As análises de unhas têm sido objeto de estudo para avaliar os níveis de elementos acumulados no organismo humano e com aplicações deste tecido na monitoração da exposição ocupacional ou ambiental, na avaliação do estado nutricional, na identificação da intoxicação por metais tóxicos e na diagnose ou prevenção de doenças. As análises de unhas apresentam vantagens devido à facilidade na coleta, estocagem e transporte das amostras bem como fornecem os níveis de elementos acumulados ao longo de um período de aproximadamente 6 meses ao contrário dos fluídos como sangue e urina. Entretanto há controvérsias sobre a aplicação dos dados de suas análises devido às dificuldades em estabelecer valores confiáveis de referência ou faixas de concentrações para uso como dados de controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores que podem afetar nas concentrações de elementos nas unhas para posterior análise de amostras de um grupo de indivíduos aplicando o método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA). As amostras de unhas das mãos e dos pés coletadas de indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos, com idades de 18 a 71 anos e residentes na região metropolitana de São Paulo foram cortadas em pequenos fragmentos, lavadas e secas para as análises. O procedimento experimental consistiu em irradiar amostras juntamente com os padrões sintéticos de elementos por 16 h sob fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de cerca de 4,5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 do reator nuclear de pesquisa IEA-R1, seguido de espectrometria de raios gama para a determinação dos elementos As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se e Zn. No controle da qualidade analítica foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados cujos os resultados obtidos indicaram boa exatidão e precisão com erros relativos e desvios padrão relativos inferiores a 5,1 % e 11,6 % respectivamente. Os ensaios preliminares indicaram que as contribuições devido às impurezas presentes nos invólucros de plástico utilizados na irradiação assim como aquelas decorrentes da adsorção dos esmaltes nas unhas são muito baixas, podendo ser desprezadas. Nos testes de limpeza das unhas para análise foi verificado que a solução diluída de HNO3 pode provocar a dissolução das amostras. A homogeneidade da amostra preparada foi verificada pelas analises em réplicas. A comparação entre as concentrações de elementos obtidos nas unhas das mãos e dos pés indicou diferenças significativas para os elementos Br, Co e Zn (teste t, p = 0,05). As concentrações de elementos nas unhas quando comparadas em relação ao gênero, faixa etária e Índice de massa corpórea (IMC) dos indivíduos não apresentaram diferenças significativas para a maioria dos elementos determinados. A diferença significativa das concentrações de Zn das unhas das mãos foi verificada entre o gênero dos indivíduos e das concentrações de Cs entre às faixas etárias distintas. As concentrações de elementos obtidas nas unhas dos pés e das mãos apresentaram uma ampla variabilidade e para a maioria dos elementos os dados obtidos são da mesma ordem de grandeza ou dentro das faixas dos valores da literatura. / Nail analyses have been the object of study in order to assess the levels of elements accumulated in the human organism and to use this tissue to monitor environmental and occupational exposure, to evaluate the nutritional status, to verify intoxication by toxic metals and to diagnose or to prevent diseases. Nail analyses present advantages due to easy sample collection, storage, transportation and this tissue provides element level accumulation over time. However, there is controversy regarding the application of nail analysis data due to difficulties to establish reliable reference values or element concentration ranges as control values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that can affect nail element concentrations for further sample analyses of a group of individuals by applying neutron activation analysis (NAA). Fingernails and toenails collected from adult individuals of both genders, aged 18 to 71 years, living in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region were cut in small fragments, cleaned and dried for analyses. Samples and element standards were irradiated for 16 h under a thermal neutron flux of about 4.5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 at the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Element concentrations for As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se and Zn were determined. For quality control of the analytical results, certified reference materials were analysed and the results showed good accuracy and precision with relative errors and relative standard deviations lower than 5.1 % and 11.6 %, respectively. Preliminary assays indicated that the contribution due to impurities from plastic involucres used in the irradiation as well as those from nail polishes is very low and could be considered negligible. Results from the nail sample cleaning process using distinct procedures indicated that HNO3 solution may cause sample dissolution. Sample homogeneity was verified by analysis of a sample in replicate. A comparison of finger and toenail results indicated significant differences (p= 0.05) for the elements Br, Co and Zn. Element concentration comparisons were also made with gender, age and body mass index (BMI) parameters and for the most part showed no significant differences. The differences were found for Zn concentrations when compared between genders in fingernail, for Cs when compared between ages in fingernail. Elements concentrations obtained for both finger and toenail samples presented wide variability and they were of the same order of magnitude or within ranges as those reported in published literature.

