Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2016-06-10T19:29:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 CatiElisaDeAvilaValadao_TESE.pdf: 22074758 bytes, checksum: 702cc3f01b20335c0a4d7438f5c6a479 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2016-06-13T22:20:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 CatiElisaDeAvilaValadao_TESE.pdf: 22074758 bytes, checksum: 702cc3f01b20335c0a4d7438f5c6a479 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-13T22:20:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 CatiElisaDeAvilaValadao_TESE.pdf: 22074758 bytes, checksum: 702cc3f01b20335c0a4d7438f5c6a479 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-08-14 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / The impacts of the Madden?Julian Oscillation (MJO) on precipitation over Northeast Brazil (NEB, also known as Nordeste) are evaluated based on daily raingauge data from 492 stations over 30-year period (1981-2010). Composites of precipitation, outgoing longwave radiation and moisture-flux anomalies are performed for each phase of the MJO based on the Jones?Carvalho MJO index. To distinguish the MJO signal from other patterns of climate variability, daily data are filtered using a 20 - 90 day band-pass filter; only days classified as MJO events are considered in the composites. A preliminary analysis based on precipitation data was conducted for a small scale area located in NEB?s semiarid interior, in an area known as Serid?. The Serid? is one of the driest regions in NEB, and is recognized by the United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification as particularly vulnerable to desertification. Composites of rainfall anomalies were computed for each of the eight phases of the MJO during February-May, which is Serid??s main rainy season. Results showed that the rainfall patterns in Serid? undergo substantial changes (from enhancement to suppression) as the convective center of the MJO propagates eastward. When combining the MJO signals for wet and dry phases, the difference represents about 50 - 150% modulation of the mean rainfall over Serid?. Then a comprehensive analysis of the role of the MJO in modulating the spatiotemporal variation of NEB?s precipitation was performed, considering all four seasons. The results showed strong seasonality of the MJO impact on precipitation. The most spatially coherent signals of precipitation anomalies occurred in the austral summer, when about 80% of the raingauge stations showed increased precipitation during phases 1 - 2 and suppressed precipitation in phases 5 - 6 of the oscillation. Although the MJO impacts precipitation on intraseasonal timescales in all seasons in most locations, these impacts vary in magnitude and depend on the phase of the oscillation. Precipitation anomalies over NEB are explained by the interaction of convectively coupled Kelvin-Rossby waves with the dominant climatic features in each season. During the austral summer and spring, westerly regimes increased precipitation over most NEB. In the austral winter and fall, precipitation anomalies exhibited more complex spatial variability. In these seasons precipitation anomalies in eastern coastal areas depended on the strength of the South Atlantic anticyclone, which is largely modulated by Rossby waves. The strengthening of the anticyclone intensified the convergence of the trade winds in coastal areas and precipitation windward of the coastal range. Conversely, the intensification of the subsidence was responsible for precipitation deficits in the lee side of the range. These conditions were typically observed when easterly regimes dominate over tropical South America and NEB, decreasing moisture flow from the Amazon. / Este estudo tem como objetivo investigar os impactos da oscila??o de Madden-Julian (OMJ) na precipita??o da regi?o Nordeste do Brasil (NEB). Para tanto foram utilizados dados di?rios de precipita??o baseados em 492 pluvi?metros distribu?dos na regi?o e cobrindo um per?odo de 30 anos (1981 ? 2010). As an?lises atrav?s de composi??es de anomalias de precipita??o, radia??o de onda longa e fluxo de umidade, foram obtidas com base no ?ndice da OMJ desenvolvido por Jones-Carvalho. Para distinguir o sinal da OMJ de outros padr?es de variabilidade clim?tica, todos os dados di?rios foram filtrados na escala de 20 ? 90 dias; portanto somente dias classificados como eventos da OMJ foram considerados nas composi??es. Uma an?lise preliminar baseada apenas nos dados de precipita??o foi feita para uma pequena ?rea localizada no interior semi?rido do NEB, conhecida como Serid?. Essa microrregi?o ? uma das ?reas mais secas do NEB e foi reconhecida pela Conven??o das Na??es Unidas para o Combate ? Desertifica??o e Mitiga??o dos Efeitos das Secas como particularmente vulner?vel ? desertifica??o. Composi??es de anomalias de precipita??o foram feitas para cada uma das oito fases da OMJ durante Fevereiro-Maio (principal per?odo chuvoso da microrregi?o). Os resultados mostraram a exist?ncia de varia??es significativas nos padr?es de precipita??o (de precipita??o excessiva ? deficiente) associados ? propaga??o da OMJ. A combina??o dos sinais de precipita??o obtidos durantes as fases ?midas e secas da OMJ mostrou que a diferen?a corresponde cerca de 50 ? 