京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(生命科学) / 甲第24857号 / 生博第503号 / 新制||生||67(附属図書館) / 京都大学大学院生命科学研究科統合生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 片山, 高嶺, 教授 永尾, 雅哉, 教授 木村, 郁夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy in Life Sciences / Kyoto University / DFAM

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), a lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of heparan sulphate. Dysfunctional NAGLU gives rise to a clinical phenotype of severe and progressive mental retardation, often accompanied by hyperactivity and aggressive behaviour. At present, there is no effective treatment for MPS IIIB. However, cloning of the human NAGLU cDNA has made the potential production of human recombinant enzyme for use in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) a viable option. The work outlined herein focuses on attempts to produce human recombinant NAGLU (rNAGLU) using both yeast and insect cell based expression systems; with the major focus on yeast based expression. Use of a humanized yeast strain, codon optimisation of a portion of the NAGLU gene, selection of Mut+, MutS and multiple integrant strains, and growth at decreased temperature were explored to optimise NAGLU expression in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. As none of these measures resulted in abundant NAGLU production, Sf9 and Tni insect cell lines were investigated as an alternate expression system. Additionally, a protein transduction domain (PTD) was fused to NAGLU (NTAT) to circumvent current problems faced in delivering therapeutic enzymes to the brain. NAGLU protein, with and without a fused PTD, were expressed using stable transfection and baculovirus infection techniques. Small scale experiments utilizing the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) have yielded promising results, generating functionally active NAGLU and NTAT protein of the expected approximately 80-85 kDa molecular mass. This preliminary success indicates the BEVS may be an attractive option for the large scale production of rNAGLU and rNTAT.

Mucopolysaccharidosis (MPS) IIIB is an autosomal recessive disorder caused by a defect in alpha-N-acetylglucosaminidase (NAGLU), a lysosomal enzyme involved in the degradation of heparan sulphate. Dysfunctional NAGLU gives rise to a clinical phenotype of severe and progressive mental retardation, often accompanied by hyperactivity and aggressive behaviour. At present, there is no effective treatment for MPS IIIB. However, cloning of the human NAGLU cDNA has made the potential production of human recombinant enzyme for use in enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) a viable option. The work outlined herein focuses on attempts to produce human recombinant NAGLU (rNAGLU) using both yeast and insect cell based expression systems; with the major focus on yeast based expression. Use of a humanized yeast strain, codon optimisation of a portion of the NAGLU gene, selection of Mut+, MutS and multiple integrant strains, and growth at decreased temperature were explored to optimise NAGLU expression in the methylotrophic yeast, Pichia pastoris. As none of these measures resulted in abundant NAGLU production, Sf9 and Tni insect cell lines were investigated as an alternate expression system. Additionally, a protein transduction domain (PTD) was fused to NAGLU (NTAT) to circumvent current problems faced in delivering therapeutic enzymes to the brain. NAGLU protein, with and without a fused PTD, were expressed using stable transfection and baculovirus infection techniques. Small scale experiments utilizing the baculovirus expression vector system (BEVS) have yielded promising results, generating functionally active NAGLU and NTAT protein of the expected approximately 80-85 kDa molecular mass. This preliminary success indicates the BEVS may be an attractive option for the large scale production of rNAGLU and rNTAT.

