NK buňky (z angl. natural killer cells, přirozeně zabíječské buňky) hrají klíčovou roli při rozpoznávání a ničení nádorových, infikovaných nebo jinak pozměněných buněk. Na svém povrchu nemají antigenně specifické receptory, proto je řadíme mezi složky přirozené imunity. K rozpoznání cílových buněk slouží řada jiných povrchových receptorů. Inhibiční receptory zajišťují buněčnou toleranci, naopak aktivační receptory spouští cytotoxické mechanismy vedoucí k apoptóze a tedy lýzi buňky. Díky této vlastnosti jsou NK buňky intenzivně studovány v souvislosti s imunoterapií nádorových onemocnění. Jedním z aktivačních receptorů je NKp80 rozpoznávající svůj ligand AICL. Oba proteiny patří do rodiny receptorů podobných lektinům C-typu. Tento komplex se účastní nejenom přímé lýze maligních buněk myeloidního charakteru, ale má také důležitou roli v imunomodulaci zánětu. Předmětem této diplomové práce je příprava receptoru NKp80 a jeho ligandu AICL. Receptor NKp80 byl připraven v linii lidských embryonálních ledvinných buněk (HEK 293S GnTI- ). Byly připraveny stabilně transfekované linie produkující protein NKp80 konstitutivně nebo indukovatelně. Zapojení disulfidických můstků a obsazení N-glykosylačních míst proteinu NKp80 bylo ověřeno hmotnostní spektrometrií. Dále byl optimalizován postup Mgr. Jiřího Nového na...

Les cellules NK sont capables d’ADCC (Antibody Dependent Cytotoxicity) suite à l’engagement durécepteur Fc!RIIIa/CD16a, et de fonctions effectrices directes antivirales et anti-tumorales: c’est la«cytotoxicité naturelle ». Ainsi activées elles peuvent également répondre en produisant des cytokines, commel’IFN-!. La dégranulation et la synthèse d’IFN-! par les cellules NK observées après engagement du récepteurCD16a, dont l’expression est indépendante du polymorphisme V158F, ont été largement supérieures à cellesobtenues avec les autres récepteurs activateurs. Son engagement par les AcMor thérapeutiques a produit desréponses fonctionnelles variables selon l’AcMor, et selon les donneurs de cellules. La perte d’expression duCD16a membranaire s’est révélé être un marqueur sensible de l’activation des cellules NK, même quand cedernier n’était pas engagé. Enfin, l’emploi de d’inhibiteur d’ADAM17 (TMI-2 et TIMP3) a permis d’observerle maintien de l’expression du CD16a après activation cellulaire sans augmenter les réponses fonctionnelles.Ce travail souligne la place centrale de l’engagement du CD16a dans l’activation NK. / NK cell can trigger ADCC (Antibody Dependent Cytotoxicity) through the engagement of theFc!RIIIa/CD16a receptor, and « Natural Cytotoxicity » after integration of cellular signals coming from theiractivating and inhibitory receptors. Moreover, activated NK cells produce cytokines such as IFN-!.Engagement by monoclonal antibodies (mAb) of CD16a was strongly more efficient than that of any otheractivating receptor to induce degranulation and IFN-! synthesis. Functional responses depend on thetherapeutic mAb used to engage CD16a and on the donor of NK cells. CD16a down-modulation was a verysensitive marker of NK cell activation, whatever the mean of activation. It was inhibited in the presence ofTMI-2 and TIMP3 (ADAM17 inhibitors), whereas CD16-dependent functional responses were not increased.This work highlighted the major role of the CD16a receptor in the activation of NK cells.

