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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
251

Ab initio calculation of H interactions with defects in fcc metals : crack tip dislocations and vacancies / Etude ab intio des interactions hydrogènes-défauts dans les métaux cfc : cas des lacunes et des dislocations en pointe de fissure

Wang, Yu 05 December 2014 (has links)
Dans de nombreuses applications technologiques des alliages métalliques structurés, la fragilisation par l'hydrogène (HE) est une préoccupation majeure car elle peut pénétrer dans la plupart des métaux, dégrader leurs propriétés et conduire à des défaillances prématurées. Malgré de nombreux efforts durant ces dernières décennies, au cours desquelles de nombreux mécanismes microscopiques ont été proposées, une compréhension claire des mécanismes de fragilisation H n'a pas encore été atteint. Depuis qu'il processus se produisent sur une échelle atomique, les mécanismes exacts conduisant à HE ne sont pas facilement identifiés expérimentalement. Une amélioration possible serait d'utiliser des simulations à l'échelle atomique pour essayer de capturer les détails des processus de déformation et de rupture au niveau atomique, permettant l'enquête du mécanisme microscopique pertinente. Dans un tel contexte, l'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de comprendre et de quantifier les interactions H avec des défauts comme postes vacants, les luxations et les fissures dans les métaux cfc par la modélisation multi-échelle. L'étude est organisé en quatre parties principales. Dans la première partie, nous avons utilisé des premiers calculs principe (basée sur la théorie fonctionnelle de la densité) pour décrire H interaction avec une vacance de Nickel. Plus précisément, les énergies de ségrégation de plusieurs atomes d'hydrogène en un seul et di-postes vacants ont été calculés. Deux énergies caractéristiques qui ont été trouvés à clarifier les pics expérimentaux observés chez Spectra désorption thermique dans la littérature. Les concentrations de groupes H-inoccupation équilibre a ensuite été évalué, dans des conditions pertinentes à SE et de corrosion sous contrainte (CSC) des alliages à base de Ni (industrie nucléaire), par des simulations de Monte Carlo et un modèle thermodynamique développé à partir de nos données DFT. Dans la deuxième partie, nous avons quantifié l'effet de piégeage de postes vacants sur H diffusion dans Nickel. Avec DFT barrières de saut calculé, liés à H piégeage et dépiégeage dans les postes vacants, nous avons utilisé accéléré Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations pour évaluer le coefficient H de diffusion en fonction de la concentration de vacance et de la température. Dans la troisième partie, nous avons étudié la diffusion des grappes H-vacance de Ni, basée sur la combinaison de DFT et une méthode statistique. Calculs DFT de barrières de saut d'inoccupation ont été effectuées pour les clusters contenant de un à six H à l'intérieur du poste vacant. Avec ces barrières calculés et les concentrations calculées précédentes de grappes H-inoccupation, un modèle simple stochastique similaire à la procédure KMC a été développé pour estimer le coefficient de diffusion de grappes H-inoccupation en fonction de la concentration et de la température M. Dans la dernière partie, nous avons étudié l'interaction de l'hydrogène avec une pointe de fissure émoussée en aluminium par EAM combinée (potentiel interatomique semi-empirique) et calculs DFT. Méthode atome embarqué (EAM) simulations potentiels ont été réalisées pour évaluer l'effet de H sur la dislocation émission d'une pointe de fissure émoussée en mode mixte chargement. Ce phénomène peut être comprise par le changement induit H de l'empilement instable faute de l'énergie (γus) dans le modèle de Rice. Par conséquent, DFT et EAM calculs de γus ont été effectuées, y compris les effets de H et des charges en mode mixte. Il est montré que l'effet de la charge perpendiculaire au plan de glissement est très forte, contrairement à l'effet de la surface sous-H, ce qui est négligeable. / In many technological applications of structured metallic alloys, hydrogen embrittlement (HE) is a major concern as it can penetrate in most metals, degrade their properties and lead to premature failures. Despite numerous efforts in the past decades during which many microscopic mechanisms were proposed, a clear understanding of H embrittlement mechanisms has not been achieved yet. Since HE processes occur on an atomic-scale, the exact mechanisms leading to HE are not easily identified experimentally. One possible improvement would be to use atomic-scale simulations to try to capture details of deformation and fracture processes at the atomic level, enabling the investigation of relevant microscopic mechanism. In such context, the goal of this PhD work is to understand and quantify H interactions with defects like vacancies, dislocations and cracks in fcc metals through multi-scale modeling. The study is organized in four main parts. In the first part, we employed first principle calculations (based on density functional theory) to describe H interaction with a vacancy in Nickel. More specifically, the segregation energies of multiple H atoms in a single and di-vacancies were computed. Two characteristic energies were found which clarify the experimental peaks observed in Thermal Desorption Spectra in the literature. The equilibrium concentrations of H-vacancy clusters was then evaluated, under conditions relevant to HE and stress corrosion cracking (SCC) of Ni based alloys (nuclear industry),by Monte Carlo simulations and a thermodynamic model developed from our DFT data. In the second part, we quantified the trapping effect of vacancies on H diffusion in Nickel. With DFT computed jump barriers, related to H trapping and detrapping in vacancies, we employed accelerated Kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) simulations to evaluate the H diffusion coefficient as a function of vacancy concentration and temperature. In the third part, we studied the diffusion of H-vacancy clusters in Ni, based on the combination of DFT and a statistical method. DFT calculations of vacancy jump barriers were performed for clusters containing from one to six H inside the vacancy. With these computed barriers and previous calculated concentrations of H-vacancy clusters, a simple stochastic model similar to the KMC procedure was developed to estimate the diffusion coefficient of H-vacancy clusters as a function of H concentration and temperature. In the last part, we studied the interaction of hydrogen with a blunted crack tip in Aluminum by combined EAM (semi-empirical interatomic potential) and DFT calculations. Embedded atom method (EAM) potential simulations were performed to evaluate the H effect on dislocation emission from a blunted crack tip under mixed mode loading. This phenomenon can be understood by the H induced change of the unstable stacking fault energy (γus ) in Rice’s model. Therefore, DFT and EAM calculations of γus were performed including the effects of H and of the mixed mode loads. It is shown that the effect of the load perpendicular to the glide plane is very strong, contrary to the effect of sub-surface H, which is negligible
252