Doctor of Philosophy / Department of Biochemistry / Karl J. Kramer / Subbarat Muthukrishnan / Chitin, a linear homopolymer of beta-1,4-linked N-acetylglucosamine, is the second most abundant biopolymer next to cellulose. It is the major structural polysaccharide in the insect’s exoskeleton and gut lining. An extensive study of two of the major genes encoding enzymes involved in chitin metabolism, chitin synthases (CHSs) and beta-N-acetylglucosaminidases (NAGs), was undertaken. CHS genes from the tobacco hornworm, Manduca sexta, and NAG genes from the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum, were identified and characterized. In general, chitin deposition occurs in two major extracellular structures of insects, the cuticle that overlays the epidermis, and the peritrophic membrane (PM) that lines the midgut. Only two CHS genes were identified in M. sexta using Southern blot analysis. Extensive expression studies of both M. sexta CHS genes, MsCHS1 and MsCHS2, suggest a strict functional specialization of these two genes for the synthesis of epidermal and PM-associated chitin, respectively. Furthermore, two alternatively spliced transcripts of MsCHS1, MsCHS1a and MsCHS1b, were identified. Analysis of the levels of these transcripts in different tissues and stages of development indicated that the MsCHS1a transcript predominates in the integument during the feeding and pupal stages, whereas the MsCHS1b transcript is more abundantly present in the tracheae, foregut, and hindgut during all developmental stages tested. Four genes encoding putative NAGs (TcNAG1, TcNAG2, TcNAG3, and TcNAG4) were identified by searching the Tribolium genomic database. The full-length cDNAs for all four NAGs were cloned and sequenced, and the exon-intron organizations were determined. Studies on developmental expression patterns of each gene indicated that they are expressed during most developmental stages with TcNAG1 being the predominant one. The function of each NAG was assessed by down regulating the level of each transcript at various developmental stages using RNA interference. Selective knock down of each transcript, without significant reduction in the expression levels of the other NAG transcripts, was verified and the resulting phenotypes were documented. Knockdown of TcNAG1 interrupted larval-larval, larval-pupal, and pupal-adult molting, and the insects were unable to completely shed their old cuticles.

In the post-genomic era, recognition of the importance of sugars is increasing in biological research. For the precise analysis of their functions, homogeneous materials are required. Chemical synthesis is a powerful tool for preparation of homogeneous oligosaccharides and glycoconjugates. Glycosidases are potent catalysts for this purpose because they realize high stereo- and regio- selectivities under conditions benign to biomolecules without repetitive protection/deprotection procedures. A glycosynthase is an aritificial enzyme which is derived from a glycosidase and is devised for glycosylation reaction. To suppress the mechanistically inherent oligomerization side reaction of this class of biocatalysts, a glycosidase with plastic substrate recognition was engineered to afford the first α-mannosynthase. This novel biocatalyst showed low occurrence of oligomerized products as designed and was applied to prepare a wide range of oligosaccharides. Glycosidases are also valuable tools for glycan engineering of glycoconjugates, which is a pivotal issue in the development of pharmaceutical agents, including immunoglobulin G (IgG)-based drugs. EndoS, an endo-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase from Streptococcus pyogenes, natively cleaves N-glycans on IgG specifically. When the latent glycosylation activity of this enzyme was applied, the N-glycan remodelling of full-length IgG was successfully achieved for the first time and a highly pure glycoform was obtained using the chemically synthesized oxazoline tetrasaccharide as glycosyl donor. This biocatalytic reaction allows development of a novel type of antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) in which drug molecules are linked to N-glycans site-specifically. For this purpose, glycans with bioorthogonal reaction handles were synthesized and conjugated to IgG. A model reaction using a dye compound as reaction partner worked successfully and the synthetic method for this newly designed ADC was validated. Glycan trimming of glycoproteins expressed from Pichia pastoris was performed using exoglycosidases to derive homogeneous glycoform. Jack Bean α-mannosidase (JBM) trimmed native N-glycans down to the core trisaccharide structure but some of the glycoforms were discovered to be resistant to the JBM activity. Enzymatic analyses using exoglycosidases suggested that the JBM-resistant factor was likely to be β-mannoside. In summary, this work advanced application of modified glycosidases for preparation of oligosaccharides and also demonstrated biocatalytic utility of glycosidases to produce biologically relevant glycoconjugates with homogeneous glycoforms.