De nombreuses données expérimentales et cliniques ont montré l'importance des cellules Natural Killer (NK) dans l'immunosurveillance antitumorale. Les stratégies thérapeutiques basées sur les cellules NK pourraient donc être une alternative de choix dans le traitement de certains types de cancers. Nous avons focalisé notre étude sur deux types de cancer incurables malgré les récents progrès thérapeutiques : la leucémie lymphoïde chronique B (LLC-B) et le cancer de la prostate. Le but de notre étude est une meilleure compréhension des mécanismes mis en place par les cellules B leucémiques et les cellules tumorales prostatiques pour échapper à la réponse antitumorale des cellules NK. La connaissance de ces mécanismes d'échappement est un pré-requis indispensable à l'utilisation des cellules NK dans les thérapies antitumorales. Concernant la LLC-B, nos résultats suggèrent que les cellules NK de patients, fonctionnellement compétentes, ne peuvent pas initier une réaction immunitaire appropriée envers les cellules B leucémiques due au manque de reconnaissance de ces dernières. Concernant le cancer de la prostate, nos données préliminaires montrent que les cellules NK circulantes de patients sont également fonctionnellement compétentes, quelque soit le stade de la maladie, malgré la diminution significative de l'expression du récepteur NKp30. Ainsi, le degré d’immunogénicité des cellules B leucémiques et celui des cellules tumorales prostatiques devra être autant pris en compte que la fonctionnalité des cellules NK dans les stratégies visant à optimiser l'activité antitumorale de ces dernières. / Many experimental and clinical data have enlightened the importance of Natural Killer (NK) cells in tumor immunosurveillance. Therapeutic strategies based on NK cells could be an alternative in the treatment of certain cancers. We focused our study on two types of incurable cancers despite recent advances in treatment: B chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) and prostate cancer. The aim of our study is a better understanding of the mechanisms set up by leukemic B cells and prostate cancer cells to escape from NK antitumor response. The knowledge of these escape mechanisms is an essential prerequisite to the use of NK cells in antitumor therapies. Regarding B-CLL, our results suggest that NK cells, although functionally competent, can not initiate an appropriate immune response against leukemic B cells due to a lack of recognition of the latter. Concerning the prostate cancer, our preliminary data show that circulating NK cells are functionally competent, whatever the stage of disease, despite the significant decrease in expression of the receptor NKp30. Thus, the degree of immunogenicity of leukemic B cells and of the prostate cancer cells must be taken into account as well as the functionality of NK cells in strategies aiming at improving NK antitumor activity.

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a worldwide problem representing one of the most prevalent autoimmune diseases in the world. Despite the commonness of the disea- se, its pathogenesis has not been fully described. Immune cells ranging from antigen- presenting cells to T, B and NK cells playing various roles participate in the rheumatic process. In this work we concentrated on NK cells expressing a repertoire of activating and inhibitory receptors which influence their function in health and disease. We focused on the analysis of NK cell function and described its possible modulation by rheumatic autoantigens and multivalent glycodendrimers bearing 4 (GN4C) or 8 (GN8P) N-acetyl glucosamine moieties. The effect on NK cells and the glycosylation pathways was further studied in vitro. Finally, an in vivo study was performed on an animal model of RA - col- lagen-induced arthritis (CIA) to assess the effect of the compounds on clinical develop- ment of the disease and selected immune parameters. Comparison of NK cell cytotoxicity in patients suffering from RA, other inflam- matory diseases and healthy donors showed its impairment particularly in RA patients. Peripheral blood NK cells reacted to GN8P glycoconjugate by inhibition of their effector function in CD161 high-expressing samples. The MGAT5...

NK cells are important part of immune system, recognizing and eliminating tumor cells and cells infected by viruses. For the target cell recognition, binding of ligands by activating receptors plays a crucial role. Activating receptor NKp30, protein of family of natural cytotoxicity receptors, is able to bind multiple ligands either present on tumor cell surface or being part of some viruses. B7-H6 is one of the ligands of NKp30 and its specific constitutive expression on some tumor cells and cell lines makes it an interesting biological target. Although the NKp30/B7-H6 complex structure has been solved, structural basis of some important features of their binding is not explained yet. Soluble form of NKp30 receptor binding domain creates oligomers, presence of which is dependent on C-terminus length of its domain and its N-glycosylation; however, structural insight into formation of the oligomers and their significance is not known. Furthermore, binding affinity of NKp30 to its ligands is dependent on presence of its glycosylation and glycosylation type. We have already found out that NKp30 oligomerization is dependent on its glycosylation. In my work, I attempted to gain detailed functional and structural information about oligomerization of NKp30 and its binding to B7-H6 by multimethodical...

