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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
101

Hydroxyapatite-Nanotube Composites and Coatings for Orthopedic Applications

Lahiri, Debrupa 31 May 2011 (has links)
Hydroxyapatite (HA) has received wide attention in orthopedics, due to its biocompatibility and osseointegration ability. Despite these advantages, the brittle nature and low fracture toughness of HA often results in rapid wear and premature fracture of implant. Hence, there is a need to improve the fracture toughness and wear resistance of HA without compromising its biocompatibility. The aim of the current research is to explore the potential of nanotubes as reinforcement to HA for orthopedic implants. HA- 4 wt.% carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and coatings are synthesized by spark plasma sintering and plasma spraying respectively, and investigated for their mechanical, tribological and biological behavior. CNT reinforcement improves the fracture toughness (>90%) and wear resistance (>66%) of HA for coating and free standing composites. CNTs have demonstrated a positive influence on the proliferation, differentiation and matrix mineralization activities of osteoblasts, during in-vitro biocompatibility studies. In-vivo exposure of HA-CNT coated titanium implant in animal model (rat) shows excellent histocompatibility and neobone integration on the implant surface. The improved osseointegration due to presence of CNTs in HA is quantified by the adhesion strength measurement of single osteoblast using nano-scratch technique. Considering the ongoing debate about cytotoxicity of CNTs in the literature, the present study also suggests boron nitride nanotube (BNNT) as an alternative reinforcement. BNNT with the similar elastic modulus and strength as CNT, were added to HA. The resulting composite having 4 wt.% BNNTs improved the fracture toughness (~85%) and wear resistance (~75%) of HA in the similar range as HA-CNT composites. BNNTs were found to be non-cytotoxic for osteoblasts and macrophages. In-vitro evaluation shows positive role of BNNT in osteoblast proliferation and viability. Apatite formability of BNNT surface in ~4 days establishes its osseointegration ability.
102

Chemical Vapour Deposition Growth of Carbon Nanotube Forests: Kinetics, Morphology, Composition, and Their Mechanisms

Vinten, Phillip A. January 2013 (has links)
This thesis analyzes the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests in order to understand how CNT forests grow, why they stop growing, and how to control the properties of the synthesized CNTs. In situ kinetics data of the growth of CNT forests are gathered by in situ optical microscopy. The overall morphology of the forests and the characteristics of the individual CNTs in the forests are investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The in situ data show that forest growth and termination are activated processes (with activation energies on the order of 1 eV), suggesting a possible chemical origin. The activation energy changes at a critical temperature for ethanol CVD (approximately 870°C). These activation energies and critical temperature are also seen in the temperature dependence of several important characteristics of the CNTs, including the defect density as determined by Raman spectroscopy. This observation is seen across several CVD processes and suggests a mechanism of defect healing. The CNT diameter also depends on the growth temperature. In this thesis, a thermodynamic model is proposed. This model predicts a temperature and pressure dependence of the CNT diameter from the thermodynamics of the synthesis reaction and the effect of strain on the enthalpy of formation of CNTs. The forest morphology suggests significant interaction between the constituent CNTs. These interactions may play a role in termination. The morphology, in particular a microscale rippling feature that is capable of diffracting light, suggest a non-uniform growth rate across the forest. A gas phase diffusion model predicts a non-uniform distribution of the source gas. This gas phase diffusion is suggested as a possible explanation for the non-uniform growth rate. The gas phase diffusion is important because growth by acetylene CVD is found to be very efficient (approximately 30% of the acetylene is converted to CNTs). It is seen that multiple mechanisms are active during CNT growth. The results of this thesis provide insight into both the basic understanding of the microscopic processes involved in CVD growth and how to control the properties of the synthesized CNTs.
103

