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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
91

Progress towards accessing a C3v [6,6] nanotube end-cap and development of a microwave assisted anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction

Belanger, Anthony January 2008 (has links)
Thesis advisor: Lawrence T. Scott / This dissertation describes the work that has been carried out towards accessing a C3v [6,6] nanotube end-cap through rational chemical synthesis. Continued advancement in carbon nanotube research has driven scientists to develop a successful route to usable quantities of nanotubes that are homogeneous in structure. Due to the current inability to separate nanotube mixtures efficiently, researchers in fields ranging from chemistry to computer science have been unable to exploit fully all that these unique molecules have to offer. Our envisioned approach to this obstacle involves elongation of a template endcap using iterative growth chemistry. The final stage of the proposed end-cap synthesis involves the execution of a six fold cyclodehydrogenation reaction. To carry out this desired transformation, a new microwave assisted variant of the anionic cyclodehydrogenation reaction has been developed. Through this chemistry we have been able to access a variety of both known and novel polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, often in impressively high yields. We hope that this chemistry will be useful to us in accessing the target nanotube end-caps, and to others in providing a new route to accessing a variety of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon cores. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2008. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Arts and Sciences. / Discipline: Chemistry.
92

Microélectrodes de nanotubes de carbone pour conversion d’énergie

Michardière, Anne-Sophie 14 November 2013 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse présente une nouvelle classe de microélectrodes de fibres de nanotubes de carbone (NT). Celles-ci sont réalisées par un filage en voie humide autorisant l’inclusion d’additifs au sein des fibres afin d’adapter leur formulation. Ainsi, le développement d’électrodes incluant la bilirubine oxydase (BOD) pour biopile enzymatique a permis d’obtenir un haut courant de réduction à l’aide d’un transfert d’électrons direct entre BOD et NT. Egalement, des actionneurs électromécaniques incluant une faible quantité de PVA réticulé sont proposés. De telles fibres génèrent une grande contrainte et présentent un temps de réponse court lorsqu’une faible tension leur est appliquée. La mobilité des NT les uns par rapport aux autres au sein de celles-ci a été réduite. Cette dernière est présente dans tout actionneur en NT et génère du fluage et une relaxation de contrainte de ces matériaux limitant ainsi leurs performances. Ces travaux ouvrent de nombreuses voies pour de nouvelles microtechnologies de conversion d’énergie, notamment appliquées au médical ou dans la micro-robotique. / This PhD work presents a new class of carbon nanotubes (NT) fibers microelectrodes. These fibers are produced by a wet spinning process which enables the inclusion of additives within the fibers in order to adapt their formulation. Thus, new microelectrodes for enzymatic biofuel cells that comprise bilirubin oxidase (BOD) have been realized in a one step process and enable a direct electron transfer process between the enzyme and NT at a high potential with a high reduction current. Furthermore, we also developed new NT microfibers including a small quantity of chemically crosslinked PVA for electrochemical actuators. They generate a large stress and a short response time when stimulated by a low voltage in an aqueous electrolyte. Moreover, the CNT mobility within these fibers is greatly reduced. The latter is present in any CNT actuator and induces creep and stress relaxation of these material prohibiting the possibility to obtain high actuating performances. The present results open routes towards the development of novel technologies for energy conversion potentially useful in micro-devices, biomedical applications and micro-robotics.
93

Dispersion des nanotubes de carbone à l'aide de copolymeres triblocs dans des matrices en polyamide : Relation morphologie-proprietes electriques

Brosse, Anne-Carine 09 February 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Nous nous sommes intéressés à l'optimisation de la dispersion des nanotubes de carbone (CNTs) dans une matrice semi-cristalline : le polyamide 6 (PA-6), et une matrice vitreuse : le poly(méthacrylate de méthyle) (PMMA). Nous avons réalisé des dispersions dans le PA-6 et le PMMA par voie fondu. Nous avons montré que la conductivité et le seuil de conductivité étaient nettement améliorés après un post traitement thermique, quelle que soit la matrice (PMMA ou PA-6). Dans le cas du PMMA, l'étude cinétique de la conductivité en fonction de la température nous a permis de préciser le mécanisme de formation de contacts entre CNTs observé dans le fondu. Une étude structurale et morphologique des composites de PA-6 a été réalisée. Nous montrons la disparition des sphérolites de PA et avons mis en évidence la croissance de lamelles trans-cristallines de PA-6 perpendiculairement à la surface des CNTs. Les CNTs ont aussi été dispersés à partir d'un pré-composite copolymère à blocs/nanotube. Le copolymère à blocs utilisé est un polystyrène-b-polybutadiène-b-polyméthacrylate de méthyle (SBM), les différences de compatibilité de chaque bloc avec les CNTs, la matrice ou le solvant sont utilisées pour stabiliser et disperser les CNTs. L'utilisation du SBM a permis d'améliorer l'état de dispersion dans les deux matrices pour deux méthodes de dispersion : par voie solvant et par voie fondu. Dans le PA-6, l'utilisation du SBM a également permis d'abaisser le seuil de conductivité, grâce à une localisation spécifique des CNTs. Ils sont localisés à l'interface PA-6/SBM pour les pré-composites réalisés par voie fondu et dans la matrice PA-6 pour les pré-composites réalisés par voie solvant.
94