Natural killer (NK) cells are an intensively studied part of immune system possessing unique ability to recognize and induce death of tumor and virus-infected cells without prior antigen sensitization. Their function is regulated by a fine balance of signals induced by multiple activating and inhibitory cell surface receptors and their interaction with the ligands present on the target cell. This can be illustrated on the homodimeric rat inhibitory receptor NKR-P1B and its ligand Clrb which play, besides other things, crucial role in the immunological response of NK cells to the infection with rat cytomegalovirus (RCMV), one of the most studied NK cell function model in rat model organism. During RCMV infection the target cell downregulates cell surface expression of Clrb, thus decreasing inhibitory signal transmitted through the NKR-P1B receptor to the NK cell, which would ideally lead to NK cell activation and lysis of the infected cell. However, RCMV carries a gene for "decoy" surface receptor - RCTL that mimics Clrb and thus helps to escape the immunological response of NK cells. Moreover, while this escape strategy was demonstrated in the WAG rat strain, it has been shown that the NKR-P1B homologue from SD rat strain binds only Clrb and does not recognize RCTL. Thus the SD rat strain is less...

A leptospirose é a zoonose mais comum, distribuída em todas as regiões do mundo e causada por bactérias virulentas do gênero Leptospira spp. A apresentação clínica da leptospirose varia de uma doença febril inespecífica a quadros graves com insuficiência renal aguda, icterícia, hemorragias graves, choque cardiovascular e falência de múltiplos órgãos. Pouco se sabe sobre a resposta imune do hospedeiro e os mecanismos patogênicos associados com a leptospirose grave com hemorragia pulmonar e choque cardiovascular. O baço tem sido estudado e considerado nos últimos anos como um órgão essencial na fisiopatologia da sepse/choque séptico, uma vez que nele ocorre perda de células da imunidade, secundária à apoptose. Objetivos: descrever os achados histológicos e a resposta imune in situ do baço de pacientes falecidos por leptospirose com hemorragia pulmonar e choque refratário, comparando-os com dois grupos controles, um formado por pacientes falecidos por choque séptico causado por bactérias Gram-positivas/-negativas e um segundo, formado por vítimas de trauma. Metodologia: retrospectivamente, 11 baços de pacientes com leptospirose grave e 10 baços de pacientes com choque séptico foram obtidos por necrópsia e comparados com 12 baços de vítimas de trauma abdominal fechado (controles normais), obtidos por esplenectomia. Os achados histológicos da polpa vermelha e da polpa branca esplênica foram analisados por meio de escore semi-quantitativo. A reação de imunohistoquímica (IH) foi empregada para a marcação de células NK, S100+, CD68+, TCD4+, TCD8+ e CD20+, bem como para células expressando caspase-3, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2r, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, IL-4 e TGF. A contagem de células marcadas foi realizada utilizando-se gratículo sobre 10 campos da polpa vermelha e 10 campos da polpa branca, escolhidos aleatoriamente. IH também foi realizada nos baços dos casos de leptospirose para a detecção de antígenos de Leptospira spp. Resultados: os baços de pacientes do grupo leptospirose e do grupo choque séptico demonstraram similaridades na análise histológica, divergindo do grupo trauma, com as seguintes alterações: congestão difusa da polpa vermelha com infiltração moderada a intensa de plasmócitos e polimorfonucleares e folículos da polpa branca com atrofia. A IH para antígenos de Leptospira foi positiva em oito (72,7%) amostras de baços do grupo leptospirose. Pela análise quantitativa das células marcadas pela IH, os seguintes resultados foram estatisticamente significantes: alta contagem de células S100+ no grupo leptospirose; alta densidade de células CD68+ no grupo choque séptico; baixa quantidade de células NK e TCD4+ nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico; baixa quantidade de células TCD8+ nos casos de choque séptico e alta contagem de células CD20+ nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico. Quanto às células expressando citocinas, encontrou-se alta quantidade de TNF nos pacientes do grupo leptospirose e grande número de células positivas para IL-10 nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico. A expressão de IL-6, IFN, IL-1 e IL-2r foi insignificante nos baços dos três grupos estudados. Células expressando IL-12 foram encontradas apenas na polpa vermelha de casos de leptospirose. Conclusões: Semelhantes clinicamente aos casos de choque séptico, pacientes com leptospirose grave com choque apresentam disfunção endotelial difusa no baço, esplenite aguda e sinais de comprometimento da imunidade inata e adaptativa in situ no baço, caracterizado por uma baixa densidade de células NK, de células TCD4+ e baixa expressão de IL-6, IL-1, IL-2r, IFN e IL-12, com alta expressão de IL-10. Estes resultados sugerem que um estado de imunossupressão pontua a resposta imune do hospedeiro no estágio terminal da leptospirose grave com hemorragia pulmonar e choque cardiovascular. A presença de antígenos de Leptospira nos baços de casos de leptospirose sugere que o agente etiológico contribui diretamente para a patogênese das lesões / Leptospirosis is the most common worldwide zoonosis caused by virulent bacteria from the genus Leptospira spp. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis ranges from unspecific febrile illness to severe forms with acute renal failure, jaundice, hemorrhages, shock and multi organ failure. Little is known about the hosts immune response and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in severe leptospirosis. In recent years the spleen has been considered a pivotal organ in the patophysiology of the sepsis/septic shock because immune cells are lost due to apoptosis in this organ Objectives: describe and compare the splenic histological features and the immune response in situ in patients who died of pulmonary hemorrhage and shock caused by leptospirosis, with spleens from patients who suffered from Grampositive/- negative septic shock and abdominal trauma. Methodology: in retrospect, 11 spleen tissue samples from patients with leptospirosis and 10 spleens from patients with septic shock were obtained by necropsy, and compared with 12 spleens obtained by splenectomy from patients with abdominal trauma. The histological features in the red pulp and white pulp were analyzed by a semi quantitative score. Immunohistochemistry (IH) methods for NK , S100+, CD68+, TCD4+, TCD8+, CD20+ cells, caspase-3, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2r, IL-6, IL-12, IL- 10, IL-4 and TGF were carried out and the stained cells were counted using a grid scale in ten fields of red pulp and white pulp chosen randomly. Also, IH was performed for Leptospira antigens in the leptospirosis patients. Results: the trauma group was totally different from the leptospirosis and septic shock patients which demonstrated strong similarities in the histological analysis: diffuse congestion in the red pulp with a moderate to intense infiltration of plasma cells, and polymorph nuclear cells, and follicles with marked atrophy. The Leptospira antigen was positive in eight (72,7%) spleen tissue samples from the leptospirosis group. By the IH methods and quantitative analysis, the following results reached statistical significance: high account of S100+ cells in the leptospirosis group; high density of CD68+ cells in the septic group; low density of NK and TCD4+ cells in the leptospirosis and septic groups; low quantities of TCD8+ cells in the septic group; high density of CD20+ cells in the leptospirosis and septic groups; high expression of TNF in the leptospirosis group and a strong expression of IL-10 in the leptospirosis and sepsis groups. The expression of IL-6, IFN, IL-1 and IL-2r was insignificant in all groups. IL-12 was only expressed in the red pulp of leptospirosis cases. Conclusion: similar to patients with septic shock, cases of severe leptospirosis (with pulmonary hemorrhage and shock) are associated with a splenic diffuse endothelial dysfunction, splenitis and signs of splenic disturbance in the innate and adaptative immunity in situ, characterized by an low density of NK cells, TCD4+ cells and low expression of IL-6, IL-1, IL-2r, IFN and IL-12 with a high expression of IL-10. These results suggest that an immunosuppressive state develops in the hosts immune response at the terminal stage of severe leptospirosis with pulmonary hemorrhage and shock. Also, the presence of leptospiral antigens in the spleen of the leptospirosis patients suggests the ethyological agent contributes directly to the pathogenesis of the lesions

