I investigated percent coverage, plant height, species richness, and woody stem density in plant communities in ten study plots during spring and fall (2010-2012) within 3 different treatments (continual mowings, one fall mowing, and one fall mowing with native wildflower seeds) on highway 25 right-of-way in Oktibbeha and Winston counties, Mississippi. I recorded 277 plant species including native and non-native forbs, legumes, grasses, rushes/sedges, and woody plants. Non-native agronomic grasses exhibited greatest coverage greater than 90 percent occurring in all treatments. Percent coverage of plants less than 0.46m height category exceeded 100 while, greater than 0.46m plant height categories averaged 55 percent. Woody stem density ranged from 7,772 year 1 to 10,025 stems/hectare year 2. I detected no significant differences in plant height or woody stems among treatments. One mowing per year retained agronomic plant cover for erosion control and annual cost savings up to 75 percent for roadside maintenance.

Green roofs are an emerging technology promoted primarily for stormwater management but little has been published about their potential for biodiversity performance. This is the first study to explore the potential for creating prairie-like, non-succulent, native plant communities on unirrigated extensive green roofs in the southeastern United States. Ten experimental green roof platforms were used to: 1) identify native species and methods of establishment appropriate for green roof applications in the southeastern United States; 2) examine the effects of introducing natural soil into a commercially available green roof soil media mixture on the survival and establishment of native prairie species; and 3) examine the composition of early successional green roof plant communities. Eleven planted species were successfully established and 46 colonizing species were identified. It was found that the addition of native prairie soil did not significantly affect survival, overall cover, or biodiversity in terms of species richness and evenness.

Tall fescue grasslands are the dominant form of grasslands in the North American transition zone, however, warm-season forages provide necessary forage for livestock in the summer. Pollinators require steady forage availability in the same fashion as cattle. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) and wildflowers (WF) could be incorporated into tall fescue (TF) grasslands to improve pollinator resources within agricultural landscapes without sacrificing livestock production. This balance of ecosystem services can be considered bee-friendly beef. Previous establishment experiments suggests that bee-friendly beef is a possibility, although establishment and persistence of NWSG-WF stands warrants additional research. Three small plot experiments were conducted to evaluate different planting methods designed to optimize establishment of NWSG-WF stands. Additionally, a grazing study examined whether NWSG-WF pasture enhancement could improve animal performance in TF grazing systems. The small plot experiments experienced extreme weed competition in the establishment year, although plots with higher NWSG content had fewer weeds over time. Floral production was comparable across treatment, which suggests lower WF seeding rates can generate comparable pollinator resources. Major findings from these experiments suggested that spatial or temporal separation of NWSGWF was unnecessary to generate successful establishment, varying the ratio of NWSG-WF in seed mixtures produced similar establishment outcomes, and that adding companion crops to NWSG-WF mixtures did not improve establishment success appreciably. In the grazing experiment, animal performance was improved in the biodiverse grazing systems when heifers 3 had access to the NWSG. Biodiverse and shaded grazing systems modified animal behavior and reduced body temperature relative to control grazing systems, although only biodiverse grazing systems improved animal performance. Native WF species failed to establish within the biodiverse grazing system, but white clover provided all subsequent floral production. Establishing WF in pastures is challenging and warrants additional study on more effective weed control strategies and systems to ensure establishment success. Selecting WF for agronomic performance or breeding such plant material will be necessary to improve emergence and establishment dynamics. Ideally trait data can identify the optimal WF species for specific grazing systems. Biodiverse NWSG-WF can be highly effective at improving summer weight gain in beef cattle. Future studies should focus on finding a more optimal balance of NWSG, WF, and TF that can benefit beef cattle production, pollinator services, and ecosystem services regarding soil and water quality, as