Glycosylation O-linked β-N-acetylglucosamine (O-GlcNAc) is post-translational modification of proteins, regulated by β-N-acetylglucosaminyltransferase (OGT) and β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (OGA). This intracellular glycosylation differs from the other glycosylation types - it is dynamically regulated, similarly to phosphorylation, β-N-acetylglucosamine serves as a nutrient and stress sensor in cell. Chronically dysregulated O-linked glycosylation by GlcNAc is associated with pathology of various diseases, such as diabetes mellitus type II, oncological and neurodegenerative diseases. Expression of enzymes OGT and OGA is very sensitive for homeostasis of GlcNAc, which is the product of hexosamine biosynthetic pathway. Changes in expressions of these ezymes could be used as a potencial blood marker, e.g. in early stage of diabetes. The aim of this master thesis was to study changes in expression of genes encoding ezymes OGT and OGA in cohort of obese patients in comparison with healthy controls and also to compare the state before and after change of lifestyle (loosing weight). Analysed cohort comprised of 34 samples of isolated lymphocytes from peripheral blood from obese adolescent patients and 80 samples of adults patients. RNA was isolated by TriReagent, quantification of the expression of mRNA was...

Made available in DSpace on 2014-12-17T14:03:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 PabloCS.pdf: 513122 bytes, checksum: 78dbc24a28ad9d22efb06ffdb7409a3f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-24 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior / A ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase extracted and partially isolated from crustacean Artemia franciscana by ammonium sulfate precipitation and filtration gel chromatography Bio Gel A 1.5m. the enzyme was immobilized on ferromagnetic Dacron yielding a insoluble active derivative with 5.0 units/mg protein and 10.35% of the soluble enzyme activity. ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase-ferromagnetic Dacron was easily removed from the reaction mixture by a magnetic field, it was reused for ten times without loss in its activity. The ferromagnetic Dacron was better activated at pH 5.0. The particles visualized at scanning electron microscope (SEM) had presented different sizes, varying between 721nm and 100?m. Infra red confirmed immobilization on support, as showed by primary amino peaks at 1640 and 1560 cm-1 . The immobilize enzyme presented Km of 2.32 ? 0.48 mM and optimum temperature of 50?C. Bought presented the same thermal stable of the soluble enzyme and larger enzymatic activity at pH 5.5. ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase-Dacron ferromagn?tico showed sensible for some ?ons as the silver (AgNO3), with loss of activity. The ?-D-N acetilglucosaminidase activity for mercury chloride (HgCl2), whom is one of the most toxic substance joined in nature, it was presented activity already diminished at 0,01mM and lost total activity at 4mM, indicating sensitivity for this type of metal. ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase-ferromagnetic Dacron showed degradative capacity on heparan sulfate, the enzyme still demonstrated degradative capacity on heparan sulphate, suggesting a possible application to produce fractions of this glycosaminoglycan / A ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase, extra?da e parcialmente isolada do crust?ceo Artemia franciscana atrav?s de precipita??o com sulfato de am?nio e cromatografia em gel filtra??o Bio Gel A 1.5m foi imobilizada em Dacron ferromagn?tico rendendo um derivado insol?vel ativo contendo 5,0 unid/mg de prote?na e retendo 10,35% da atividade da enzima sol?vel. A ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase-Dacron ferromagn?tico foi facilmente removida do meio reacional com o aux?lio de um campo magn?tico e p?de ser reutilizada por dez vezes seguidas sem perda de atividade. O Dacron ferromagn?tico foi melhor ativado a pH 5,0 As part?culas visualizadas no microsc?pio eletr?nico de varredura (MEV) apresentaram diferentes tamanhos, variando entre 721nm e 100?m. O infra vermelho confirmou a imobiliza??o ao suporte, quando exibiu os picos de aminas prim?rias a 1640 e 1560 cm-1 . A enzima imobilizada apresentou Km aparente de 2,32 ? 0,48 mM e atividade ?tima a temperatura de 50?C. Ambos apresentaram praticamente a mesma estabilidade t?rmica da enzima sol?vel e maior atividade enzim?tica no pH 5,5. A ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidase-Dacron ferromagn?tico apresentou-se sens?vel a alguns ?ons como a prata (AgNO3), demonstrando perda de atividade. A atividade ?-D-N-acetilglucosaminidasica para cloreto de merc?rio (HgCl2), que ? uma das subst?ncias mais t?xicas encontradas na natureza, apresentou-se diminu?da j? a 0,01mM e perdeu a atividade total a 4mM, indicando sensibilidade a esse tipo de metal. A enzima ainda demonstrou capacidade degradativa sobre o heparan sulfato, sugerindo uma poss?vel aplica??o para produzir fragmentos desse glicosaminoglicano