Optimisation de la composition en terres rares pour des hydrures métalliques utilisés comme électrodes dans les accumulateurs Ni-MH / Optimization of the composition of rare earth for metal hydrides used as electrodes in Ni-MH

Charbonnier, Véronique 16 December 2015 (has links)
Les batteries Ni-MH sont utilisées dans diverses applications, aussi bien stationnaires (panneaux solaires) que mobiles (véhicules hybrides). La matière active des électrodes négatives des batteries actuellement commercialisées est un alliage intermétallique de type AB5 (A = terres rares, B = métaux de transition). La demande croissante en énergie nécessite d'améliorer la capacité massique de ces accumulateurs. Pour cette raison, nous étudions de nouveaux matériaux d'électrode de type ABy (y = 3,5 ou 3,8). La structure d'empilement particulière de ces alliages composés d'unités [AB5] et [A2B4] leur confère une capacité plus importante. L'unité [A2B4] est en effet capable d'absorber davantage d'hydrogène que l'unité [AB5]. Cependant, sa stabilité au cyclage lui fait défaut. Dans cette thèse nous avons, dans un premier temps, mené une étude sur les composés binaires de type ANi3,5 et ANi3,8 (A Æ Gd, Sm ou Y) puis nous avons étudié l'évolution des propriétés thermodynamiques, électrochimiques et de corrosion et après substitutions successives de la terre rare (ou yttrium) par du magnésium puis du lanthane / Ni-MH batteries are used in both stationary (solar panels) and mobile (hybrid vehicles) applications. The active material of negative electrodes currently on the market is an AB5-type alloy (A = rare earth, B = transition metal). The continuously increasing demand for energy requires improving the mass capacity of these batteries. For this reason, we study new type of electrode materials ABy (y Æ 3.5 or 3.8). The particular stacking structure of these alloys composed of [AB5] and [A2B4] units give them more capacity. Indeed, [A2B4] unit is able to absorb more hydrogen than [AB5] unit. However, stability in cycling is lowered. In this phD work we have, at first, conducted a study of binary compounds type ANi 3.5 and ANi3.8 (A = Gd, Sm ou Y), then we studied the evolution of the thermodynamic properties, electrochemical and corrosion after successive substitutions of the rare earth (or yttrium) with magnesium and lanthanum
253