Molybdenum chalcohalide nanowires as building blocks of nanodevices

Popov, Igor 16 February 2009 (has links) (PDF)
Molybdenum chalcohalide nanowires are systems, which structural, electronic and optical properties have been analyzed in detail. However, their potential as building blocks for electronic devices has not been investigated so far. This question is raised in Dissertation, focusing on unique electronic transport properties of these systems, and comparing them with those of the popular carbon nanotubes.
95

CHEMICAL MODIFICATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF CARBON NANOTUBES

Cassity, Kelby Brandan 01 January 2010 (has links)
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are a relatively new allotrope of carbon that possess very unique and exciting physical characteristics. However, much is still unknown regarding their physical structure and chemical reactivity. The focus of this dissertation is to utilize the chemical modification of these filamentous carbon structures as a probe to investigate the structure and reactivity of carbon nanotubes. Also discussed is the ability of CNTs, once chemically modified, to interact with specific polymer matrices and how the addition of modified and unmodified CNTs affects the physical properties of these matrices.
96

Chemical Vapour Deposition Growth of Carbon Nanotube Forests: Kinetics, Morphology, Composition, and Their Mechanisms

Vinten, Phillip A. 14 May 2013 (has links)
This thesis analyzes the chemical vapour deposition (CVD) growth of vertically aligned carbon nanotube (CNT) forests in order to understand how CNT forests grow, why they stop growing, and how to control the properties of the synthesized CNTs. In situ kinetics data of the growth of CNT forests are gathered by in situ optical microscopy. The overall morphology of the forests and the characteristics of the individual CNTs in the forests are investigated using scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. The in situ data show that forest growth and termination are activated processes (with activation energies on the order of 1 eV), suggesting a possible chemical origin. The activation energy changes at a critical temperature for ethanol CVD (approximately 870°C). These activation energies and critical temperature are also seen in the temperature dependence of several important characteristics of the CNTs, including the defect density as determined by Raman spectroscopy. This observation is seen across several CVD processes and suggests a mechanism of defect healing. The CNT diameter also depends on the growth temperature. In this thesis, a thermodynamic model is proposed. This model predicts a temperature and pressure dependence of the CNT diameter from the thermodynamics of the synthesis reaction and the effect of strain on the enthalpy of formation of CNTs. The forest morphology suggests significant interaction between the constituent CNTs. These interactions may play a role in termination. The morphology, in particular a microscale rippling feature that is capable of diffracting light, suggest a non-uniform growth rate across the forest. A gas phase diffusion model predicts a non-uniform distribution of the source gas. This gas phase diffusion is suggested as a possible explanation for the non-uniform growth rate. The gas phase diffusion is important because growth by acetylene CVD is found to be very efficient (approximately 30% of the acetylene is converted to CNTs). It is seen that multiple mechanisms are active during CNT growth. The results of this thesis provide insight into both the basic understanding of the microscopic processes involved in CVD growth and how to control the properties of the synthesized CNTs.
97

Synthesis and Characterization of Carbon Based One-Dimensional Structures : Tuning Physical and Chemical Properties