As análises de unhas têm sido objeto de estudo para avaliar os níveis de elementos acumulados no organismo humano e com aplicações deste tecido na monitoração da exposição ocupacional ou ambiental, na avaliação do estado nutricional, na identificação da intoxicação por metais tóxicos e na diagnose ou prevenção de doenças. As análises de unhas apresentam vantagens devido à facilidade na coleta, estocagem e transporte das amostras bem como fornecem os níveis de elementos acumulados ao longo de um período de aproximadamente 6 meses ao contrário dos fluídos como sangue e urina. Entretanto há controvérsias sobre a aplicação dos dados de suas análises devido às dificuldades em estabelecer valores confiáveis de referência ou faixas de concentrações para uso como dados de controle. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os fatores que podem afetar nas concentrações de elementos nas unhas para posterior análise de amostras de um grupo de indivíduos aplicando o método de análise por ativação com nêutrons (NAA). As amostras de unhas das mãos e dos pés coletadas de indivíduos adultos de ambos os sexos, com idades de 18 a 71 anos e residentes na região metropolitana de São Paulo foram cortadas em pequenos fragmentos, lavadas e secas para as análises. O procedimento experimental consistiu em irradiar amostras juntamente com os padrões sintéticos de elementos por 16 h sob fluxo de nêutrons térmicos de cerca de 4,5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 do reator nuclear de pesquisa IEA-R1, seguido de espectrometria de raios gama para a determinação dos elementos As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se e Zn. No controle da qualidade analítica foram analisados os materiais de referência certificados cujos os resultados obtidos indicaram boa exatidão e precisão com erros relativos e desvios padrão relativos inferiores a 5,1 % e 11,6 % respectivamente. Os ensaios preliminares indicaram que as contribuições devido às impurezas presentes nos invólucros de plástico utilizados na irradiação assim como aquelas decorrentes da adsorção dos esmaltes nas unhas são muito baixas, podendo ser desprezadas. Nos testes de limpeza das unhas para análise foi verificado que a solução diluída de HNO3 pode provocar a dissolução das amostras. A homogeneidade da amostra preparada foi verificada pelas analises em réplicas. A comparação entre as concentrações de elementos obtidos nas unhas das mãos e dos pés indicou diferenças significativas para os elementos Br, Co e Zn (teste t, p = 0,05). As concentrações de elementos nas unhas quando comparadas em relação ao gênero, faixa etária e Índice de massa corpórea (IMC) dos indivíduos não apresentaram diferenças significativas para a maioria dos elementos determinados. A diferença significativa das concentrações de Zn das unhas das mãos foi verificada entre o gênero dos indivíduos e das concentrações de Cs entre às faixas etárias distintas. As concentrações de elementos obtidas nas unhas dos pés e das mãos apresentaram uma ampla variabilidade e para a maioria dos elementos os dados obtidos são da mesma ordem de grandeza ou dentro das faixas dos valores da literatura. / Nail analyses have been the object of study in order to assess the levels of elements accumulated in the human organism and to use this tissue to monitor environmental and occupational exposure, to evaluate the nutritional status, to verify intoxication by toxic metals and to diagnose or to prevent diseases. Nail analyses present advantages due to easy sample collection, storage, transportation and this tissue provides element level accumulation over time. However, there is controversy regarding the application of nail analysis data due to difficulties to establish reliable reference values or element concentration ranges as control values. The objective of this study was to evaluate the factors that can affect nail element concentrations for further sample analyses of a group of individuals by applying neutron activation analysis (NAA). Fingernails and toenails collected from adult individuals of both genders, aged 18 to 71 years, living in the São Paulo Metropolitan Region were cut in small fragments, cleaned and dried for analyses. Samples and element standards were irradiated for 16 h under a thermal neutron flux of about 4.5 x 1012 n cm-2 s-1 at the IEA-R1 nuclear research reactor followed by gamma ray spectrometry. Element concentrations for As, Br, Ca, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, K, La, Na, Rb, Sb, Sc, Se and Zn were determined. For quality control of the analytical results, certified reference materials were analysed and the results showed good accuracy and precision with relative errors and relative standard deviations lower than 5.1 % and 11.6 %, respectively. Preliminary assays indicated that the contribution due to impurities from plastic involucres used in the irradiation as well as those from nail polishes is very low and could be considered negligible. Results from the nail sample cleaning process using distinct procedures indicated that HNO3 solution may cause sample dissolution. Sample homogeneity was verified by analysis of a sample in replicate. A comparison of finger and toenail results indicated significant differences (p= 0.05) for the elements Br, Co and Zn. Element concentration comparisons were also made with gender, age and body mass index (BMI) parameters and for the most part showed no significant differences. The differences were found for Zn concentrations when compared between genders in fingernail, for Cs when compared between ages in fingernail. Elements concentrations obtained for both finger and toenail samples presented wide variability and they were of the same order of magnitude or within ranges as those reported in published literature.