Characterisation and Properties Improvement of Armour Ceramics

Fakolujo, Olaniyi Samuel January 2016 (has links)
As firearms continuously become more sophisticated, there have been commensurate efforts to optimize the ballistic performance of armours, with ceramic materials currently at the forefront of such studies. These efforts have focused on improving processing and microstructural design with reinforcements using dispersion particles, carbon nanotubes (CNT) and boron nitride nanotubes (BNNT). In most studies, ballistic testing has been used to identify parameters affecting the performance. The research documented here focuses on: (1) the investigation of two commercial ceramics, namely silicon carbide (SiC) and zirconia toughened alumina (ZTA). The primary material properties evaluated for the characterization included: hardness, fracture toughness, flexural strength and Young’s modulus. Other properties investigated included the microstructure, porosity/density, and mode of failure or fracture. (2) Ballistic depth of penetration (DOP) testing for six candidate ceramic armour systems including three monolithic ceramics (Al2O3, SiC and B4C) and three nanotube toughened ceramic composites (Al2O3-BNNT, Al2O3-single walled CNT and SiC-BNNT). SiC showed a hardness of 2413 HV, which is far beyond the requirements for armour ceramic. In contrast, ZTA barely met the hardness requirement of 1500 HV, but showed improved toughness of 4.90 MPa m1/2 beyond values reported for monolithic alumina. SiC and ZTA showed that microstructural design improves fracture toughness but processing introduces defects that can substantially reduce other armour related properties such as the strength. The results of the Charpy and drop tower impact tests are in agreement with indentation fracture toughness results suggesting a great degree of reliability of this cost efficient method. The addition of nanotubes produced an increase in toughness and a decrease in hardness in the ceramics, which resulted in an overall drop in performance during ballistic depth of penetration (DOP) tests. A microstructure-quasi-static mechanical properties-ballistic performance relationship was established which led to the development of a novel ballistic performance index and a new DOP model. The proposed ballistic performance index yielded a ranking, which agrees better with experimental observations than the currently published indices. The developed semi-empirical model suggests that the ballistic performance of ceramics is improved with increased fracture toughness, reduced flaw size and higher density.
104

Etude du transport et du bruit dans les couches 2D de nanotubes de carbone. / Study of Transport and noise in carbon nananotubes 2D films

Sassine, Gilbert 13 December 2012 (has links)
Les travaux de la thèse ont porté sur l'étude, la réalisation, la caractérisation et la modélisation de films 2D à base de nanotubes de carbone. Dans le premier chapitre nous avons présenté des généralités sur les nanotubes de carbone. Ensuite, nous nous sommes intéressés aux jonctions nanotube-nanotube et plus particulièrement à la modélisation du transport dans les différents types de jonction (M/M), (M/SC) et (SC/SC). Avec le deuxième chapitre nous avons entamé l'étude des films 2D à base de nanotubes de carbone. Dans un premier temps nous nous sommes intéressés au transport électrique dans ces structures fortement inhomogènes, en particulier en décrivant les modèles analytiques rendant compte du phénomène de percolation tant au niveau de la conductance que du bruit en 1/f. La seconde partie du chapitre est entièrement consacrée à la fabrication et la caractérisation physico-chimique des films 2D L'objectif principal du troisième chapitre est la modélisation des films 2D de nanotubes de carbone. Par rapport aux autres modèles utilisés dans la littérature, le modèle développé dans cette partie est le seul à prendre en compte la nature physique de chaque jonction tube-tube : (M/M) ou (M/SC) ou (SC/SC). Notre modèle prend ainsi en compte les non linéarités des jonctions. La résolution numérique de ce système est optimisée : i) en utilisant la technique MNA, technique dont le principe consiste à linéariser chaque dipôle du circuit. ii) en parallélisant les calculs sur un cluster informatique d'une centaine de cœurs. Pour le calcul du bruit la même technique est utilisée mais avec, dans ce cas, l'utilisation de la méthode du réseau adjoint. Dans le quatrième chapitre, nous avons, dans un premier temps, présentés et analysés nos résultats expérimentaux concernant la mesure de la conductance et du bruit en 1/f. Quelles que soient les conditions de dépôt nous avons toujours observé un comportement de type percolation au niveau des grandeurs mesurées, conductance et niveau de bruit en 1/f. Nous avons utilisé les paramètres d'ajustement des lois de percolation pour comparer et analyser nos résultats. Il en ressort que l'impact du surfactant sur l'homogénéité de la solution, se retrouve au niveau des résultats électriques des couches déposées, montrant l'avantage d'utiliser du sel biliaire. Quant à l'influence de la densité des tubes, comme attendu, la conductance augmente avec celle-ci. Par contre nous avons remarqué que le bruit en 1/f était beaucoup plus sensible à ce paramètre, avec en particulier un changement significatif au niveau des paramètres de percolation en bruit mis en évidence à forte densité de nanotubes. La deuxième partie de ce chapitre est dédiée à la simulation des paramètres électriques de nos structures expérimentales. Nous avons paramétré l'énergie et la largeur des barrières de potentiel entre chaque jonction. Ces paramètres sont ajustés à partir des résultats expérimentaux et sont fonction de la nature du surfactant. Les résultats de ces simulations concernant la conductance et le niveau de bruit en 1/f s'accordent avec les mesures et dans tous les cas les lois de percolation macroscopique sont respectées, ce qui valide nos modèles ainsi que la possibilité d'intégrer de façon réaliste la différence structurale des surfactants. Pour rendre compte de la déviation de la loi macroscopique de percolation du bruit en 1/f, observée sur les films déposés à partir de solution à forte densité de surfactant, nous avons au niveau des simulations introduit et modulé le nombre d'amas (clusters) de nanotubes en fonction de la densité des couches. Là encore le bon accord observé avec les résultats expérimentaux nous permet de valider la présence d'inhomogénéités dues aux clusters de nanotubes dans nos dépôts. / In this thesis we have focused on the fabrication, the characterization, and the modeling of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes.In the first chapter, we have presented general informations on carbon nanotubes. Then we are interested in the nanotube-nanotube junctions and particularly the modeling of transport in different types of junction (M/M), (M/SC) and (SC/SC).In the second chapter we have presented a study of 2D films based on carbon nanotubes. At first we present the electrical transport in these structures strongly inhomogeneous, especially in describing the analytical models accounting for the percolation phenomenon both in the conductance and 1/f noise. The second part of the chapter is devoted entirely to the manufacture and physico-chemical characterization of 2D films.The main objective of the third chapter is the modeling of 2D films of carbon nanotubes. Compared to other models described in the literature, the model developed in this section is the only one that take into account the physical nature of each tube-tube junction (M/M) or (M/SC) or (SC/SC). Our model takes into account the junction nonlinearity. The numerical solution of the system is optimized: i) using the MNA technique whose principle is to linearize each dipole in the circuit. ii) parallelizing computations on a computer cluster of a hundred core. For the noise simulation, the same technique is used but in this case, we have used the adjoint network method. In the fourth chapter, we have, at first, presented and analyzed our experimental results for conductance and 1/f noise. Whatever the deposition conditions we always observed a percolation-like behavior of our results. We used the fitting parameters of the percolation laws to compare and analyze our results. It appears that the impact of the surfactant on the homogeneity of the solution is found in the electrical measurement results of deposited films. As for the influence of the density of the tubes, as expected, the conductance increases with the increase of nanotubes density. We noticed that the 1/f noise was much more sensitive to this parameter, with in particular a significant change in the noise percolation parameters revealed at high density of nanotubes. The second part of this chapter is dedicated to the simulation of the electrical parameters of our experimental structures. These parameters are adjusted on the basis of experimental results and are based on the nature of the surfactant. The results of these simulations for the conductance and 1/f noise agree with measurements and in all cases the macroscopic percolation laws are respected, which validate our models. To bring to the fore the deviation from the noise percolation law observed in films deposited from solution with a high density of surfactant, we have introduced in our simulated structures a number of clusters of nanotubes according to the density of the deposited layers. Once again we observed a good agreement with the experimental results allowing us to validate the presence of clusters of nanotubes in our deposited films.
105