Barzegar, HamidReza January 2015 (has links)
Carbon nanostructures have been extensively used in different applications; ranging from electronic and optoelectronic devices to energy conversion. The interest stems from the fact that covalently bonded carbon atoms can form a wide variety of structures with zero-, one- and two-dimensional configuration with different physical properties. For instance, while fullerene molecules (zero-dimensional carbon structures) realize semiconductor behavior, two-dimensional graphene shows metallic behavior with exceptional electron mobility. Moreover the possibility to even further tune these fascinating properties by means of doping, chemical modification and combining carbon based sub-classes into new hybrid structures make the carbon nanostructure even more interesting for practical application.  This thesis focuses on synthesizing SWCNT and different C60 one-dimensional structures as well as tuning their properties by means of different chemical and structural modification. The purpose of the study is to have better understanding of the synthesis and modification techniques, which opens for better control over the properties of the product for desired applications. In this thesis carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are grown by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on iron/cobalt catalyst particles. The effect of catalyst particle size on the diameter of the grown CNTs is systematically studied and in the case of SWCNTs it is shown that the chirality distribution of the grown SWCNTs can be tuned by altering the catalyst particle composition. In further experiments, incorporation of the nitrogen atoms in SWCNTs structures is examined. A correlation between experimental characterization techniques and theoretical calculation enable for precise analysis of different types of nitrogen configuration in SWCNTs structure and in particular their effect on growth termination and electronic properties of SWCNTs are studied. C60 one-dimensional structures are grown through a solution based method known as Liquid-liquid interfacial precipitation (LLIP). By controlling the crystal seed formation at the early stage of the growth the morphology and size of the grown C60 one-dimensional structures where tuned from nanorods to large diameter rods and tubes. We further introduce a facile solution-based method to photo-polymerize the as-grown C60 nanorods, and show that such a method crates a polymeric C60 shell around the nanorods. The polymeric C60 shell exhibits high stability against common hydrophobic C60 solvents, which makes the photo-polymerized nanorods ideal for further solution-based processing. This is practically shown by decoration of both as grown and photo-polymerized nanorods by palladium nanoparticles and comparison between their electrochemical activities. The electrical properties of the C60 nanorods are also examined by utilizing a field effect transistor geometry comprising different C60 nanorods. In the last part of the study a variant of CNT is synthesized in which large diameter, few-walled CNTs spontaneously transform to a collapsed ribbon shape structure, the so called collapsed carbon nanotube (CCNT). By inserting C60 molecules into the duct edges of CCNT a new hybrid structure comprising C60 molecules and CCNT is synthesized and characterized. A further C60 insertion lead to reinflation of CCNTs, which eventually form few-walled CNT completely filled with C60 molecules.
98

Cavity quantum electrodynamics with a single spin : coherent spin-photon coupling and ultra-sensitive detector for condensed matter / Électrodynamique quantique en cavité avec un spin unique : couplage cohérent et détecteur ultra-sensible pour la matière condensée

Dartiailh, Matthieu 28 November 2017 (has links)
Ce travail de thèse est centré autour de deux aspects des technologies quantiques: le calcul quantique et la mesure quantique. Il s'appuie sur la boîte à outils de la lumière micro-onde, développé en électrodynamique quantique, pour sonder des circuits mésoscopiques. Ces circuits, fabriqués ici à base de nanotubes de carbone, peuvent être conçus comme des bits quantiques ou comme des systèmes modèles de la matière condensée, et cette thèse explore les deux aspects. La réalisation d'une interface spin-photon cohérente illustre le premier. L'expérience repose sur l'utilisation de contacts ferro-magnétiques pour induire un couplage spin-orbit artificiel dans une double boîte quantique. Ce couplage hybride les degrés de liberté de charge et de spin de l'électron. En incluant ce circuit dans une cavité micro-onde, dont le champ électrique peut être couplé à la charge, nous réalisons une interface spin-photon. Un second projet est centré sur l'utilisation de boîtes quantiques comme systèmes modèles. Ce projet consiste à coupler, via une cavité micro-onde, un qubit supraconducteur, qui servira de sonde peu invasive, et une boîte quantique unique. Un tel circuit peut exhiber différent comportement dont l'effet Kondo, qui est un effet à N-corps. Dans ce travail, nous présentons à la fois une étude théorique, et des travaux expérimentaux. Finalement, un travail en collaboration, sur une proposition théorique pour détecter le caractère auto-adjoint des fermions de Majorana en utilisant une cavité micro-onde, est présenté. / This thesis work is centered around two key aspects of quantum technologies: quantum information processing and quantum sensing. It builds up onto the microwave light toolbox, developed in circuit quantum electrodynamics, to investigate the properties of mesosocopic circuits. Those circuits, made out here of carbon nanotubes, can be designed to act as quantum bits of information or as condensed matter model system and this thesis explore both aspects. The realization of a coherent spin-photon interface illustrates the first one. The experiment relies on ferromagnetic contacts to engineer an artificial spin-orbit coupling in a double quantum dot. This coupling hybridizes the spin and the charge degree of freedom of the electron in this circuit. By embedding this circuit into a microwave cavity, whose electrical field can be coupled to the charge, we realize an artificial spin-photon interface. A second project, started during this thesis, focuses on using quantum dot circuits as model systems. This project consists in coupling, via a microwave cavity, a superconducting qubit, that will serve as a delicate probe, and single quantum dot circuit. Such a circuit can display several behaviors including the Kondo effect which is intrinsically a many-body effect. In this work, we present both a theoretical study of some possible outcomes of this experiment, and experimental developments. Finally, a theoretical proposition to detect the self-adjoint character of Majorana fermions using a microwave cavity, is presented.
99