150% de modula??o das chuvas na microrregi?o. Em seguida, uma investiga??o abrangente sobre o papel da OMJ sobre toda a regi?o Nordeste foi feita considerando-se as quatro esta??es do ano. Os resultados mostraram que os impactos da OMJ na precipita??o intrassazonal do NEB apresentam forte sazonalidade. A maior coer?ncia espacial dos sinais de precipita??o ocorreram durante o ver?o austral, quando cerca de 80% das esta??es pluviom?tricas apresentaram anomalias positivas de precipita??o durante as fases 1 ? 2 da OMJ e anomalias negativas de precipita??o nas fases 5 ? 6 da oscila??o. Embora impactos da OMJ na precipita??o intrassazonal tenham sido encontrados na maioria das localidades e em todas as esta??es do ano, eles apresentaram varia??es na magnitude dos sinais e dependem da fase da oscila??o. As anomalias de precipita??o do NEB observadas s?o explicadas atrav?s da intera??o existente entre as ondas de Kelvin-Rossby acopladas convectivamente e as caracter?sticas clim?ticas predominantes sobre a regi?o em cada esta??o do ano. O aumento de precipita??o observado sobre a maior parte do NEB durante o ver?o e primavera austrais encontra-se associado com o fluxo de umidade de oeste (regime de oeste), o qual favorece a atividade convectiva em amplas ?reas da Am?rica do Sul tropical. Por outro lado, as anomalias de precipita??o durante o inverno e outono austrais apresentaram uma variabilidade espacial mais complexa. Durante estas esta??es, as anomalias de precipita??o observadas nas esta??es localizadas na costa leste do NEB dependem da intensidade do anticiclone do Atl?ntico Sul, o qual ? modulado em grande parte por ondas de Rossby. As caracter?sticas topogr?ficas do NEB parecem desempenhar um papel importante na variabilidade observada na precipita??o, principalmente nestas ?reas costeiras. A intensifica??o do anticiclone aumenta a converg?ncia dos ventos al?sios na costa contribuindo para a ocorr?ncia de precipita??o observada ? barlavento do planalto da Borborema. Por outro lado, o aumento da subsid?ncia parece ser respons?vel pelos d?ficits de precipita??o observados ? sotavento. Tais condi??es mostraram-se t?picas durante o predom?nio do regime de leste sobre a regi?o tropical da Am?rica do Sul e o NEB, durante o qual ocorre uma diminui??o no fluxo de umidade proveniente da Amaz?nia.

The North Platte Natural Resources District (NPNRD) is one of 23 quasi-governmental organizations in the state of Nebraska that are organized by river basin and are responsible for the management of groundwater. Conversely, the state's surface water is governed by the Nebraska Department of Natural Resources under the system of prior appropriation. This study uses Foucauldian neoliberal governmentality and a contrasting theory of 'meandering' to explore the conflicting beliefs, perceptions and values that form the foundations of different notions of 'efficiency' as it pertains to water use and management in NPNRD while a political ecology lens is used to situate local perceptions within the regional context of the Platte River Basin. Study findings ultimately point to the remaining 'disintegration' of water governance despite the state's efforts to create legislation that seeks to merge ground and surface water management in practice.

There is a need to reduce unsustainable use of fossil fuels. Increased usage of renewable energy by combined use of photovoltaic solar panels (PV) with battery storage is one way. Another way is to increase awareness of energy usage and reduce the energy performance gap by building energy-efficient buildings. Buildings have a long lifetime and high energy usage will have an impact for a long time. Barriers, drivers and non-energy benefits (NEBs) for investments in battery storage in photovoltaic systems (PV) in the context of farmers in Sweden with PV systems was investigated by a questionnaire study. The questionnaire was sent to farmers in Sweden who already have photovoltaics installed and about 100 persons answered, a response rate of 59%. Among the drivers for investments in battery storage in PV systems in agriculture it was found that the highest-ranked driver, i.e., to use a larger part of the electricity produced oneself, turns out to be the highest priority for grid owners seeking to reduce the need for extensive investments in the grid. The primary NEBs found were the possibility to become more independent of grid electricity. A method for the building process, called ByggaE, which aims to reduce the energy performance gap, has been developed and described. The method is based on two main processes with activities. Documents that support the activities can be found and stored in the energy documentation, a digital map structure. The two main processes are: The client’s activity to formulate requirements and ways to verify these requirements. The main process for other actors is to identify, handle and follow up risks or critical parts. An overall relation between the energy efficiency gap and the energy performance gap has been identified. Realistic assumptions and follow-up related to the assumptions are found to be important to reduce both the energy efficiency gap and the energy performance gap. / För att uppnå klimatmålen är det nödvändigt att minska den ohållbara användningen av fossila bränslen. Ett sätt är att öka användning av förnybar energi genom att kombinera solel med batterilager. Ett annat sätt är att öka medvetenheten om energianvändningen med dess negativa påverkan på miljön och uppfylla energikraven för nya byggnader bättre. Eftersom byggnader har lång livslängd ger onödigt hög energianvändning påverkan under lång tid.   