Epitaktische Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schichten für magnetokalorische Anwendung

Förster, Anett 20 December 2017 (has links) (PDF)
Weltweit wird ein großer Teil der Energie für die Kühlung unterschiedlichster Arten verwendet und der Bedarf steigt weiterhin an. Herkömmliche Kühlsysteme funktionieren mittels Kompression von Gasen mit sehr niedriger Verdampfungstemperatur. Diese Kältemittel sind entweder giftig, brennbar oder klimaschädlich. Deshalb zielen aktuelle Forschungsschwerpunkte auf alternative und nachhaltige Kühlsysteme. Eine vielversprechende Alternative ist der Einsatz von Festkörpern mit Phasenumwandlungen. Die durch verschiedene (magnetische, elektrische oder elastische) Felder induzierten Phasenübergänge ermöglichen die Nutzung kalorischer Effekte. Der magnetokalorische Effekt (MKE) beschreibt das physikalische Phänomen, bei dem ein sich veränderndes äußeres Magnetfeld unter adiabatischen Bedingungen zu einer Temperaturänderung in einem magnetischen Material führt. Für die Nutzung des MKE in Kühlsystemen stellen die Ni-Mn-X (X = Ga, In, Sb, Sn) Heusler-Legierungen eine geeignete Materialklasse dar. Sie besitzt mit ihrer gekoppelten magnetostrukturellen Umwandlung, bei der eine martensitische Phasenumwandlung auch die magnetischen Eigenschaften ändert, ein großes Potential für einen MKE. Beim Absenken der Temperatur unter die Umwandlungstemperatur kommt es zu einer diffusionslosen Strukturumwandlung von einer hohen zu einer niedrigeren Kristallsymmetrie. Dabei wird die Hochtemperaturphase als Austenit und die Niedrigtemperaturphase als Martensit bezeichnet. Werden einige Atomprozent Kobalt zu Ni-Mn-Ga hinzulegiert, ändern sich die magnetischen Eigenschaften der Phasen deutlich. So zeigt Ni-Mn-Ga-Co einen magnetostrukturellen Übergang zwischen der ferromagnetischen Austenitphase und der ferrimagnetischen Martensitphase und damit einen inversen MKE. Beim Anlegen eines äußeren magnetischen Feldes kommt es demnach zu einer Abkühlung des funktionalen Materials und damit zu positiven Werten der Entropieänderung. Für die Anwendung dieser Festkörper als Kühlelemente in Mikrosystemen ist die Entwicklung und Charakterisierung dünner Schichten nötig. Ihr hohes Oberflächen-zu-Volumen-Verhältnis ermöglicht einen schnellen Wärmeaustausch mit dem umgebenden Medium, wodurch hohe Zyklusfrequenzen erreichbar sind. Entsprechend können hohe spezifische Kühlleistungen erzielt werden. Epitaktische Ni-Mn-basierende Heusler-Legierungsschichten sind außerdem ein gutes Modellsystem für die Untersuchung des Einflusses von Ober- und Grenzflächen auf die Phasenumwandlung und die Materialeigenschaften und erlauben Untersuchungen zu den Ursachen der Hysterese, die bei einer martensitischen Phasenumwandlung auftritt. In dieser Arbeit werden epitaktisch gewachsene Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Schichten, die eine gekoppelte strukturelle und magnetische Phasenumwandlung nahe Raumtemperatur besitzen, hergestellt und charakterisiert. Ausgehend von Vorarbeiten zu Ni-Mn-X-Schichten und vielversprechenden Zusammensetzungen, die von Massivmaterialproben bekannt sind, wird durch die Variation der Herstellungsparameter und der chemischen Zusammensetzung der Schichten, magnetostrukturelle Umwandlungen mit scharfen Umwandlungsbereichen und geringer thermischen Hysterese bei großer Magnetisierungsänderung erzielt. Anhand von zwei mittels Kombinatorik hergestellter Probenserien wird der Einfluss des Kobalt-Gehaltes auf strukturelle, magnetische und kalorische Eigenschaften untersucht und entspricht den Ergebnissen von Untersuchungen an Ni-Mn-Ga-Co-Massivmaterialien. Es wird gezeigt, wie sich die magnetischen und kalorischen Eigenschaften der Schichten nach der Ablösung vom Substrat ändern. Die Entropieänderung, die ein für die kalorischen Eigenschaften sehr wichtiger Parameter ist, wird indirekt mit Hilfe geeigneter Magnetisierungsmessungen bestimmt und zeigt vielversprechende Werte von bis zu 9,9 J/(kg K). Die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Messwege durch den Magnetfeld-Temperatur-Phasenraum werden verglichen und die Unterschiede entsprechend des Nukleations- und Wachstumsmodells der martensitischen Umwandlung erläutert. Die Umwandlungszyklenzahl beeinflusst die Wiederholbarkeit der temperaturabhängigen Magnetisierungskurven und damit auf strukturelle und magnetische Eigenschaften der Schichten deutlich und reduziert die thermische Hysterese. Mittels unvollständiger Umwandlungszyklen kann die martensitische Umwandlung derart beeinflusst werden, dass sich die thermische Hysterese reduzieren lässt. Dadurch werden bestehende Nukleations- und Wachstumsmodelle der martensitischen Umwandlung bestätigt.
254