Nanotube inorganique d'imogolite à cavité interne hydrophobe : synthèse, fonctionnalisation et encapsulation de molécules organiques / Inorganic Nanotube of Imogolite with an Internal Hydrophobic Cavity : Synthesis, Functionalisation and Encapsulation of Organic Molecules

Picot, Pierre 12 March 2019 (has links)
Dans ce travail, nous nous sommes intéressés à l’imogolite-méthylée, un nanotube dispersé en phase aqueuse avec une nanocavité hydrophobe.Nous avons tout d’abord étudié ses mécanismes de formation. A court terme, les premiers précipités formés se réorganisent en nanoobjets ayant la même structure locale que l’imogolite et dont la taille dépend des conditions de synthèses (concentration, précurseur). Ils conduisent à la formation d’objets cylindriques (imogolite) ou sphériques (allophane).Sur le long terme, nous avons observé que l’imogolite-méthylée coexiste avec des sous-produits (hydroxyde d’aluminium, proto-imogolite et allophane). En choisissant judicieusement les paramètres de synthèse (rapport molaire entre les précurseurs, température de synthèse) il est possible de réduire la proportion de ces sous-produits mais pas de les éliminer complétement.Ensuite, nous avons étudié la fonctionnalisation de ces nanotubes par substitution d’une partie des groupes méthyles internes par des groupes dopants. L’encapsulation de Nile Red, un colorant solvatochromique, dans la cavité interne des nanotubes hybrides a mis en évidence la fonctionnalisation des imogolites avec les différents groupes utilisés. Enfin, nous avons exploré l’encapsulation de molécules organiques (polaires, apolaires, solubles et insolubles dans l’eau) dans la cavité des nanotubes. Les courbes de diffusion X montrent que l’imogolite-méthylée piège toutes les molécules testées. De plus, les quantités adsorbées calculées sont comparables à celles mesurées dans le cas où des charbons actifs ou des zéolithes sont employés comme adsorbants. / In this work, we studied methyl-imogolite, an inorganic nanotube dispersed in water with a hydrophobic cavity.First, we examined the formation mechanisms. On a short time scale, the initial precipitates reorganize to give nano-objects with the same local structure as imogolite. Their size depends on the synthesis conditions (concentration, precursor) and could lead to the formation of cylindrical (imogolite) or spherical (allophane) objects.On a long time scale, we observed that methyl-imogolite coexists with byproducts (aluminum hydroxide, proto-imogolite and allophane). It is possible to reduce their proportion by wisely selecting the synthesis parameter (molar ratio between precursors, synthesis temperature). However, they cannot be fully eliminated. Then, we studied the functionalisation of this nanotube by substituting part of the internal methyl groups by doping ones. Encapsulation of Nile Red, a solvatochromic dye, in the internal cavity of these hybrid nanotubes highlighted the functionalisation of the imogolite with the various groups used.Finally, we investigated the encapsulation of organic molecules (polar, apolar, soluble or insoluble in water) in the nanotubes cavity. SAXS curves evidenced the trapping of all the molecules tested by methyl-imogolite. Moreover, calculated adsorption capacities are similar to the ones obtained when activated carbon or zeolites are used as adsorbents.
106