O reservatório Guarapiranga está localizado na região metropolitana de São Paulo, Brasil, e é responsável pelo abastecimento de cerca de 20% das necessidades de água da população dessa região, aproximadamente 3,7 milhões de pessoas. Contudo, esse sistema tem apresentado significante degradação em sua qualidade de água, devido ao recebimento de esgotos domésticos não tratados e efluentes industriais. Nesse estudo amostras de sedimentos foram coletadas em cinco pontos ao longo do reservatório e a concentração total de alguns elementos maiores (Fe, K e Na), traço (As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Rb, Sb, Sc, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V e Zn) e terras raras (Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb e Yb) foram determinadas pela técnica de Análise por Ativação Neutrônica Instrumental (INAA). Utilizando-se a técnica de Espectrometria de Emissão Ótica com Plasma Acoplado Indutivamente (ICP OES) as concentrações dos elementos Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Ti, V e Zn foram determinadas após a digestão ácida dos sedimentos de acordo com a metodologia US EPA 3051. As determinações dos metais Cd e Pb foram feitas por espectrometria de absorção atômica com forno de grafite (GFAAS) e a de Hg total, por espectrometria de absorção atômica com geração de vapor frio (CVAAS). A validação das três metodologias analíticas, em termos de precisão e exatidão, foi feita por meio da análise de materiais de referência certificados. Os resultados obtidos por INAA foram comparados aos valores de referência do NASC (North American Shale Composite), UCC (Upper Continental Crust) e de solos coletados na região do parque da Guarapiranga. O fator de enriquecimento (FE) e o índice de geoacumulação (Igeo) foram calculados para esses dados. As concentrações dos metais obtidos por ICP OES e AAS foram comparadas aos valores orientadores TEL e PEL do Conselho Canadense de Ministros do Meio Ambiente (CCME) e adotados pela CETESB. Os resultados foram também comparados aos valores de referência regionais (VRR) de sedimentos límnicos da Bacia do Alto Tietê. A partir desses dados foi possível realizar uma avaliação do acúmulo de metais e elementos traço nos sedimentos do reservatório e verificar a possibilidade desses elementos interferirem, adversamente, na biota e na qualidade da água desse ambiente. / The Guarapiranga Reservoir, located in São Paulo metropolitan region, Brazil, is responsible for supplying about 20% of the entire populations water needs of this region or approximately 3.7 million people. However, this system has shown significant degradation in water quality, due to untreated domestic sewage and industrial effluents. In this study sediment samples were collected at five points along the reservoir and total concentration of some major (Fe, K and Na), trace (As, Ba, Br, Co, Cr, Cs, Hf, Hg, Rb, Sb, Sc, Ta, Tb, Th, U, V and Zn) and rare earth (Ce, Eu, La, Lu, Nd, Sm, Tb and Yb) elements were determined by instrumental neutron activation analysis (INAA). By inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP OES) the concentrations of Al, Ba, Be, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb, Ti, V e Zn were determined after digestion procedure following US EPA 3051 methodology. The concentrations of metals Cd and Pb were determined by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GFAAS) and total Hg by cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry (CVAAS). Methodology validation according to precision and accuracy was performed by reference materials analyses for the three different analytical techniques used. Multielemental results obtained by INAA were compared to NASC (North American Shale Composite), Upper Continental Crust (UCC) and soil from Guarapiranga park values. The Enrichment Factor (EF) and Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) were also evaluated for these data. Metal concentration results by ICP OES and AAS in the samples were compared to the TEL and PEL oriented values established by the Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment and also adopted by CETESB (Environmental Protection Agency of the São Paulo State). The results were also compared to regional reference values (VRR) of limnic sediments from the Alto Tietê Basin. From these data an assessment of metal and trace element accumulated in the sediments from the reservoir was carried out and the possibility of these elements interfering adversely on biota and water quality of this environment.