well as pasture resiliency to dynamic conditions. / Doctor of Philosophy / Tall fescue grasslands are the dominant form of grasslands in the North American transition zone, however, warm-season forages provide necessary forage for livestock in the summer. Pollinators require steady forage availability in the same fashion as cattle. Native warm-season grasses (NWSG) and wildflowers (WF) could be incorporated into tall fescue (TF) grasslands to improve pollinator resources within agricultural landscapes without sacrificing livestock production. This balance of ecosystem services can be considered bee-friendly beef. Previous establishment experiments suggests that bee-friendly beef is a possibility, although establishment and persistence of NWSG-WF stands warrants additional research. Three small plot experiments were conducted to evaluate different planting methods designed to optimize establishment of NWSG-WF stands. Additionally, a grazing study examined whether NWSG-WF pasture enhancement could improve animal performance in TF grazing systems. The small plot experiments experienced extreme weed competition in the establishment year, although plots with higher NWSG content had fewer weeds over time. Floral production was comparable across treatment, which suggests lower WF seeding rates can generate comparable pollinator resources. Major findings from these experiments suggested that spatial or temporal separation of NWSGWF was unnecessary to generate successful establishment, varying the ratio of NWSG-WF in seed mixtures produced similar establishment outcomes, and that adding companion crops to NWSG-WF mixtures did not improve establishment success appreciably. In the grazing experiment, animal performance was improved in the biodiverse grazing systems when heifers 3 had access to the NWSG. Biodiverse and shaded grazing systems modified animal behavior and reduced body temperature relative to control grazing systems, although only biodiverse grazing systems improved animal performance. Native WF species failed to establish within the biodiverse grazing system, but white clover provided all subsequent floral production. Establishing WF in pastures is challenging and warrants additional study on more effective weed control strategies and systems to ensure establishment success. Selecting WF for agronomic performance or breeding such plant material will be necessary to improve emergence and establishment dynamics. Ideally trait data can identify the optimal WF species for specific grazing systems. Biodiverse NWSG-WF can be highly effective at improving summer weight gain in beef cattle. Future studies should focus on finding a more optimal balance of NWSG, WF, and TF that can benefit beef cattle production, pollinator services, and ecosystem services regarding soil and water quality, as well as pasture resiliency to dynamic conditions.

No description available.

A demanda por projetos de restauração ecológica, com a utilização de técnicas de plantio total, tem aumentado nos últimos anos, com a consequente necessidade de otimização dos insumos para tal atividade que, além de garantir maior sobrevivência das mudas a campo, é essencial para o setor. Assim, as compensações ambientais, geradas pela obra do trecho sul do Rodoanel Mário Covas (São Paulo), proporcionaram uma importante oportunidade de se realizar alguns estudos nessa temática. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência e o crescimento inicial (12 meses), de 30 espécies arbóreas nativas, provenientes de mudas acondicionadas em recipientes com 3 volumes distintos (tubetão 290 cm3, tubetinho 56 cm3 e bandeja 9 cm3), com e sem utilização de hidrogel no plantio, e submetidas às mesmas ações de manutenção. As espécies nativas regionais contemplaram todos os grupos sucessionais (pioneira e não pioneiras), pertencentes a 17 famílias botânicas. Como resultados deste trabalho, pode-se concluir que as espécies provenientes do recipiente tubetão obtiveram as menores porcentagens de mortalidade, seguidas de tubetinho e bandeja, entretanto algumas espécies de bandeja mostraram-se com índices de mortalidade menores, se comparadas a outras espécies provenientes de tubetinhos, apresentando assim possibilidades de uso, desde que adotados manejos diferenciados (irrigação pós-plantio e controle de competidores) visando a garantir o aumento da sobrevivência inicial das mudas. O hidrogel não interferiu no estabelecimento e nem no crescimento das mudas nos diferentes recipientes, para o período em que o experimento foi avaliado. Quanto ao desenvolvimento das mudas em crescimento e incremento de altura, pode-se concluir que, uma vez garantido o estabelecimento das mudas, não houve diferenças entre os recipientes, reforçando que, com manejos diferenciados, os custos da restauração poderão ser significativamente