Microstructural, Mechanical and Oxidation Behavior of Ni-Al-Zr Intermetallic Eutectic Alloys

Gunjal, Vilas Vishnu January 2016 (has links) (PDF)
The excellent high temperature microstructure stability, high strength, and oxidation resistance of intermetallics has for long driven the development of intermetallic based alloys. More recent studies demonstrated attractive properties of eutectic intermetallic in the Ni-Al-Zr systems. This thesis deals with study of binary Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2, NiAl+Ni7Zr2 and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary intermetallic eutectic alloys in this system and includes the identification of compositions that would yield each eutectic structure and their microstructural characterization, mechanical and oxidation behavior. The thesis is divided into six chapters. Chapter 1 reviews the study on high temperature materials development and presents the objectives of work in the current thesis. Various experimental techniques used for alloy preparation (vacuum arc melting and vacuum suction casting), microstructural characterization (optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), x-ray Diffraction (XRD), electron probe micro analyzer (EPMA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)), compression tests, microhardness tests and thermo gravimetric analysis (TGA) are described in Chapter 2. The specific background of work related to each chapter together with experimental results and discussion are given in next three chapters. Chapter 3 reports the method of identification of the composition for each of the eutectic alloys referred to above. The identification of alloy compositions of binary eutectics Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 (Ni-13.5Al-11Zr), NiAl+Ni7Zr2 (Ni-19Al-12Zr) and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic (Ni-18.4Al-11.6Zr) is carried out with the help of available liquidus projection of Ni-Al-Zr system, and the iterative melting of numerous compositions that were refined to define the critical compositions for each eutectic. The microstructural features of these alloys have been characterized using optical and electron microscopy. Phase identification is confirmed by X ray diffraction, EPMA and TEM. The microstructure of Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 and Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic alloy shows similar eutectic morphologies. The eutectic colony consists of lamellar plates at center and intermixed lamellar-rod irregular morphologies towards the boundaries of the colonies. However, the NiAl+Ni7Zr2 eutectic alloy shows a fine, lamellar plate morphology throughout the microstructure. The orientation relationship between eutectic phases is determined using TEM technique for each alloy composition. Onsets of melting and liquidus temperatures have been identified by Differential Scanning Calorimetry. Modified liquidus projections of Ni-Al-Zr system near the Ni3Al+NiAl+Ni7Zr2 ternary eutectic region have been derived from present experimental work. Chapter 4 focuses on understanding the mechanical behaviour of these individual eutectics at room temperature and high temperature. An attempt has been made to correlate the microstructure and mechanical properties of eutectics by measuring room temperature hardness, compressive yield strength at various temperatures, and examination of slip bands, crack initiation and fractography. It is observed that NiAl+Ni7Zr2 eutectic possesses the highest yield strength and hardness followed by ternary eutectic and then the Ni3Al+Ni7Zr2 eutectic. The yield strength of these eutectics decreases rapidly beyond 700oC and this decrease is accompanied by substantial increase in compressive ductility and steady state flow, with little work hardening. Chapter 5 explores the isothermal oxidation behavior at high temperatures of these eutectic alloys. Oxidation kinetics have been measured at various temperatures (900oC, 1000oC, 1050oC and 1100oC) are carried out using the thermo gravimetric analysis technique (TGA). The oxidation behavior has been characterized using TGA, X ray diffraction and EPMA. The Top surface of oxide layer shows compact, NiO layer with a fine grain size. The cross section of oxide samples shows five distinct microstructural and compositional layers at steady state. Attempt has been made to understand the oxidation mechanism, sequence of layer formation in correlation with microstructure and weight gains, rate constants and activation energy analysis. Finally Chapter 6 presents a summary of the current work and suggests for further work.