Submitted by Edisangela Bastos (edisangela@ufpa.br) on 2015-02-25T20:45:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SintesePigmentosZeoliticos.pdf: 2987354 bytes, checksum: bcdc89d5f6a05a2e3c614ad465c6b2ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Rosa Silva (arosa@ufpa.br) on 2015-02-27T15:35:24Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SintesePigmentosZeoliticos.pdf: 2987354 bytes, checksum: bcdc89d5f6a05a2e3c614ad465c6b2ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-02-27T15:35:24Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 22974 bytes, checksum: 99c771d9f0b9c46790009b9874d49253 (MD5) Dissertacao_SintesePigmentosZeoliticos.pdf: 2987354 bytes, checksum: bcdc89d5f6a05a2e3c614ad465c6b2ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Pigmentos tipo ultramar foram sintetizados com sucesso a partir de zeólita NaA derivada de caulim e rejeito de caulim. Tal rejeito tem sido uma excelente fonte de silício e alumínio na síntese de zeólitas, por ser uma matéria-prima “natural” com alta concentração de caulinita e baixos teores de impurezas, além do menor custo em comparação àquelas matérias-primas industrializadas. A zeólita NaA derivada de tal rejeito apresenta características estruturais favoráveis a síntese de pigmentos ultramar, sua estrutura encapsula as espécies de enxofre formadas, que agem como cromóforos, e impedem que essas espécies se oxidem e seja liberado elevados teores de gases tóxicos durante a reação. Zeólita NaA foi misturada com enxofre e carbonato de sódio em diferentes proporções com o objetivo de verificar a influência dessa variação na cor e na tonalidade dos pigmentos. Após calcinação a 500 °C por 5 horas os produtos foram caracterizados por DRX, FRX e Raman, além da classificação visual por cor e tonalidade por meio de fotografias. O resultado foi produtos com coloração que variaram do azul ao verde com diferentes tonalidades, ambas influenciadas pela quantidade de aditivos, pela taxa de resfriamento após calcinação e pela granulometria. Assim, pode-se dizer que quantidades diferentes dos mesmos aditivos na mesma matriz zeolítica proporcionam aumento de intensidade da cor, que a taxa de resfriamento após calcinação e granulometria da matriz zeolítica provoca mudança da cor. A partir de DRX foi observado que a estrutura da zeólita NaA não é transformada para o tipo sodalita, como normalmente observado na literatura. Por espectroscopia Raman foram identificadas as espécies de enxofre responsáveis pela coloração no pigmento zeolítico, sendo: S6 2- o responsável pela cor amarela e o S3- pela cor azul, e que a mistura dos dois resultou na cor verde, que predominou nesse trabalho. Por fim, o aproveitamento de rejeito de caulim na produção de pigmentos zeolíticos parece ser uma boa proposta de produção sustentável. / Ultramarine pigments were successful synthesized from zeolite A obtained from kaolin waste. This waste has been used as an excellent source of silicon and aluminum for zeolite synthesis because of its high kaolinite concentrations and low contents of other accessory minerals. The cost is naturally less than the industrialized product. The zeolite NaA derived from kaolin waste presents characteristics favorable for synthesis ultramarine pigments, sulfur species can be inserted inside the zeolite voids, which act as chromophores, and should provide some protection against oxidation and avoids high levels of toxic gases during reaction. Zeolite A was mixed with Sulfur and Sodium Carbonate in different proportions in order to check the influence of this variation in color and shade of pigments. Further calcined for 5 hs@500º C. They were characterized by XRD, XRF and, Raman in addition to visual classification by color and shade. These products show colors from blue to green at different shades, both influenced by the amount of additives, cooling rate after calcination and by particle size. Thus, a different quantity of the same additives in the same zeolitic matrix provides an increase in the color intensity, cooling rate after calcination and particle size induces the color change. X-ray diffraction patterns showed that the structure of zeolite NaA is not change in sodalite type as normally found in the literature. Raman spectroscopy identified sulfur species responsible for color in zeolitic pigments. S6 2- is yellow and S3- is blue and the mixture both is green, majority color in this work. Utilization the kaolin waste in the production of zeolitic pigments is a good proposal for sustainable production.

