This paper aims to explore the phenomena of “fake news” and to see what kind of threat that it poses – mainly focused on epistemic damage. It will also explore different measures that can be taken in order to lessen this effect. In order to discuss the term, one must begin exploring it as not being a new phenomenon but also see what effect the introduction of digital social media platforms has had on the spread and damage caused. The paper also discusses what can be regarded as a trusted source of knowledge by covering the assurance theory of testimony and how it fits in an online context. If one can trust information based on a person stepping in as a guarantee for the knowledge – when can they be said to have done this?The paper will also cover the popularisation of Artificial Intelligence (AI)-generative tools that can help create falsified images, video and audio content that can be claimed to be evidence and how this has a negative effect as an epistemic threat. The conclusion of this paper is that a more level-headed approach, applying some form of common sense, to sharing and evaluating information being news is the best approach to counter the epistemic harm that otherwise can be caused by fake news. This could be done by starting to value ones’ view of themselves as part of the chain of testimony and to cultivate the trust that others put in them.

The purpose of this study is to discover and explain the influences of media coverage of organizational crises on crisis communication, and vice versa. The study also shows how mediated crises develop, and how media framing and news sources affect this development. Carried out as a case study of three Swedish mediated crises, the methods used are quantitative and qualitative content analysis of media content from four Swedish newspapers and four organizations' press releases from the studied crises. Mediated crises develop through their specific pattern regardless of, but not independent from, the organizations' crisis communication. The crisis communication is used as an elite source in media reporting from the crises, but it can not control the mediated crises. However, it influences framing, and the possibilities to influence media reporting are better in the pre-crisis phase and the culmination.

Major hurricane landfalls are the most dangerous natural hazard threats experienced in the U.S. Television news is a primary sources of hurricane hazard information and has the ability to influence what viewers understand about and how they respond to these events. While it is understood that media plays a central role in communicating weather, it is unknown whether or not news media content communicates the recommended hurricane hazard adjustments that are needed for preparedness and protection. Thus this study supports prior research calling for a closer examination of the role and effects of visual information in media documents. Using the 2005 Atlantic hurricane season, the present research employs qualitative media analysis to explore the framing of hurricane preparedness through television newscasts covering Hurricane Katrina from August 23-29, 2005. Key findings from this study suggest that there are five common frames through which hurricane information is presented to viewers of the national news broadcasts surveyed in this study. Preparedness information was found to be mainly represented through visual content but sparsely mentioned in reporting. The study also found that more often visuals were used to aid story development instead of provide educational or instructional messages that model the adoption of hazard adjustments and have the potential to motivate protective actions and behaviors by helping to increase self-efficacy. The present study concludes by discussing underlying aspects of conflict present within the media frames and offering recommendations for better integration of media content into risk communication campaigns for severe weather.

Bakgrund: Västvärlden har hög medellivslängd vilket inte bara innebär att människor är friska utan att de också finns många som lever med svåra sjukdomar och stort lidande. I Australien startades den Mobila Intensivvårds Gruppen, MIG-team för att minska dödlighet av akut sviktande patienter, som sedan infördes runt om i världen.   Syfte: Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att beskriva sjuksköterskornas upplevelser av den mobila intensivvårdgruppen (MIG-team) samt National Early Warning Score (NEWS), samt beskriva de inkluderade artiklarnas datainsamlingsmetod.   Metod: Beskrivande litteraturstudie. De inkluderade vetenskapliga artiklarna söktes fram i databasen PubMed. Elva artiklar inkluderades som svarade på syftet. Artiklarna inkluderade både kvalitativ och kvantitativ ansats.   Huvudresultat: Många sjuksköterskor ansåg att kommunikationen var viktig. NEWS – National Early Warning Score sågs som ett viktigt verktyg för att effektivisera patientvården då kommunikationen blev snabb och exakt mellan sjuksköterskan och MIG-team. Detta ökade även patientsäkerheten genom att både hjärtstoppslarm och dödsfall har minskat. Sjuksköterskorna önskar överlag mer utbildning för att stärka den egna kompetensen. Det har påvisats att en del av sjuksköterskorna känner sig osäkra att hantera NEWS samt att de känner sig osäkra vid vilken tidpunkt de bör kontakta MIG-team. Osäkerheten skulle med största sannolikhet minska om de fick tillgång till mer utbildning samtidigt som det skulle stärka teamarbetet kring patienten. Datainsamlingsmetoderna i de inkluderade studierna var ett flertal intervjuer, en observationsstudie och datainsamlingar från olika dataprogram.   Slutsats: Kommunikation har visat sig ha stor betydelse både för att säkerhetsställa patientarbete och främja teamarbete i personalgruppen. Införande av NEWS och MIG-team runt om i världen har visats minska hjärtstopplarm och dödligheten på sjukhus, vilket skulle kunna motivera till ytterligare utbildning för sjuksköterskor i NEWS och MIG-team. / Background: In the west world it is a high life expectancy, which not only means thatpeople are healthy but that they also are many who are living with serious illnesses andgreat suffering. The Mobile Intensive Care Group (MIG team) started in Australia toreduce mortality from acute fragile patients, who then introduced around the world. Aim: To describe the nurse´s experiences of Rapid Response Team (MIG-team), andthe National Early Warning Score (NEWS), and to describe the data collection of theincluded articles. Methods: A literature study with descriptive design. The included scientific articleswere sought out in the PubMed database. Eleven articles were included who answeredthe aim. The articles included both qualitative and quantitative approach. Results: Many of the nurse´s concider that the communication was important. NEWSseen as an important tool to streamline patient care when communication was fast andaccurately between the nurse and the MIG- team. This also increased patient safety,which showed that both cardiac arrest alarm and deaths have declined. Nurses wishgenerally more education to enhance their skills. It has been demonstrated that some ofthe nurses feel insecure dealing with NEWS and that they feel uncertain when theyshould contact MIG -Team. The uncertainty would most likely decrease if they hadaccess to more education while it also would strengthen the teamwork around thepatient. Data collection methods in the included studies were several interviews, oneobservational study and data collection from various data programs. Conclusion: Communication has proved to be very important both to the collateralpatient work and promote teamwork in the personnel group. Introduction of NEWS andMIG teams around the world have been shown to reduce cardiac alarms and mortality inhospitals, which could warrant additional training in the MEWS and MIG team for thenurse´s.