Mucopolysaccharidosis IIIB (MPS IIIB) is a rare, metabolic disorder that results from a deficiency in the lysosomal hydrolase, α-N-acetylglucosaminidase (Naglu). Naglu is a housekeeping enzyme involved in the degradation pathway of heparan sulfate. A deficiency in active Naglu leads to an accumulation of heparan sulfate within the lysosome, initiating a pathological cascade within the cell. Patients with MPS IIIB experience progressive central nervous system degeneration and die within the first few decades of life. Presently, enzyme replacement therapy, which is a standard of care for other lysosomal storage disorders, is an ineffective treatment for MPS IIIB. This is due to impermeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) to exogenous recombinant enzymes. A promising approach to this therapeutic obstacle is protein transduction domains. Protein transduction domains have been shown to facilitate the delivery of active enzyme across the BBB in mice. Previously, our laboratory used Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cell system to express human recombinant Naglu fused to a synthetic protein transduction domain (PTD4). The purpose was to use PTD4 to the facilitate the delivery of Naglu across biological membranes, including the blood-brain barrier. However, a missing stop codon following PTD4 limited its transducibility. The stop codon was re-introduced and the improved fusion enzyme, Naglu-PTD4X, was stably expressed in Sf9 cells. The overarching goal of this project is to create a large-scale production of human recombinant Naglu that has the potential to be used to treat the neuropathology of patients with MPS IIIB. This project used a three-step purification system to purify Naglu-PTD4X. Uptake of Naglu-PTD4X was assessed in MPS IIIB fibroblasts using a fluorogenic activity assay, immunoblotting, and immunocytochemistry. Our purification system was successful at purifying Naglu-PTD4X to homogeneity with a 26% yield and specific activity of 84,000 units/mg. An increase in Naglu activity was detected in MPS IIIB fibroblasts following incubation with Naglu-PTD4X. Future directions will focus on optimizing immunodetection and conducting BBB penetration studies in murine models. / Graduate / 2020-06-21

Human α-N-Acetylglucosaminidase (Naglu) is a lysosomal acid hydrolase implicated in tthe rare metabolic storage disorder known as mucopolysaccharidosis type IIIB (MPS IIIB; also Sanfilippo syndrome B). Absence of this enzyme results in cytotoxic accumulation of heparan sulphate in the central nervous system, causing mental retardation and a shortened lifespan. Enzyme replacement therapy is not currently effective to treat neurological symptoms due to the inability of exogenous Naglu to access the brain. This laboratory uses a Spodoptera frugiperda (Sf9) insect cell system to express Naglu fused to a synthetic protein transduction domain with the intent to facilitate delivery of Naglu across the blood-brain barrier. The project described herein may be broken down into three main sections. Firstly, the impact of two cryptic splice sites on Naglu expression levels was analyzed in both transiently expressing Sf9 cultures and stably selected cell lines. Secondly, the effectiveness of the native Naglu secretion-signaling peptide in the Sf9 system was examined. Finally, purification of a Naglu fusion protein from suspension culture medium was performed using hydrophobic interaction chromatographic techniques. The ultimate goal of this research is to develop an efficient system for economical, large-scale production of a human recombinant Naglu fusion protein that has the potential to be successfully used for enzyme replacement therapy to treat MPS IIIB. / Graduate