Foram realizadas medidas de espectroscopia gama simples, de espectroscopia gama-gama em anti-coincidência e coincidência em dezessete amostras de rochas vulcânicas irradiadas com nêutrons térmicos. Foram determinadas, utilizando cálculo covariante, 33 elementos químicos (Al, As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, Yb, Zn e Zr), dos quais 21 elementos traço. Foi determinado o limite máximo de detecção para o irídio em 11 amostras. Foi obtido um valor máximo de 0,7 ppb. Os resultados foram comparados com o processo astrofísico de formação da Terra. A concentração de urânio e tório variou entre 3 ppm e 9 ppm, com exceção das amostras de Kilimanjaro, que variou entre 40 ppm e 45 ppm. Abaixo da concentração de 12 ppm presentes na crosta terrestre. Espera-se concentrações menores devido a estimativas de tório e urânio através do calor emitido pela Terra. Foram determinados 10/17 lantanídeos, com destaque para a abundância de Ce em Kilimanjaro, cujos valores obtidos foram de 272 (6) ppm e 319 (11) ppm. / Single gamma ray spectroscopy, gama-gama coincidence and anticoincidence spectroscopy have been performed to study 17 volcanic rocks irradiated with neutrons. We have determined, using covariant calculations, 33 chemical elements including 21 trace elements: Al, As, Ba, Ca, Ce, Cl, Co, Cr, Cs, Dy, Eu, Fe, Hf, K, La, Lu, Mg, Mn, Na, Nd, Rb, Sb, Sc, Sm, Sr, Ta, Tb, Th, Ti, U, Yb, Zn e Zr. We set a maximum limit of detection for iridium in 11 samples. We have determined a maximum value of 0,7 ppb. The results were associated to the astrophysical process that led to the Earth formation. Thorium and uranium abundance ranged between 3 ppm e 9 ppm, except for the samples of Kilimanjaro, which ranged from 40 ppm to 45 ppm. Less than 12 ppm, the Earth\'s Crust abundance of thorium and uranium. Using the heat emitted by Earth to estimate the abundance of them led to significant lower values. We have also determined 10/17 lanthanides, like Ce that has an abundance of 272 (6) ppm and 319 (11) ppm, in the case of Kilimanjaro\'s samples.