Exploration of carbon nanotube and copper-carbon nanotube composite for next generation on-chip energy efficient interconnect applications / Exploration de nanotubes de carbone et de composites de nanotubes-cuivre pour des applications d'interconnexion sur puce de la prochained génération efficacité energitique

Liang, Jie 17 June 2019 (has links)
Améliorer uniquement les performances et l'efficacité énergétique des transistors n'est pas suffisant pour les futurs systèmes sur puce. Les interconnexions sont également essentielles et ont de graves répercussions sur les performances globales du circuit et l'efficacité énergétique. Le cuivre (Cu) est le matériau d'interconnexion conventionnel qui a aujourd’hui atteint ses limites par suite de l’effet de la miniaturisation. Les effets de barrière et de dispersion induisent une résistivité élevée et une forte éléctromigration aggravent la fiabilité d'interconnexion. Les Nanotubes de carbone (CNT) et les composites de Cuivre et Nanotube de carbone (Cu-CNT) sont intéressants grâce à leur transport balistique, à la grande évolutivité, à la conductivité thermique élevée et à la densité de courant élevée. Dans ce travail, nous étudions les propriétés physiques fondamentales et électriques des CNT et des composite de Cu-CNT de l’échelle atomique à l’échelle macroscopique pour les applications d’interconnexions locales et globales. Nous évaluons les différentes sources de variabilité et leurs impacts sur les performances d'interconnexion des CNT et l'efficacité énergétique. Le dopage basé sur le transfert de charge des CNT est également étudié en tant que moyen important de réduire davantage sa résistivité et d’atténuer les variations de chiralité des CNT ainsi que d’alléger les effets sur la résistance de contact. Les résultats des mesures expérimentales sont utilisés pour démontrer la validité et la précision de nos modèles établis. Les modèles d'interconnexion sont enfin appliqués aux études à l’échelle de portes et de circuits en tant qu'interconnexions locales et globales pour évaluer leurs performances. / Improving only the performance and energy efficiency of transistors is not sufficient for future systems-on-chip. On-chip interconnects have become equally critical to transistors and can detriment the system’s performance and energy efficiency. Copper (Cu) is the state-of-the-art interconnect material and is reaching its physical limitations due to scaling. Barrier and scattering effects induce high resistivity and electromigration exacerbates interconnect reliability. Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) and Copper-Carbon Nanotube (Cu-CNT) composite materials are of interest due to ballistic transport, high scalability, high thermal conductivity, and high current density. We investigate from fundamental atomistic level to macroscopic level the physical understanding and electrical compact modeling on CNT and Cu-CNT composite for on-chip local and global interconnect applications. We evaluate and assess the different sources of variations and their impacts on CNT interconnect performance and energy efficiency. Charge transfer based doping of CNT is also investigated as an alternative method to further reduce its resistivity, mitigate CNT chirality variations and contact resistance drawbacks. Experimental measurement results are used to demonstrate the validity and accuracy of our established models. The interconnect models are finally applied to the gate- and circuit- level studies as local and global interconnects to evaluate their performance.
107

Embedded Carbon Nanotube Thread Strain and Damage Sensor for Composite Materials

Hehr, Adam J. 10 October 2013 (has links)
No description available.
108

Effect of twist on load transfer and tensile strength in carbon nanotube bundles.

Parlapalli, Rohit January 2013 (has links)
No description available.
109

A Simple Coarse-Grained Model of a Carbon Nanotube Forest Interacting with a Rigid Substrate

Marmaduke, Andrew Robert 28 May 2015 (has links)
No description available.
110

Evanescent Microwave Characterization of carbon Nanotube Films Grown on Silicon Carbide Substrate

Munbodh, Kineshma 30 July 2007 (has links)
No description available.

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