255

Mécanismes d’interaction du nickel et de l´europium avec la calcite / Interaction mechanisms of europium and nickel with calcite

Sabau, Andrea 27 March 2015 (has links)
Dans le contexte de l’évaluation de la sûreté d’un stockage de déchets radioactifs en site géologique profond, les réactions de sorption sont un des principaux processus à prendre en compte pour prédire la migration des radionucléides. Ce travail est axé sur deux éléments: l´Eu(III) comme analogue des certains actinides trivalents et le Ni(II) en tant que produit d’activation. La calcite a été choisie comme solide d´étude en tant que composant des argilites du Callovo-Oxfordien. Notre étude combine des expériences de type batch avec des techniques spectroscopiques (SLRT, RBS et MEB-EDXS) pour élucider les mécanismes qui se produisent à l’interface Eu(III) / Ni(II) – calcite. Pour obtenir une meilleure compréhension des systèmes, avant de commencer les expériences de sorption, la chimie en solution de l’Eu(III) et du Ni(II) a été systématiquement étudiée. La calcite a montré une forte rétention de l'Eu(III), quelle que soit la concentration initiale, le temps de contact et la pression partielle de CO2. Ni(II) est également aisément retenu par la calcite, mais la rétention est dépendante de ces deux paramètres. Les résultats de désorption indiquent une réversibilité partielle pour Ni(II). La SLRT a montré l’influence de la concentration et du temps de contact sur l’interaction de l’Eu(III) avec la calcite. Avec l’aide de la RBS et de la MEB/EDX, elle a permis de discriminer entre différents mécanismes tels que la précipitation de surface, la formation de complexes de surface de sphère interne et l'incorporation. La RBS a démontré l'incorporation de l'Eu(III) dans la calcite jusqu’à une profondeur de 250 nm, contrairement au Ni(II) qui lui reste situé en surface. / In the context of the safety assessment of an underground repository for nuclear waste, sorption reactions are one of the main processes to take into account to predict the migration of the radionuclides. This work is focused on two elements: Eu(III) as an analogue of trivalent actinides and Ni(II) as activation product. Calcite was chosen as adsorbent due to its presence in Callovian-Oxfordian argillites. Our study combines batch experiments with spectroscopic techniques (TRLFS, RBS and SEM-EDXS) to elucidate the mechanisms occurring at Eu(III)/Ni(II) calcite interface. To obtain a better understanding on the systems, before starting sorption experiments, aqueous chemistry of Eu(III) and Ni(II) was carefully investigated. Macroscopic results showed a strong retention of Eu(III) on calcite, no matter the initial concentration, contact time and CO2 partial pressure. Ni(II) was also readily sorbed by calcite, but the retention was influenced by contact time and concentration. Time-dependent sorption experiments showed a marked and slow increase of retention upon a long time range (up to 4 months).Desorption results indicated a partly reversible sorption for Ni(II). TRLFS highlighted the influence of initial concentration and contact time on the interaction of Eu(III) with calcite. With the help of RBS and SEM-EDXS, it enabled to discriminate between different mechanisms like surface precipitation, inner-sphere complexation and incorporation. RBS showed incorporation of Eu(III) into calcite up to 250 nm, contrary to Ni(II) which was located at the surface.
256