Magnesium is an essential element. An adult body contains approximately 21-28 grams of magnesium, with 50-60% present in the bones. Too high or too low levels of magnesium intake can have harmful effects on human body. To study how magnesium intake and storage in the body affect human health, it is important to identify a credible biomarker for the intake and storage. Usually, the amount of magnesium in the body is determined by a blood draw, but blood contains less than 1 percent of the total amount of magnesium in the body. In addition, the concentration of magnesium in blood is not stable. Bone holds the majority of magnesium in the body; therefore, bone is expected to be an ideal biomarker for measuring any surplus or deficiencies in the body. This thesis investigates the feasibility of quantifying magnesium in hand bone <i>in vivo</i> using MCNP simulation models and experiments with magnesium doped phantoms. The fast neutrons, generated by a deuterium-deuterium neutron generator with a flux of 1e9 neutrons/second, were moderated and guided to produce maximum number of thermal neutrons in an irradiation cave with acceptable radiation dose to the hand. The dimensions of the neutron generator along with the current shielding techniques were simulated in MCNP. The data show that the differences between the experimental and simulated calibration lines resulted in a percent difference of 9.40%. The experimental detection limit for bone magnesium was found to be 334 µg magnesium/g dry bone with a total body dose of 11 µSv.

Thesis (M. Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

In vitro micropropagation of saffron (Crocus sativus L.) by using direct and indirect organogenesis was the aim of this study. Also, the effect of plant growth regulators on growth parameters, such as corm production, sprouting time and germination ratio were investigated in ex vitro conditions. For in vitro regeneration of saffron, the effects of 2,4-D (2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid) and BAP (6-benzylaminopurine) were tested initially. It was observed that 0,25 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP combination was superior for indirect organogenesis while 1 mg/L 2,4-D and 1 mg/L BAP combination was favorable for direct organogenesis. During the improvement of direct organogenesis experiments, BAP (1 mg/L) without 2,4-D stimulated further shoot development. For adventitious corm and root induction, NAA (naphthaleneacetic acid) and BAP combinations were tested. Although a few corm formations were achieved, root development was not observed with these treatments. Further experiments with the culture medium supplemented with 1 mg/L IBA (indole-3-butyric acid) and 5% sucrose was effective on obtaining contractile root formation and increasing corm number. As a result, the overall efficiency was calculated as 59.26% for contractile root formation, 35.19% for corm formation and 100% for shoot development. In ex vitro studies, 50 mg/L IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) , 50 mg/L kinetin and 200 mg/L GA3 (gibberellic acid) were used. These applications were not as efficient as expected on assessed growth parameters.

Aprotic solvents are organic solvents which do not easily react with a substance dissolved in it and they do not exchange protons despite of their high ion and polar group dissolving power. Therefore, this characteristic property makes aprotic solvents very suitable intermediates in many industries producing pharmaceuticals, textile auxiliaries, plasticizers, stabilizers, adhesives and ink. Dehydration of these mixtures and recirculation of valuable materials are substantial issues in industrial applications. The conventional method for recovery of aprotic solvents has been distillation, which requires excessive amount of energy to achieve desired recovery. Hydrophilic pervaporation, which is a membrane based dehydration method with low energy consumption, may become an alternative. Because of high dissolving power of aprotic solvents only inorganic membranes can be employed for this application. In this study three types of inorganic membranes (NaA zeolite, optimized silica and HybSi) were employed. Main objective of this studys to investigate effect of membrane type and various operationg parameters (feed composition at a range of 50-5% and temperature at a range of 50-100oC) on pervaporative dehydration of aprotic solvents / dimethylacetamide, dimethylformamide and n-methylpyrrolidone. During the experiments, feed samples were analyzed with Karl Fischer Titration Method / permeate samples were analyzed with Gas Chromatography. Experiments showed that proper dehydration of aqueous aprotic solvent mixtures was succeded with all three membranes investigated. In the target feed water content range (50 to 20%wt), permeate water contents were higher than 98%wt which was quite acceptable for all membranes. Moreover, NaA zeolite membrane performed higher fluxes than optimized silica and HybSi in composition range of 50 to 15% water at 50oC. It was also observed that HybSi membrane had higher fluxes and permeate water contents than optimized silica membrane for all solvents. On the other hand, the rates of decrease in permeate fluxes changed depending on the type of solvent for optimized silica and HybSi membranes. With both membranes, permeate flux of dimethylformamide decreased much slower than that of n-methylpyyrolidone. Furthermore, the results showed that permeate fluxes of HybSi membrane increased with increasing operation temperature due to the change of solvent activity in mixture. In addition, an Arrhenious type equation was used to describe changes in fluxes with changing temperature. It was also found that activation energy of water for diffusion through HybSi membrane was calculated as 8980 cal/mol.