Pointes AFM à nanotube de carbone pour la métrologie in-line de procédés de fonctionnalisations de surface / AFM probe with Carbon Nanotube for in line metrology of surface functionalization processes

Robin, Ludovic 09 December 2016 (has links)
Actuellement, les recherches sur la fonctionnalisation des surfaces sont en pleine effervescence. Dans ce manuscrit, nous proposons une approche innovante pour mesurer l’efficacité de cette fonctionnalisation. Cette approche est basée sur l’utilisation d’un microscope à force atomique, opérant dans un mode dit de « modulation de fréquence ». Cet outil couplé aux pointes greffées d’un nanotube de carbone, que nous appellerons « sonde », permet d’obtenir des mesures qu’il serait impossible d’effectuer avec des pointes standards. En métrologie, afin d’assurer une bonne reproductibilité des mesures, nous avons besoin d’avoir des sondes ayant des caractéristiques les plus similaires possibles. Ceci a nécessité la mise en oeuvre d’une méthode pour optimiser la fabrication des sondes, ainsi qu’une définition de critères pour les classer dans différents grades de qualités. L’incertitude de répétabilité et de reproductibilité des mesures effectuées avec des sondes de grade « A » a été quantifiée. Ces mesures ont démontré que ces sondes sont compatibles en termes de robustesse et de sensibilité pour la caractérisation de surfaces fonctionnalisées, dont l’épaisseur est supérieure à la monocouche. Des mesures de cartographie effectuées sur de deux types de surfaces fonctionnalisées ont permis de dissocier la mesure de topographie de la réponse mécanique du nanotube en interaction avec la surface. / At present, the researches on the surface functionalization are in full effervescence. In this manuscript, we propose an innovative approach to measure the efficiency of this functionalization. This approach is based on the use of an atomic force microscope, operating in a mode called "frequency modulation". This tool coupled with the grafted tips with a carbon nanotube, which we will call "probe", allows to obtain measurements which would be impossible to make with standard tips. However, in metrology, in order to ensure good reproducibility of the measurements, we need to have probes with characteristics that are as similar as possible. This required the implementation of a method to optimize the manufacture of the probes, as well as a definition of criteria to classify them in different grades of qualities. The uncertainty of repeatability and reproducibility of the measures made with probes of rank "A" were quantified. These measurements have demonstrated that these probes are compatible in terms of robustness and sensitivity for the characterization of functionalized surfaces, whose thickness is superior to the monolayer. Mapping measurements carried out on two types of functionalized surfaces enable to dissociate the topography measurement from the mechanical response of the nanotube in interaction with the surface.
100

Etude chronologique de la formation de nanotube de carbone par CVD d'aérosol à l'aide de diagnostics in situ : des premiers instants à la fin de la croissance / In situ diagnostics for the study of carbon nanotube growth mechanism by oating catalyst chemical vapor deposition for advanced composite applications