Phase formation and size effects in nanoscale silicide layers for the sub-100 nm microprocessor technology

Rinderknecht, Jochen 13 July 2005 (has links)
Silizide spielen ein wesentliche Rolle in den technologisch fortschrittlichsten CMOS Bauteilen. Sie finden Verwendung als Kontaktmaterial auf den Aktivgebieten und dem Silizium Gatter von Transistoren. Diese Arbeit beschäftigt sich mit den Systemen: Co-Si, Co-Ni-Si und Ni-Si. Sowohl in situ Hochtemperatur-SR-XRD Experimente als auch CBED wurden zur Phasenidentifikation herangezogen. AES erlaubte es, Elementverteilungen in Schichtstapeln zu bestimmen. Für Studien über Agglomerationserscheinungen wurde REM eingesetzt. TEM und analytisches TEM trugen nicht nur zu Einblicken in Schichtstrukturen und Kornformen bei, sondern lieferten auch Daten zu Elementverteilungen in Silizidschichten. Diese Dissertation gliedert sich in zwei Hauptteile. Der erste Teil beschäftigt sich mit den Phasenbildungsabfolgen und den Phasenbildungs- und Umwandlungstemperaturen in nanoskaligen dünnen Schichten. Als Trägermaterial wurden einkristalline und polykristalline Siliziumsubstrate verwendet. Der Einfluß verschiedener Dotierungen im Vergleich zu undotierten Substraten sowie die Beeinflussung der Silizidierung durch eine Deckschicht wurden untersucht. Im zweiten Teil waren Größeneffekte verschiedener Schichtdicken und Agglomerationserscheinungen Gegenstand von Untersuchungen. Unterschiede bei der Silizidierung in Zusammenhang mit unterschiedlichen Schichtdicken wurden bestimmt. Darüberhinaus wurde eine ternäre CoTiSi Phase gefunden und identifiziert. Außerdem konnte die stark eingeschränkte Mischbarkeit der Monosilizide CoSi und NiSi gezeigt werden. Der thermische Ausdehnungskoeffizient von NiSi im Temperaturbereich 400?700°C und sein nicht-lineares Verhalten wurden bestimmt. / Silicides are an essential part of state-of-the-art CMOS devices. They are used as contact material on the active regions as well as on the Si gate of a transistor. In this work, investigations were performed in the systems Co-Si, Co-Ni-Si, and Ni-Si. In situ high temperature SR-XRD and CBED techniques were used for phase identification. AES enabled the determination of elemental concentrations in layer stacks. SEM was applied to agglomeration studies. TEM imaging and analytical TEM provided insights into layer structures, grain morphology as well as information about the distribution of chemical elements within silicide layers. This thesis is divided into two main parts. The first part deals with the phase formation sequences and the phase formation and conversion temperatures in nanoscale thin films on either single crystal or polycrystalline Si substrates. The effect of different types of dopants vs. no doping and the impact of a capping layer on the phase formation and conversion temperatures were studied. In the second part, size effects and agglomeration of thin silicide films were investigated. The effect of different layer thicknesses on the silicidation process was studied. Additionally, the degree of agglomeration of silicide films was calculated. Furthermore, the ternary CoTiSi phase was found and identified as well as the severely limited miscibility of the monosilicides CoSi and NiSi could be shown. The CTE of NiSi between 400?700 ±C and its non-linear behavior was determined.
257