Hinder, drivkrafter och andra icke energirelaterade fördelar med att investera i batterilager till solel har undersökts i en enkätstudie bland svenska lantbruk. Det kom in 100 svar från lantbrukare som har solel, vilket motsvarar en svarsfrekvens på 59 %. Den viktigaste drivkraften för att investera i batterilager till solelanläggningen är en högre egenanvändning av el. Detta visade sig också vara högst prioriterat av elnätsägare för att minska behovet av kostsamma investeringar i elnätet. Den största icke energirelaterade fördelen med batterilager är större oberoende av elnätet.   En kvalitetsäkringsmetod för byggprocessen har utvecklats och beskrivits. Syftet med metoden, som kallas ByggaE, är att minska skillnaden mellan verklig energianvändning och energikrav i nya byggnader. Metoden bygger på två huvudprocesser med aktiviteter. Beställarens huvudprocess är att formulera krav och metoder att kontrollera och följa upp dessa krav. De andra aktörernas huvudprocess är att identifiera, hantera och följa upp risker eller kritiska moment som kan påverka energianvändningen. Dokument som stödjer aktiviteterna lagras i en digital mappstruktur.   Det är viktigt med realistiska antaganden och uppföljning som relaterar till dessa antaganden för att fler lönsamma energieffektiviseringsåtgärder ska bli genomförda och för att de energiprestanda som krävs eller förväntas ska bli uppfyllda.

Cette thèse est une étude théorique sur la interface de porphyrine de cobalt avec des surfaces métalliques avec le code VASP DFT. Le cadre DFT nécessaire a été introduit dans le chapitre 1. La structure de la jBardeen, une programme ecrit en Java, pour la simulation de la STM est expliqué dans le chapitre 2 et le code source est jointe en annexe. Une étude de l'adsorption de CoTPP sur les surfaces métalliques a été entrepris dans le chapitre 3. Différents paramètres de calcul ont été évalués: Le site d'adsorption et de la géométrie à la fois la molécule et la surface ont été étudiés par rapport à la xc-fonctionnel et correction de la dispersion utilisée. Une adsorption site le plus stable est identifié. Par conséquent, ce site plus stable a été étudiée pour sa structure électronique. Calculés images STM avec le code jBardeen ont été comparés avec une experimentation de CoTPP Cu sur une surface (111) avec une couverture sous monocouche. Dans le chapitre 4, un adatome Fe a été présenté à la CoTPP sur Ag système (111). Trois sites de liaison symétrique différentes pour l'atome Fe ont été identifiés sur le macrocycle, marqué les , bi-, brd- et bru-positions. Un moment magnétique pouvait être attestée qui a été principalement situé sur l'atome Fe. Voies possibles entre les quatre, symétriquement équivalentes, sites bi- ont été étudiées avec des méthodes différentes. Simples calculs dans le vacuum et calculs de la “Nudged Elastic Band” (NEB) de l'ensemble du système a révélé une hauteur de barrière légèrement au-dessus de 0,2 eV allant de position bi à la posititon brd. Une analyse de vibration a montré que la commutation de l'atome Fe est susceptible, lorsqu'il est perturbé hors d'équilibre dans les positions brd et bru. / This thesis is a theoretical study on the cobalt porphyrin - coinage metal surface interface with the DFT code VASP. The necessary DFT framework has been introduced in chapter 1. The structure of the Java program jBardeen for STM simulation is explained in chapter 2 and the source code is attached as Appendix. A study of the adsorption of CoTPP on coinage metal surfaces has been undertaken in chapter 3. Different parameters of the calculation have been evaluated: the adsorption site and the geometry of both the molecule and surface have been investigated with respect to the xc-functional and dispersion correction used. A most stable adsorption site -bridge down- is identified. Consequently, this most stable site was investigated for its electronic structure. Calculated STM images with the jBardeen code were compared with an experiment of CoTPP on a Cu(111) surface with sub monolayer coverage. In chapter 4 an Fe adatom was introduced to the CoTPP on Ag(111) system. Three symmetrically different binding sites for the Fe atom were identified on the macrocycle, labelled the bi-, brd- and bru-positions for bisector, bridge down and bridge up respectively. A magnetic moment could be evidenced which was mainly located on the Fe atom. Possible pathways between the four symmetrically equivalent bisector sites were investigated with different methods. Single point calculations in vacuum and Nudged Elastic Band (NEB) of the whole system revealed a barrier height of slightly above 0.2 eV going from bi- to the brd-position. A vibrational analysis showed that switching of the Fe atom is likely, when perturbed out of equilibrium in the brd- and bru- positions.