This study determined attitudes held by television reporters nationwide toward PR practitioners' demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news. Findings. that emerged from the study were: 1. Television reporters were undecided whether practitioners needed an educational background in PR, and believed they needed an educational but not a professional background in television reporting. 2. They believed practitioners knew too little and should improve their knowledge, and that practitioners' employers would benefit therefrom. 3. They valued the assistance of practitioners. 4. There were moderate degrees of off-the-job contact and interest therein. 5. They divided evenly on the question concerning practitioners' specific demonstrated knowledge of the technical side of television news.

The study aims to contribute to the deeper understanding of young Facebook users’ news consumption routines within the platform and to find out how they experience the growing presence of news publishers there. The research is based on 10 semi­structured interviews with international students ­ Swedish Institute scholarship holders from seven different countries. The qualitative data is analysed with the help of the theoretical approach, based on the combination of two modern concepts, that consider user perspective on news consumption: the concept of “perceived worthwhileness” by Kim Christian Schroeder and “spatial turn” by Chris Peters. The research has shown that young users often use Facebook as their primary source of news and, therefore, adopt new routines on this social platform in terms of news consumption. Among them are scanning through personal news feeds, monitoring friends interests, using “likes” for information dissemination and self­expression, chain reading news and “playing” with algorithms. At the same time, the communicational component of Facebook is not ignored and the platform as a whole is experienced rather as a space than a specific medium. In general, young users experience news consumption on Facebook in a positive way and appreciate the opportunity to see their peers’ perspectives on particular issues, show their identity to significant others, be exposed to a diverse range of news without wasting time on searching and choosing, and keep track of their activities and interests. At the same time, the author identified a negative attitude towards the chaotic structure of news feeds and the complexity of the settings.

News values are used by journalists to construct events and news actors as newsworthy.The present study investigates the use of news values in the reporting on two territorial disputes, one between China and Japan (Diaoyu/Senkaku) and one between Japan and South Korea (Dokdo/Takeshima), in the US news outlets CNN, FOX News and the Washington Post. In addition, it also examines what news values tend to be associated with the involved parties, US-allies Japan and South Korea, and US non-allies China, as well as to what extent the news values associated with Japan differ between the reporting on the two disputes. This is done through a Discursive News Values Analysis (DNVA) which examines how news values are construed using linguistic resources. The aim is to produce new insights into how international conflicts are reported on, and how certain nations are made newsworthy in US media. The results suggest that the news values of Eliteness, Negativity, Superlativeness and Timeliness were foregrounded in the reporting on both disputes, while Proximity was far more common in the Diaoyu/Senkaku dispute articles. Eliteness and Personalisation were commonly associated with US allies while a combination of Superlativeness and Negativity was more common with US non-allies, which resulted in Negativity being further emphasised. Finally, Proximity was far more commonly associated with Japan in the Diaoyu/Senkaku dispute articles compared to the Dokdo/Takeshima dispute articles. Thus, the analysis shows that US allies tend to be constructed as newsworthy in a more positive light than non-allies, and it also indicates that nations defending a contested area in a territorial dispute appear to be framed more positively than their counterparts.

Student Number: 9603346N. Master of Arts in Translation. School of Literature and Language Studies / This research focuses on the translation of the South African Broadcasting Corporation’s (SABC) news bulletins from English into Sotho languages, particularly Sepedi. The main aim of this study is to analyse the strategies, methods and approaches used by the translators. The study also tests Stephen Maphike’s 1992 hypothesis which states that the news translators translate literally or word for word, instead of translating conceptually. In order to achieve these aims both the English and Sotho versions of the news were recorded over a period of approximately two weeks, from 22nd September to 5th October 2003. The study falls within the framework of Descriptive Translation Studies, and the analysis is based on translation theories and strategies proposed by authors such as Mona Baker (1992), Peter Newmark (1991), Christiane Nord (1991 & 1997) and Gideon Toury (1980). The conclusions drawn regarding the appropriateness or otherwise of the strategies used are intended to increase an awareness of the problems involved and the solutions available to translators.

Estratégias do setor financeiro operacionalizadas junto aos jornalistas para construir e garantir presença predominante no noticiário econômico de jornais impressos no Brasil. / The predominance of financial market\'s sources in Brazil\'s economic news and their strategies to consolidate as the only correct economic thought in the media.

The purpose of this study is to inquire if there are dispositions of any type. of newscast carried by ABC News about Nigeria and if these newscasts are positively or negatively inclined. The analysis quantified and verified that while the broadcast content of ABC News presentations on Nigeria have been objectively covered, the newscasts have taken stereotypical patterns. This, thereby establishes the need for ABC News, being an example of American network news, to diversify and cover stories of social and human interest in Nigeria and other Third World countries. The study concludes that a true maxim of news coverage is needed as a guide to unbiased, unslanted or cliched news presentations.