[en] SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF COPPER-NIQUEL ALLOYS CONTAINING ALUMINA NANOPARTICLES / [pt] SÍNTESE E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE LIGAS COBRE-NÍQUEL CONTENDO NANOPARTICULAS DE ALUMINA

14 December 2021 (has links)
[pt] Os materiais nanoestruturados têm sido estudados ao longo das últimas décadas, por apresentarem propriedades particulares, promissoras propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e catalíticas, que muitas vezes não estão presentes no material não manométrico. Alguns avanços recentes têm mostrado que estas propriedades podem ser reforçadas pela inclusão de materiais com propriedades diferentes na sua estrutura, formando assim nanocompósitos. Por exemplo, as ligas de CuNi são muito dúcteis, mas a presença de nanopartículas de Al2O3 depositadas na matriz pode melhorar consideravelmente a dureza do material. Tal nanocompósito pode ser obtido, por exemplo, através de decomposição térmica nitratos, seguido por redução seletiva com hidrogênio. Nesse contexto, o presente trabalho tem como foco a síntese de ligas de CuNi e CuNi com adição de nanoparticulas de Al2O3, baseados na redução seletiva de CuO e de NiO com H2, e óxidos coformados com o óxido de alumínio por meio da decomposição térmica de seus nitratos metálicos. Cálculos termodinâmicos mostraram que a redução de Cu e Ni pode ser realizada a temperaturas relativamente baixas (400 mais ou menos 5 Graus C), e também que o processo se desenvolve seletivamente (apenas os óxidos de Ni e de Cu reagem nas condições impostas), resultando em compósitos de CuNi/Al2O3, que consiste na formação de uma liga CuNi contendo 1 por cento de Al2O3 como finas nanopartículas distribuídas homogeneamente. Precursores e amostras reduzidas foram caracterizados por difração de raios x (DRX) para determinar a natureza das fases individuais presentes (óxidos e ligas), microscopia electrónica de varredura (MEV) como uma primeira aproximação da morfologia das partículas e microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET). Os resultados obtidos indicam que a via química proposta resultou satisfatória para a elaboração das ligas CuNi contendo nanopartículas de Al2O3 homogeneamente distribuídas. Os resultados obtidos também indicam que, para as condições experimentais impostas tanto a decomposição dos nitratos como as reações de redução alcançaram conversões de 100 por cento. / [en] Materials containing nanostructured particles have been studied over the last decades in order to take advantage of their promising thermal, mechanical and catalytic properties. Some recent progress has shown that these properties can be further enhanced by the inclusion of materials with different properties in their structure, thereby forming nanocomposites. For instance, Ni-Cu alloys are highly ductile, but the presence of Al2O3 nanoparticles deposited inside the alloy matrix can considerably improve the material s hardness. Such a nanocomposite can be obtained, for example, through nitrate solutions thermal decomposition followed by selective reduction with hydrogen. In this context, the present work focuses on the synthesis of CuNi alloys and CuNi/Al2O3 composites based on the selective reduction of copper and nickel oxides with pure H2, co-formed with aluminum oxide through thermal decomposition of aqueous solutions of their metal nitrates. Thermodynamic computations showed that the Cu and Ni reduction can be accomplished at relatively low temperatures (400 plus or minus 5 C degrees), and also that the process develops selectively (only the oxides of Ni and Cu react at the imposed conditions), resulting in Cu-Ni-Al2O3 composites, consisting in a Cu-Ni alloy crystals containing 1 percent of Al2O3 as fine homogeneously distributed nanoparticles. Both the original (co-formed) and reduced oxide samples were characterized using x ray diffraction (XRD) for determining the nature of the individual phases present (oxides and alloys) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) as a first approach to the investigation of the morphology of the particles. The results indicate that the proposed chemical route resulted in composite materials containing CuNi alloy and Al2O3 particles of controllable composition and homogeneously distributed among the samples. The achieved results also suggest that for the imposed experimental conditions both the nitrate decomposition as well as the reduction reactions could be conducted to 100 percent conversion.
258