reduzidos, para as situações que exijam como metodologia o plantio total na restauração ecológica de uma dada área. / The demand for ecological restorations project, using total planting techniques, has increased in recent years, with the consequent optimizations need of inputs for such activity that, besides increasing the seedlings survival in the field, is essential for the sector. Thus, environmental compensation, generated by the work of the southern section of the Rodoanel Mário Covas (São. Paulo), provided a valuable opportunity to conduct some studies in this area. This studys aim was to evaluate the survival rate and early growth (12 months) of 30 native species from plants in containers packed with three separate volumes (290 cm3 tubetão, tubetinho 56 cm3 and bandeja 9 cm3), with and without hydrogels use at planting, and subordinated to the same maintenance actions. The regional native species, contemplated at all successional groups (pioneer and non-pioneer), belonging to 17 botany families. As a result of this work, we can conclude that species from the container tubetão had the lowest percentage of mortality, followed by tubetinho and bandeja, however some bandeja species have come out with lower mortality rates, compared to other species from tubetinhos, thus presenting use opportunities since different management are adopted (irrigation after planting and control of competitors) in order to guarantee the increase of initial survival of seedlings. The hydrogel did not affect the establishment and neither the growth of seedlings in different containers, during the period in which the experiment was evaluated. Concerning the seedlings development in growth and increase in height, one can conclude that once guaranteed the seedlings establishment of, there were no differences between the containers, reinforcing that with different managements, the restoration costs may be significantly reduced for situations that require the total planting as a methodology in ecological restoration of a given area.

Os eucaliptais correspondem a cerca de 4,5 milhões de hectares de todo o território brasileiro. Esta silvicultura vem sendo implantada principalmente em áreas de pastagens de baixa produtividade. Os efeitos da substituição de áreas agrícolas por eucaliptais sobre a distribuição de pequenos mamíferos ainda são desconhecidos. Sendo assim, este trabalho buscou identificar um padrão de distribuição e abundância de mamíferos de pequeno porte em uma área de pastagens que foi convertida em eucaliptais. O estudo foi realizado nas fazendas Três Lagoas e Arca, localizadas no município de Angatuba, região do Alto Paranapanema, entre agosto de 2007 e julho de 2009. O levantamento da mastofauna foi realizado por meio de armadilhas de interceptação e queda, distribuídas em trinta unidades amostrais. Foram identificadas catorze espécies de pequenos mamíferos pertencentes as ordens Didelphimorphia e Rodentia. O pasto abandonado e a vegetação nativa apresentaram maior abundância e riqueza de indivíduos do que os eucaliptais. A taxocenose de pequenos mamíferos presente nesta paisagem silvicultural assemelha-se à encontrada em outras paisagens agrícolas. Os resultados obtidos, aliados ao atual contexto de mudança do uso da terra no estado de São Paulo sugerem que os eucaliptais atuam como uma matriz permeável para os pequenos mamíferos. No entanto, os remanescentes de vegetação nativa presentes em paisagens silviculturais são fundamentais para a conservação de tais espécies. / Eucalyptus plantations currently cover 4.5 million hectares of Brazilian territory. This forestry is expanding mainly over areas of extensive livestock production. The effects of the replacement of pastures by eucalyptus plantations on the distribution of small mammals are still unknown. In this context, this study aimed at to identify the distribution pattern and abundance of small mammals in an area where recently cattle pastures were converted into eucalyptus plantations. This study was carried out at Fazenda Três Lagoas and Fazenda Arca in the municipality of Angatuba, located in the Upper Paranapanema river basin, between August 2007 and July 2009. The small mammals survey was carried out with pitfall traps distributed in 30 sampling units. Fourteen species of orders Didelphimorphia and Rodentia were captured. The abandoned pasture and the native vegetation presented a higher abundance and species richness in relation to the eucalyptus plantations. The taxocenosis of small mammals in this silvicultural landscape resembles those found in other agricultural landscapes. These results together and the current land use trend suggest that eucalyptus plantations can be relatively to small mammals. However, the remnants of native vegetation in silvicultural landscapes are essential to the conservation of these species.