In this study, the feasibility of a NaA zeolite membrane for the gas phase separation of steam and hydrogen mixtures was determined. The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process, which produces high value fuels and chemicals from coal and natural gas, can be greatly improved upon by the selective removal of water from the FT reactor product stream. According to the FT reaction kinetics, the rate of reaction increases with the partial pressure of hydrogen but is adversely affected the presence of water in the reactor product stream. Chemisorbed water on the surface of the metal catalysts also enhances deactivation due to sintering and fouling. The use of a zeolite membrane reactor is well equipped to serve the purpose of in-situ water removal as it can facilitate the separation of chemical components from one another in the presence of catalytic reactions. The LTA type zeolite membrane NaA or zeolite 4A, in particular, is well suited for the separation of polar (H2O) from non-polar (H2) molecules because of its high hydrophilicity. NaA has also been identified as an excellent candidate for selective water removal applications due its high adsorption affinity and capacity for water. The NaA membrane used in this study was manufactured by means of the in-situ crystallisation method where the growth of crystals on the inside surface of a centrifugally casted a-alumina support was favoured. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analyses performed on the membrane after a double hydrothermal synthesis indicated that the surface topology was rough and that the zeolite crystals formed were not uniform in size. Overall, the membrane thickness varied between 6.5 and 8.0 flm. An evaluation of the membrane quality was made possible through permeation experiments involving SF6 and Hz. The calculated Hz/SF6 permselectivity in this study was found to be 9.78, which despite being higher than the Knudsen diffusion selectivity of 8.54, confirmed the presence of intercrystalline defects or non-zeolitic pores in the membrane. Experiments concerning pure component and binary mixture permeation of steam and hydrogen through the supported NaA membrane were conducted over a temperature range of 115°C to 160 °c for binary hydrogen/steam mixtures, 25°C to 160°C for pure hydrogen and 130°C to 170°C for pure steam. For the permeation of pure component hydrogen, a local maximum in its permeance having a value of 224 x 10'°8 mol.m,z.s'!.Pa'! was reached at a system pressure and temperature of 6.875 bar and 75°C respectively. For the permeation of pure component steam through NaA, the effects of capillary condensation in the pores and defects of the zeolite membrane resulted in a decrease in steam permeance as a function of absolute pressure for temperatures lower than 160 °c. Once the effects of capillary condensation had receded, maxima in the steam permeances as a function of temperature corresponding to values of 70 x 10,08, 65 X 10,08 and 75 x 10,08 mol.m•2.s'I.Pa'l were found for the 182.5, 197.5 and 222.5 kPa isobars respectively. These observations collaborated well with the description of surface diffusion with permeation taking place in the Langmuir (strong adsorption) regime. Permeation experiments through NaA as function of temperature were conducted for a 90 mol% steam -10 mol% hydrogen (90-10) binary mixture as well as for a 60-40 mixture of these two. At low temperatures the permeation of hydrogen was completely suppressed by the condensed steam resulting in an almost perfect separation. The Kelvin equation was used to estimate the pore size of the defects which was found to range between 1.86 and 2.45 nm. The temperature range over which these defects in the membrane were assumed to become unblocked (i.e. assuming when the first breakthrough of hydrogen occurred), were determined to be between 140 to 148 °c and between 128 to 130 °c for the 90-10 and 60-40 mixtures respectively. The mixture selectivities (towards water) between 115 °c and 130 °c were found to be immensely high (much greater than 1000) for both the 90-10 and 60-40 mixtures, while the ideal selectivities were calculated to be less than lover the same temperature range. At 140 °c, the selectivity towards water for the 9010 mixture was still greater than 1000; however for the 60-40 mixture at this temperature, an inversion of selectivity towards H2 had already taken place. The breakthrough in H2 permeance occurs at a much lower temperature when the feed mixture contains a lower concentration of water. Since the partial pressure of steam will be reduced, larger pores will become unblocked at lower temperatures according to the Kelvin equation. / Thesis (M. Ing. (Chemical Engineering))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.