L'inflammation systémique est une réaction qui implique l’ensemble de l’organisme suite une agression sévère, potentiellement mortelle, illustrée par le syndrome de réponse inflammatoire systémique (SIRS). De nombreux acteurs cellulaires et moléculaires contribuent au développement de cette cascade inflammatoire parmi lesquels les cellules NK jouent un rôle clé. Malgré l'accumulation de preuves sur l’existence de propriétés spécifiques à chaque organe en réponse à l'inflammation systémique, en termes de cellules NK, on sait peu de choses sur la dynamique compartimentalisée de l’activation des cellules NK pendant un SIRS. En outre, le statut immunitaire des cellules NK après la résolution d’un SIRS est également mal connu. Dans le présent travail, nous avons étudié les réponses des cellules NK provenant de différents organes en utilisant un modèle d’endotoxinémie murine. Nous avons caractérisé la réponse des cellules NK au sein de la rate, du poumon, de la moelle osseuse, de la cavité péritonéale, et dans la circulation. Nous avons trouvé que, malgré une dynamique similaire de la réponse dans les différents organes, les réponses des cellules NK sont compartimentalisées avec des seuils différent et spécifiques. A l’aide de transferts adoptifs, nous avons constaté que la réactivité des cellules NK spécifiques d'organes peut refléter le compartiment d’origine lors des phases initiales de l'inflammation. Cependant, les cellules NK ont la capacité de s’adapter rapidement à leur nouvel environnement et d'ajuster leurs niveaux de réponse à ceux des cellules NK résidentes. Ainsi, cette étude fournit une preuve de concept qui confirme la compartimentalisation de la réponse des cellules NK lors de l'inflammation systémique. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons analysé le statut des cellules NK à différents moments après une endotoxinémie. Les réponses des cellules NK au sein d’une préparation de cellules de la rate sont fortement supprimées en réponse à une restimulation in vitro, 14 jours après l'endotoxinémie. Cependant, nous avons montré que la réactivité intrinsèque des cellules NK est en fait augmentée après l'injection d’endotoxine, aboutissant à des cellules NK présentant des caractéristiques de cellules NK mémoires. Des expériences de transfert adoptif ont confirmé les propriétés de mémoire des cellules NK après endotoxinémie. Nos résultats accroissent la connaissance concernant le rôle des cellules NK dans un contexte d'inflammation systémique, révélant des réponses compartimentalisés et l’induction d’une mémoire suite à l’endotoxinémie. L'observation selon laquelle les cellules NK développent des propriétés de mémoire après une inflammation systémique dans le contexte d'un environnement suppressif est d’une grande nouveauté et ce phénomène est rapporté pour la première fois. / Systemic inflammation is whole-body reaction to a triggering insult that often results in life threatening illness like systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS). Contributing to the development of this inflammatory cascade are numerous cellular and molecular players, among which, NK cells have been shown to play a key role. Despite accumulating evidence on the organ-specific properties of both systemic inflammation and NK cells, little is known about the compartmentalized dynamics of NK cell activation during SIRS. Furthermore, the status of NK cells after the resolution of SIRS is also poorly characterized. In the present work, we investigated NK responses in different organs using a mouse model of endotoxinemia and characterized the compartmentalized response of spleen, lung, bone marrow, peritoneal and circulating NK cells. We found that despite similar dynamics of response in different organs, NK cells responses, are compartmentalized with seemingly specific thresholds of maximum activation. Using a series of adoptive transfers, we found that while organ-specific NK cell responsiveness can affect the initial phases of inflammation, these cells have the capacity to quickly adapt to a new environment and adjust their response levels to that of resident NK cells. Thus, this study provides proof of concept data on the compartmentalization of the NK cell responses during systemic inflammation. In a second part, we assessed the status of NK cells at different times after endotoxemia. NK cells responses in the context of whole spleen preparations were severely suppressed in response to in vitro restimulation at 14 days after endotoxemia. However, intrinsic NK cell responsiveness was increased after endotoxemia, showing characteristics of NK cell memory. Adoptive transfer experiments confirmed memory properties of NK cells after endotoxemia. Overall, these results expand on the role of NK cells in the context of systemic inflammation revealing compartmentalized responses during and memory properties following endotoxemia. The observation that NK cells develop memory properties after systemic inflammation in the context of a suppressive environment is of the highest novelty and the first one to report such a phenomenon.