Durante muitas décadas, extensas áreas de florestas nativas têm sido sistematicamente destruídas no Brasil, muitas delas dando lugar a plantações florestais para fins industriais. A adequação à legislação ambiental recente, no que se refere à manutenção de áreas de preservação permanente e de reservas legais, passou a gerar a necessidade de reversão de áreas ocupadas com plantios comerciais para florestas nativas. Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a efetividade de técnicas para acelerar a regeneração natural da vegetação nativa em talhões de Eucalyptus saligna abandonados. O estudo foi realizado em áreas pertencentes à Suzano Papel e Celulose, onde foi criado o Parque das Neblinas, município de Bertioga, SP. A área experimental foi instalada em um talhão de terceira rotação com 45 ha, manejado anteriormente em ciclos de corte de sete anos. O experimento foi em blocos ao acaso com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições: T1=controle, T2-T5=redução de 25, 50, 75 e 100% da área basal, respectivamente, através de envenenamento com glyphosate; T6=corte raso. Cada parcela apresentou 20 m x 40 m. Inicialmente foi realizado um inventário da população de Eucalyptus saligna, bem como o levantamento fitossociológico de toda a regeneração natural existente acima de 1,30 m de altura. Foram mensurados 1.417 indivíduos de Eucalyptus saligna, com densidade absoluta de 738,02 ind/ha e área basal de 22,68 m²/ha. O método utilizado para morte em pé dos eucalitpos se mostrou eficiente. No conjunto dos 5.863 indivíduos amostrados da vegetação nativa, foram identificadas 135 espécies, pertencentes a 77 gêneros e a 39 famílias. A densidade total estimada foi de 1.035,41 indivíduos/ha e a área basal de 6,39 m²/ha, para a classe de indivíduos da regeneração natural com DAP 5 cm e de 3.864,58 indivíduos/ha e área basal de 3,25 m²/ ha, para regeneração natural com DAP < 5 cm e maior que 1,30 m de altura. Não houve efeito significativo dos tratamentos a 5% de probabilidade para as variáveis estruturais. Entretanto, o estudo da riqueza de espécies corrigida (correção feita usando-se o índice de Fisher) para a regeneração com DAP 5 cm revelou um decréscimo nas parcelas testemunha entre as fases inicial e final e um aumento deste índice para os demais tratamentos. Além disso, a variação percentual do índice de diversidade de Shannon (H) entre as épocas inicial e final apresentou diferenças significativas entre tratamentos e blocos, sendo que o T3 propiciou significativamente os maiores aumentos da diversidade de espécies (H). Embora não tenha havido efeito do tratamento na área basal da regeneração natural, houve uma correlação linear negativa desta variável com a área basal do eucalipto. O resultado indica uma tendência de aumento de área basal da vegetação nativa com DAP 5 cm à medida que se reduz a área basal do eucalipto. As análises mostraram que o T3 (redução de 50% da área basal do eucalipto através de morte em pé das árvores) propiciou os melhores resultados para densidade, área basal e riqueza de espécies para as duas classes de regeneração natural, após 40 meses. / For decades, large areas of native forests have been and still systematically destroyed in Brazil, many of them leading to forest plantations stands for industrial purposes. The adequacy to the recent environmental legislation regarding the maintenance of permanent preservation areas and legal reserves required reversing the areas occupied with commercial plantations into native forests. This study aimed at verifying the effect of techniques to accelerate the natural regeneration of native vegetation in abandoned production stands of Eucalyptus saligna. The study was conducted in areas belonging to the Suzano Papel e Celulose, at Parque das Neblinas, Bertioga, SP. The experiment was set up in a commercial Eucalyptus saligna stand with 45 ha, third rotation, previously managed in seven-year cutting cycles. The experimental design was in randomized blocks