Vysoce legované litiny Ni-resist a jejich vlastnosti / High-alloyed cast irons Ni-resist and treir properties

Matulová, Anna January 2019 (has links)
This master’s thesis deals with high-alloyed Ni-Resist cast irons and their properties. The theoretical part describes their chemical composition and individual elements from which are these cast irons composed, their characteristic properties and examples of use in practice. Furthermore, the work focuses on the wear of materials, especially on abrasive wear, because Ni-Resist casts iron exhibit a number of specific properties, such as corrosion resistance, refractoriness and heat resistance and also abrasion resistance, on which is this thesis focused. Attention is also paid to other abrasion resistant materials, because specimens from different materials are compared in the practical part in order to find a more suitable material for the production of plate castings into the shakeouts.
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Galvanické pokovování hořčíkové slitiny s Ni-P bond coat / Galvanic plating of magnesium alloy with Ni-P bond coat

Zahálka, Martin January 2019 (has links)
Cílem této diplomové práce jse najít nejnižší možnou tloušťku nikl-fosforového povlaku, který může být galvanicky pokoven mědí bez defektů na horčíkové slitině, nikl-fosforového nebo měděného povlaku. V teoretické části jsou shrnuty poznatky o hořčíkových slitinách a jejich korozi. Navíc se teoreticá část zaměřuje na popis procesu bezproudého niklování a elektrochemického pokovování mědí a jejich porovnání. Na konci teoretické části je shrnut současný výzkum o elektrochemickém pokovování hořčíkových slitin. V experimentální části byl popsán proces přípravy povlaků Ni-P a Cu na horčíkové slitině AZ91. Na jedné vrstvě a dvojité vrstvě Ni-P povlaku byla provedena elektrodepozice mědi. Navíc byl diskutován vliv předůpravy před samotnou elektrodepozicí mědi. Za účelem zjištění korozních vlastností vzorků byl vykonán potenciodynamický test. Následně byly připraveny metalografické výbrusy jednotlivých vzorků a pomocí světelného a rastrovacího elektronového mikroskopu byla provedena charakterizace. Na konec bylo zjištěno prvkové složení jednotlivých povlaků pomocí EDX analýzy.
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Vliv zinečnatanových iontů na kladnou hmotu Ni-Zn akumulátorů / The influence of zinc ion on possitive elektrode of Ni-Zn accumulators

Karásek, Stanislav January 2013 (has links)
This thesis deals with the establishment of zinc ions at the positive electrode of nickel-zinc batteries. The aim of the study was to measure the impedance characteristics of the positive electrode in various states of charge and observing the effect of ZnO on the changes of impedance spectra. The theoretical part is focused on nickel hydroxide as a construction material for positive electrode and its behavior during cycling in the electrolyte. The experimental part describes in detail the manufacture of the electrode system and the preparation of electrolytes with different degrees of saturation with zinc oxide. The cells were cycled and measured using impedance spectroscopy. The measured impedance curves were simulated with equivalent circuits for a better understanding of the ongoing processes.

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