ligands, results in the stabilisation and increased transcriptional activity of β-catenin. The Hippo pathway does not possess any specific ligands. In contrast to Wnt, inactivation of the Hippo pathway (via Lats1 and Lats2 kinases) is required for the stabilization and increased activity of the transcriptional coactivators YAP and TAZ. The Wnt pathway is known to be involved in the development of the female reproductive tract. Further evidence also suggests the possibility of functional redundancy amongst certain WNT ligands such as Wnt4 and Wnt5a. The Hippo pathway is not known to be implicated in the development of the female reproductive tract. However, numerous interactions have been reported between both pathways, suggesting a possible unknown role of Hippo in that context. The objective of this project was to elucidate the roles of Wnt4, Wnt5a, Lats1 and Lats2 in the Müllerian mesenchyme and the development of the uterus. Results from our first study confirmed the partially redundant roles of Wnt4 and Wnt5a in the development of the uterus. Our model was notably characterized by developmental abnormalities and loss of uterine functions resulting in in vivo decidualization defects and loss of conceptus viability. Results from our second study confirmed the redundant roles of Lats1 and Lats2 in the maintenance of Müllerian mesenchymal cell multipotency. We observed premature differentiation of Müllerian mesenchymal cells into myofibroblasts in absence of both Lats1 and Lats2. These changes were in part due to the increased expression of the target gene Ctgf. Our additional results could not demonstrate any potential interactions between the Wnt and Hippo pathways that could explain the phenotypic changes. In conclusion, our studies confirmed and further discovered novel roles of these pathways in the development of the Müllerian ducts. These models could also lead to better understanding of the pathophysiology of certain uterine diseases and the discovery of potential therapeutic approaches.
67

Targeting Sphingosine Kinase 2 as a Treatment for Cholangiocarcinoma

Stillman, Anthony D 01 January 2019 (has links)
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) has a high mortality rate and its occurrence is rising. This increase prompts the need for improved CCA treatments. Studies have suggested that CCA is highly reliant on the sphingosine-1-phosphate-receptor-2 (S1PR2) and sphingosine kinase 2 (SphK2). Recently, a competitive SphK2 inhibitor, ABC294640, has been approved for clinical trial. ABC294640 has the potential to treat CCA, which is support by a phase I clinical study that was able to temporarily treat a patient suffering from metastasized CCA with ABC294640. To determine the viability of ABC294640 as a treatment for CCA, this study focused on determining the effects of ABC294640 on rat CCA cell lines. We found that ABC294640 inhibited the growth and migration of CCA and CAFs cells. The growth and count of 3-D organotypic co-culture of CCA and CAFs, which forms the “duct-like” structures, were reduced by ABC294640. The potential of inhibiting SphK2 as a treatment for CCA is supported by our finding of increased expression of S1PR2 and SphK2 in CCA patient liver samples. In conclusion, ABC294640 represents a potential therapeutic agent for CCA.
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The role of Microsomal prostaglandin synthase-1 (mPGES-1) and Ephrin B2 in Scleroderma

Ghassemi Kakroodi, Parisa 03 1900 (has links)
No description available.

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