with six treatments and four replications. The treatments were: T1= control; T2-T5= reduction of 25, 50, 75 and 100% of basal area, respectively, through girdling and poisoning and T6= clearcut. Each plot had 20 x 40 meters. An inventory on the Eucalyptus saligna population was performed, as well as a phytosociological survey of the entire natural regeneration over 1.3 m in height 1,417 individuals of Eucalyptus saligna were measured and showed an absolute density of 738.02 ind/ha and 22.68 m²/ha basal area. As to the treatment applied (T2-T5) to the eucalyptus individuals, the method was proved efficient. We sampled 5,863 individuals of native vegetation belonging to 135 species of 77 genera and 39 families. The total density estimated was 1,035.41 individuals/ha and the basal area was 6.39 m²/ha for the DBH 5 cm class and 3,864.58 individuals/ha and basal area of 3.25 m²/ ha for the natural regeneration with DBH < 5 cm. There was no significant effect of the treatments at a 5% probability level for the variables studied. Although, the richness analysis corrected (correction through the Fishers index) for the DBH 5 cm class showed decrease in the control plots between the initial and final phases, and an increase in the richness of the remaining treatments. In addition, the percent variation of the Shannons diversity index between the initial and final times had a significant effect for treatments and blocks, being the T3 showed significant increase in species diversity (H). Although no significant effect was observed for the basal area, a negative linear correlation of this variable with the eucalypt basal area was observed. The result points to a trend of increase in the basal area of the native vegetation with DBH > 5 cm as the eucalypt basal area is reduced. T3 (50 % reduction of the eucalypt basal area by poisoning) showed best results for density, basal area and species richness of for both natural regeneration classes after 40 months.

A filosfera foi considerada um ambiente extremo durante muitos anos para os microrganismos. Estudos recentes envolvendo comunidades bacterianas na superfície das plantas têm demonstrado que esta é composta por uma enorme e variável diversidade, principalmente em plantas de ambientes naturais como as da Mata Atlântica. Comparar as comunidades de bactérias de plantas de ambientes naturais com as de sistemas agrícola é de extrema importância, visto que as matas abrigam uma enorme diversidade vegetal e esta vem sendo diariamente substituída pela agricultura. Fatores ambientais como radiação UV, compostos orgânicos liberados pelas plantas em resposta à proteção, estresse osmótico e disponibilidade de nutrientes também podem induzir ou reprimir a colonização dessas bactérias na filosfera das plantas. Portanto, este trabalho traçou dois objetivos, o primeiro foi avaliar a variabilidade na comunidade bacteriana da filosfera de plantas cultivadas (soja, cana-de-açúcar, e eucalipto), localizadas em regiões geograficamente distintas, utilizando sequenciamento de bibliotecas de clones de DNA do gene rRNA 16S e comparar com as comunidades da filosfera de plantas nativas (Trichilia clausenii, Trichilia catigua e Campomanesia xanthocarpa), e o segundo, foi verificar a influência dos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) emitidos pela planta, os diferentes níveis de radiação solar e a sazonalidade na seleção das comunidades bacterianas na filosfera de Trichilia clausenii, usando sequenciamento de bibliotecas de clones de cDNA do gene rRNA 16S e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CGEM). A análise comparativa das bibliotecas de clones do gene rRNA 16S de plantas de ambientes naturais com cultivadas, confirmou que cada espécie de planta possui sua própria comunidade de bactérias, sendo a diversidade de UTOs na filosfera de C. xanthocarpa e T. clusenii maior que a de plantas cultivadas. O filo Proteobacteria. foi predominante em ambas as filosferas de plantas cultivadas e nativas, sendo