Dichiara, Anthony 07 November 2012 (has links)
Dans le vaste domaine des nanosciences et nanotechnologies, les nanotubes de carbone (NTC) suscitent un intérêt particulier en raison de leur structure originale qui leur confère des propriétés exceptionnelles. Alors que le nombre d'applications ainsi que la quantité de NTC produite ne cessent d'augmenter chaque année, il est essentiel de comprendre les mécanismes régissant la formation de ces nanomatériaux afin de contrôler leur structure et leur organisation, optimiser les rendements, diminuer les risques sanitaires et environnementaux et améliorer les performances des matériaux et composants sous-jacents. Parmi les techniques de synthèse répertoriées, la CVD d'aérosol (Chemical Vapor Deposition) développée au laboratoire MSSMat, permet la croissance continue de NTC multi-feuillets de haute qualité sur divers substrats par l’injection simultanée de sources carbonées liquide (xylène) et gazeuse (acétylène) et de précurseur catalytique (ferrocène) dans un réacteur porté à une température comprise entre 400 et 1000°C. L'objectif de cette étude a consisté à examiner les différentes étapes de la formation des NTC dès l'injection des précurseurs jusqu'à la fin de la croissance. Grâce une nouvelle approche expérimentale faisant intervenir plusieurs diagnostics in situ couplés à des modèles numériques, nous avons pu suivre l'évolution des différents réactifs et produits lors de synthèses dans des conditions thermodynamiques (flux de gaz et températures) et chimiques (concentrations des différents précurseurs) variées. De fait, après avoir examiné l'évolution spatiale des gouttelettes formées lors de l'injection, la germination des nanoparticules en phase gazeuse a été étudiée par incandescence induite par laser (L2I) et spectroscopie de plasma induit par laser (LIPS). Une relation entre la taille de ces particules et celle des NTC a ainsi pu être mise en évidence. Les réactions chimiques pendant la synthèse ont ensuite été analysées par spectrométrie de masse et chromatographie en phase gazeuse. Différents mécanismes réactionnels ont ainsi pu être identifiés en fonction des sources de carbone utilisées, alors que l'effet de l'hydrogène sur la croissance, soit accélérateur ou soit inhibiteur selon les conditions, a été étudié. Les rôles du substrat ont par ailleurs été examinés en comparant la croissance et la morphologie des NTC obtenus sur différentes surfaces telles que des plaques de quartz, des fibres de carbone ou des micro-particules d'alumine, de carbure de silicium, de carbure de titane et de graphène de formes variées. L'effet catalytique de certains substrats ou mélanges de substrats sur la croissance des NTC a d'ailleurs été mis en évidence, de même que l'importance du rapport surface/volume des substrats sur les rendements massiques des NTC. La cinétique de croissance des NTC a finalement été étudiée et différents mécanismes à l'origine de la désactivation des catalyseurs ont été identifiés. Enfin, les différentes nanostructures hybrides issues de la croissance de NTC sur différents substrats ont servi à concevoir des matériaux composites multi-fonctionnels à hautes-performances dont les propriétés électriques, thermiques et mécaniques ont été analysées. / In the vast field of nanoscience and nanotechnology, carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are of particular interest because of their unique structure which provides them outstanding properties. While the number of CNT-based applications as well as the amount of CNTs produced are increasing year by year, it is essential to understand the mechanisms governing the formation of these nanomaterials to control their structure and organization, maximize the yields, reduce the health and environmental risks and improve the performance of the underlying materials and components. Among the listed synthesis techniques, the aerosol-assisted chemical vapor deposition (CVD) process developed in the laboratory MSSMat allows continuous growth of multi-walled CNTs (MWNTs) on various substrates by the simultaneous injection of carbon feedstock(s) (xylene and/or acetylene) and catalytic precursor (ferrocene) in a reactor heated up to a temperature ranging between 400 and 1000°C. The aim of this study was to analyse the different stages of the CNT formation from the first precursor injection until the growth termination. By the mean of a new experimental approach involving several in situ diagnostics coupled with numerical models, we were able to follow the evolution of the different products and reagents during the synthesis under various thermodynamic and chemical conditions. Hence, after investigating the spatial evolution of the droplets formed in the injection, the nanoparticle germination and nucleation in the gas phase has been studied by time resolved laser-induced incandescence (TRL2I) and laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). A relationship between the size of the particles and the CNTs has been highlighted. Moreover, the chemical reactions during the synthesis were analyzed by mass spectrometry (MS) and gas phase chromatography (GPC). Different reaction pathways have thus been identified depending on the carbon source(s) used, while the effect of hydrogen on the CNT growth, either accelerating or inhibiting based on the CVD conditions, was studied. The substrates' roles were then examined by comparing the growth and morphology of the CNTs obtained on various surfaces such as quartz plates, carbon fibers or micro-particles of alumina, silicon carbide, titanium carbide and graphene. The catalytic effect of some substrates or mixtures of substrates on the CNT growth has also been highlighted, as well as the importance of the substrate's surface/volume ratio on the CNT mass yields. Furthermore, the CNT growth kinetics have been studied and different mechanisms inducing catalyst deactivation and subsequently growth termination were identified. Finally, the different as-synthesized nanostructures originated from the hybridization of CNTs with other materials were used to prepare high-performance multi-functional composites. The electrical, thermal and mechanical properties of these materials have been examined.

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