A leptospirose é a zoonose mais comum, distribuída em todas as regiões do mundo e causada por bactérias virulentas do gênero Leptospira spp. A apresentação clínica da leptospirose varia de uma doença febril inespecífica a quadros graves com insuficiência renal aguda, icterícia, hemorragias graves, choque cardiovascular e falência de múltiplos órgãos. Pouco se sabe sobre a resposta imune do hospedeiro e os mecanismos patogênicos associados com a leptospirose grave com hemorragia pulmonar e choque cardiovascular. O baço tem sido estudado e considerado nos últimos anos como um órgão essencial na fisiopatologia da sepse/choque séptico, uma vez que nele ocorre perda de células da imunidade, secundária à apoptose. Objetivos: descrever os achados histológicos e a resposta imune in situ do baço de pacientes falecidos por leptospirose com hemorragia pulmonar e choque refratário, comparando-os com dois grupos controles, um formado por pacientes falecidos por choque séptico causado por bactérias Gram-positivas/-negativas e um segundo, formado por vítimas de trauma. Metodologia: retrospectivamente, 11 baços de pacientes com leptospirose grave e 10 baços de pacientes com choque séptico foram obtidos por necrópsia e comparados com 12 baços de vítimas de trauma abdominal fechado (controles normais), obtidos por esplenectomia. Os achados histológicos da polpa vermelha e da polpa branca esplênica foram analisados por meio de escore semi-quantitativo. A reação de imunohistoquímica (IH) foi empregada para a marcação de células NK, S100+, CD68+, TCD4+, TCD8+ e CD20+, bem como para células expressando caspase-3, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2r, IL-6, IL-12, IL-10, IL-4 e TGF. A contagem de células marcadas foi realizada utilizando-se gratículo sobre 10 campos da polpa vermelha e 10 campos da polpa branca, escolhidos aleatoriamente. IH também foi realizada nos baços dos casos de leptospirose para a detecção de antígenos de Leptospira spp. Resultados: os baços de pacientes do grupo leptospirose e do grupo choque séptico demonstraram similaridades na análise histológica, divergindo do grupo trauma, com as seguintes alterações: congestão difusa da polpa vermelha com infiltração moderada a intensa de plasmócitos e polimorfonucleares e folículos da polpa branca com atrofia. A IH para antígenos de Leptospira foi positiva em oito (72,7%) amostras de baços do grupo leptospirose. Pela análise quantitativa das células marcadas pela IH, os seguintes resultados foram estatisticamente significantes: alta contagem de células S100+ no grupo leptospirose; alta densidade de células CD68+ no grupo choque séptico; baixa quantidade de células NK e TCD4+ nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico; baixa quantidade de células TCD8+ nos casos de choque séptico e alta contagem de células CD20+ nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico. Quanto às células expressando citocinas, encontrou-se alta quantidade de TNF nos pacientes do grupo leptospirose e grande número de células positivas para IL-10 nos grupos leptospirose e choque séptico. A expressão de IL-6, IFN, IL-1 e IL-2r foi insignificante nos baços dos três grupos estudados. Células expressando IL-12 foram encontradas apenas na polpa vermelha de casos de leptospirose. Conclusões: Semelhantes clinicamente aos casos de choque séptico, pacientes com leptospirose grave com choque apresentam disfunção endotelial difusa no baço, esplenite aguda e sinais de comprometimento da imunidade inata e adaptativa in situ no baço, caracterizado por uma baixa densidade de células NK, de células TCD4+ e baixa expressão de IL-6, IL-1, IL-2r, IFN e IL-12, com alta expressão de IL-10. Estes resultados sugerem que um estado de imunossupressão pontua a resposta imune do hospedeiro no estágio terminal da leptospirose grave com hemorragia pulmonar e choque cardiovascular. A presença de antígenos de Leptospira nos baços de casos de leptospirose sugere que o agente etiológico contribui diretamente para a patogênese das lesões / Leptospirosis is the most common worldwide zoonosis caused by virulent bacteria from the genus Leptospira spp. The clinical presentation of leptospirosis ranges from unspecific febrile illness to severe forms with acute renal failure, jaundice, hemorrhages, shock and multi organ failure. Little is known about the hosts immune response and the pathogenic mechanisms involved in severe leptospirosis. In recent years the spleen has been considered a pivotal organ in the patophysiology of the sepsis/septic shock because immune cells are lost due to apoptosis in this organ Objectives: describe and compare the splenic histological features and the immune response in situ in patients who died of pulmonary hemorrhage and shock caused by