as Alphaproteobacteria dominantes na soja e na cana-de-açúcar e as Gamaproteobacteria nas filosferas das três árvores da Mata Atlântica. Este resultado sugere que a filosfera de plantas cultivadas pode selecionar grupos específicos de bactérias que não são encontradas na filosfera de espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica, e vice-versa, e que a substituição de florestas por culturas agrícolas pode levar a uma redução da beta-diversidade de bactérias. Já os resultados da afiliação filogenética das amostras da filosfera de Tichilia clausenii submetida a diferentes intensidades de radiações UV, também mostraram uma predominância de clones associados à Proteobacteria em todas as bibliotecas avaliadas. O fator luminosidade e o da planta, quando avaliados na mesma época, não mostraram efeito sob a comunidade bacteriana, entretanto, o efeito da sazonalidade foi bastante evidente, apresentando uma maior diversidade e riqueza de espécies durante a estação chuvosa. Os dados sugerem que as bactérias epifíticas possuem um elevado grau de adaptação a diferentes condições ambientais que são expostas. / The phyllosphere has been considered an extreme environment to microorganisms for many years. Recent studies involving bacterial communities on plant surfaces has shown that they comprise an abundant and dynamic variety, mainly in natural environments, such as the Atlantic Forest. The comparison of bacterial communities from plants in natural environments with those of agricultural systems is extremely important, since forests contain an enormous plant diversity which is being replaced daily by agricultural cultivation. Environmental factors such as UV radiation, organic compounds released by plants in response to protection, osmotic pressure, and nutrient availability can either induce or suppress the colonization of bacteria in the phyllosphere of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the variability in phyllospheric bacterial communities of native plants (Trichilia clausenii, Trichilia catigua and Campomanesia xanthocarpa) and crops (soybean, sugar cane and eucalyptus) located in geographically distinct regions, using 16S rRNA gene sequences from clone libraries, the influence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by each plant, the different levels of solar radiation, and seasonality in the selection of bacterial communities in the phyllosphere of Trichilia clausenii using 16S rRNA gene sequences from cDNA clone libraries and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from clone libraries of plants from natural environments confirmed that each plant species has its own community of bacteria, where the diversity of OTUs in the phyllosphere of C. xanthocarpa and T. clusenii was greater than that of cultivated plants. The phylum Proteobacteria was predominant in the phyllosphere of both cultivated and native plants, where Alphaproteobacteria was dominant in phyllospheres of soybean and sugar cane and Gamaproteobacteria was harbored on the three trees of the Atlantic Forest. These results suggest that the phyllosphere of cultivated plants can select for specific groups of bacteria that are not found in the phyllosphere of tree species in the Atlantic Forest, and vice versa, where the conversion of forests to agriculture may lead to a reduction of bacterial beta diversity. The results of the phylogenetic affiliation between the phyllospheres of Tichilia clausenii, subjected to different intensities of UV radiation, also showed a predominance of clones associated with Proteobacteria in the evaluated clone libraries. The light factor, which was evaluated during the same period, showed no effect on the bacterial community, however, seasonal effects were quite evident, showing a higher diversity and species richness during the rainy season. This data suggests that epiphytic bacteria are equipped with a high degree of adaptation to different environmental conditions that they are exposed to.

A filosfera foi considerada um ambiente extremo durante muitos anos para os microrganismos. Estudos recentes envolvendo comunidades bacterianas na superfície das plantas têm demonstrado que esta é composta por uma enorme e variável diversidade, principalmente em plantas de ambientes naturais como as da Mata Atlântica. Comparar as comunidades de bactérias de plantas de ambientes naturais com as de sistemas agrícola é de extrema importância, visto que as matas abrigam uma enorme diversidade vegetal e esta vem sendo diariamente substituída pela agricultura. Fatores ambientais como radiação UV, compostos orgânicos liberados pelas plantas em resposta à proteção, estresse osmótico e disponibilidade de nutrientes também podem induzir ou reprimir a colonização dessas bactérias na filosfera das plantas. Portanto, este trabalho traçou dois objetivos, o primeiro foi avaliar a variabilidade na comunidade bacteriana da filosfera de plantas cultivadas (soja, cana-de-açúcar, e eucalipto), localizadas em regiões geograficamente distintas, utilizando sequenciamento de bibliotecas de clones de DNA do gene rRNA 16S e comparar com as comunidades da filosfera de plantas nativas (Trichilia clausenii, Trichilia catigua e Campomanesia xanthocarpa), e o segundo, foi verificar a influência dos compostos orgânicos voláteis (COVs) emitidos pela planta, os diferentes níveis de radiação solar e a sazonalidade na seleção das comunidades bacterianas na filosfera de Trichilia clausenii, usando sequenciamento de bibliotecas de clones de cDNA do gene rRNA 16S e cromatografia gasosa acoplada à espectrometria de massas (CGEM). A análise comparativa das bibliotecas de clones do gene rRNA 16S de plantas de ambientes naturais com cultivadas, confirmou que cada espécie de planta possui sua própria comunidade de bactérias, sendo a diversidade de UTOs na filosfera de C. xanthocarpa e T. clusenii maior que a de plantas cultivadas. O filo Proteobacteria. foi predominante em ambas as filosferas de plantas cultivadas e nativas, sendo as Alphaproteobacteria dominantes na soja e na cana-de-açúcar e as Gamaproteobacteria nas filosferas das três árvores da Mata Atlântica. Este resultado sugere que a filosfera de plantas cultivadas pode selecionar grupos específicos de bactérias que não são encontradas na filosfera de espécies arbóreas da Mata Atlântica, e vice-versa, e que a substituição de florestas por culturas agrícolas pode levar a uma redução da beta-diversidade de bactérias. Já os resultados da afiliação filogenética das amostras da filosfera de Tichilia clausenii submetida a diferentes intensidades de radiações UV, também mostraram uma predominância de clones associados à Proteobacteria em todas as bibliotecas avaliadas. O fator luminosidade e o da planta, quando avaliados na mesma época, não mostraram efeito sob a comunidade bacteriana, entretanto, o efeito da sazonalidade foi bastante evidente, apresentando uma maior diversidade e riqueza de espécies durante a estação chuvosa. Os dados sugerem que as bactérias epifíticas possuem um elevado grau de adaptação a diferentes condições ambientais que são expostas. / The phyllosphere has been considered an extreme environment to microorganisms for many years. Recent studies involving bacterial communities on plant surfaces has shown that they comprise an abundant and dynamic variety, mainly in natural environments, such as the Atlantic Forest. The comparison of bacterial communities from plants in natural environments with those of agricultural systems is extremely important, since forests contain an enormous plant diversity which is being replaced daily by agricultural cultivation. Environmental factors such as UV radiation, organic compounds released by plants in response to protection, osmotic pressure, and nutrient availability can either induce or suppress the colonization of bacteria in the phyllosphere of plants. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the variability in phyllospheric bacterial communities of native plants (Trichilia clausenii, Trichilia catigua and Campomanesia xanthocarpa) and crops (soybean, sugar cane and eucalyptus) located in geographically distinct regions, using 16S rRNA gene sequences from clone libraries, the influence of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) emitted by each plant, the different levels of solar radiation, and seasonality in the selection of bacterial communities in the phyllosphere of Trichilia clausenii using 16S rRNA gene sequences from cDNA clone libraries and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GCMS). The comparative analysis of the 16S rRNA gene sequences from clone libraries of plants from natural environments confirmed that each plant species has its own community of bacteria, where the diversity of OTUs in the phyllosphere of C. xanthocarpa and T. clusenii was greater than that of cultivated plants. The phylum Proteobacteria was predominant in the phyllosphere of both cultivated and native plants, where Alphaproteobacteria was dominant in phyllospheres of soybean and sugar cane and Gamaproteobacteria was harbored on the three trees of the Atlantic Forest. These results suggest that the phyllosphere of cultivated plants can select for specific groups of bacteria that are not found in the phyllosphere of tree species in the Atlantic Forest, and vice versa, where the conversion of forests to agriculture may lead to a reduction of bacterial beta diversity. The results of the phylogenetic affiliation between the phyllospheres of Tichilia clausenii, subjected to different intensities of UV radiation, also showed a predominance of clones associated with Proteobacteria in the evaluated clone libraries. The light factor, which was evaluated during the same period, showed no effect on the bacterial community, however, seasonal effects were quite evident, showing a higher diversity and species richness during the rainy season. This data suggests that epiphytic bacteria are equipped with a high degree of adaptation to different environmental conditions that they are exposed to.

A demanda por projetos de restauração ecológica, com a utilização de técnicas de plantio total, tem aumentado nos últimos anos, com a consequente necessidade de otimização dos insumos para tal atividade que, além de garantir maior sobrevivência das mudas a campo, é essencial para o setor. Assim, as compensações ambientais, geradas pela obra do trecho sul do Rodoanel Mário Covas (São Paulo), proporcionaram uma importante oportunidade de se realizar alguns estudos nessa temática. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a taxa de sobrevivência e o crescimento inicial (12 meses), de 30 espécies arbóreas nativas, provenientes de mudas acondicionadas em recipientes com 3 volumes distintos (tubetão 290 cm3, tubetinho 56 cm3 e bandeja 9 cm3), com e sem utilização de hidrogel no plantio, e submetidas às mesmas ações de manutenção. As espécies nativas regionais contemplaram todos os grupos sucessionais (pioneira e não pioneiras), pertencentes a 17 famílias botânicas. Como resultados deste trabalho, pode-se concluir que as espécies provenientes do recipiente tubetão obtiveram as menores porcentagens de mortalidade, seguidas de tubetinho e bandeja, entretanto algumas espécies de bandeja mostraram-se com índices de mortalidade menores, se comparadas a outras espécies provenientes de tubetinhos, apresentando assim possibilidades de uso, desde que adotados manejos diferenciados (irrigação pós-plantio e controle de competidores) visando a garantir o aumento da sobrevivência inicial das mudas. O hidrogel não interferiu no estabelecimento e nem no crescimento das mudas nos diferentes recipientes, para o período em que o experimento foi avaliado. Quanto ao desenvolvimento das mudas em crescimento e incremento de altura, pode-se concluir que, uma vez garantido o estabelecimento das mudas, não houve diferenças entre os recipientes, reforçando que, com manejos diferenciados, os custos da restauração poderão ser significativamente reduzidos, para as situações que exijam como metodologia o plantio total na restauração ecológica de uma dada área. / The demand for ecological restorations project, using total planting techniques, has increased in recent years, with the consequent optimizations need of inputs for such activity that, besides increasing the seedlings survival in the field, is essential for the sector. Thus, environmental compensation, generated by the work of the southern section of the Rodoanel Mário Covas (São. Paulo), provided a valuable opportunity to conduct some studies in this area. This studys aim was to evaluate the survival rate and early growth (12 months) of 30 native species from plants in containers packed with three separate volumes (290 cm3 tubetão, tubetinho 56 cm3 and bandeja 9 cm3), with and without hydrogels use at planting, and subordinated to the same maintenance actions. The regional native species, contemplated at all successional groups (pioneer and non-pioneer), belonging to 17 botany families. As a result of this work, we can conclude that species from the container tubetão had the lowest percentage of mortality, followed by tubetinho and bandeja, however some bandeja species have come out with lower mortality rates, compared to other species from tubetinhos, thus presenting use opportunities since different management are adopted (irrigation after planting and control of competitors) in order to guarantee the increase of initial survival of seedlings. The hydrogel did not affect the establishment and neither the growth of seedlings in different containers, during the period in which the experiment was evaluated. Concerning the seedlings development in growth and increase in height, one can conclude that once guaranteed the seedlings establishment of, there were no differences between the containers, reinforcing that with different managements, the restoration costs may be significantly reduced for situations that require the total planting as a methodology in ecological restoration of a given area.