leptospirosis, with spleens from patients who suffered from Grampositive/- negative septic shock and abdominal trauma. Methodology: in retrospect, 11 spleen tissue samples from patients with leptospirosis and 10 spleens from patients with septic shock were obtained by necropsy, and compared with 12 spleens obtained by splenectomy from patients with abdominal trauma. The histological features in the red pulp and white pulp were analyzed by a semi quantitative score. Immunohistochemistry (IH) methods for NK , S100+, CD68+, TCD4+, TCD8+, CD20+ cells, caspase-3, TNF, IFN, IL-1, IL-2r, IL-6, IL-12, IL- 10, IL-4 and TGF were carried out and the stained cells were counted using a grid scale in ten fields of red pulp and white pulp chosen randomly. Also, IH was performed for Leptospira antigens in the leptospirosis patients. Results: the trauma group was totally different from the leptospirosis and septic shock patients which demonstrated strong similarities in the histological analysis: diffuse congestion in the red pulp with a moderate to intense infiltration of plasma cells, and polymorph nuclear cells, and follicles with marked atrophy. The Leptospira antigen was positive in eight (72,7%) spleen tissue samples from the leptospirosis group. By the IH methods and quantitative analysis, the following results reached statistical significance: high account of S100+ cells in the leptospirosis group; high density of CD68+ cells in the septic group; low density of NK and TCD4+ cells in the leptospirosis and septic groups; low quantities of TCD8+ cells in the septic group; high density of CD20+ cells in the leptospirosis and septic groups; high expression of TNF in the leptospirosis group and a strong expression of IL-10 in the leptospirosis and sepsis groups. The expression of IL-6, IFN, IL-1 and IL-2r was insignificant in all groups. IL-12 was only expressed in the red pulp of leptospirosis cases. Conclusion: similar to patients with septic shock, cases of severe leptospirosis (with pulmonary hemorrhage and shock) are associated with a splenic diffuse endothelial dysfunction, splenitis and signs of splenic disturbance in the innate and adaptative immunity in situ, characterized by an low density of NK cells, TCD4+ cells and low expression of IL-6, IL-1, IL-2r, IFN and IL-12 with a high expression of IL-10. These results suggest that an immunosuppressive state develops in the hosts immune response at the terminal stage of severe leptospirosis with pulmonary hemorrhage and shock. Also, the presence of leptospiral antigens in the spleen of the leptospirosis patients suggests the ethyological agent contributes directly to the pathogenesis of the lesions

Nós humanos estamos inevitavelmente expostos a uma mistura de poluentes, e evidências nos mostram que estes poluentes aumentam a incidência de desordens reprodutivas. Já se sabe que camundongos cronicamente expostos a níveis de poluentes ambientais em São Paulo apresentam: mudanças no ciclo estral, alteração no número de folículos ovarianos, aumento das perdas embrionárias pós implantacionais e alterações na morfologia placentária. Nós hipotetizamos que as alterações na resposta uterina a implantação possa ser mediado por mastócitos e células NK uterinas levando ao aumento na incidência de perdas pós implntacionais associadas a poluição do ar. Para testar essa hipótese, camundongos foram expostos a níveis ambientais de poluentes até os 60 dias de vidas usando câmaras de exposição [uma câmara recebendo ar filtrado e a outra ar ambiente (poluído) não]. Ao atingir a idade reprodutiva os animais foram colocados para acasalar, os machos utilizados neste estudo não foram expostos aos poluentes, e no 6° e 8° dia pós-coito a gestação foi terminada. O desempenho reprodutivo foi avaliado e as fêmeas foram subdivididas em 4 grupos de acordo com a idade gestacional (6º ou 8º dpc) e exposição (ar filtrado ou ar não filtrado). Métodos estereológicos foram usados para avaliar o desenvolvimento dos sítios de implantação, contagem das células NK uterinas e mastócitos. A concentração de média de PM2.5 nas câmaras com o ar não filtrado foi de 27.5 g.m-3 e 6.5 g.m-3 na câmara com ar filtrado (P<0.001). A exposição a poluição do ar nos primeiros dias de gestação mostrou há diferenças no desenvolvimento dos compartimentos do sítio de implantação no 8° dia pós-coito: redução do volume endométrio e volume total do sítio.Quando nós avaliamos o número total de NK uterina o 8° dia pós-coito, observamos que há uma redução no número destas células nos animais expostos a poluição do ar. Os mastócitos no 6° dia gestacional também se mostram em menor número nos animais expostos a poluição, mas essa diferença desaparece com o avanço da gestação. Na avaliação histopatológica do endométrio, verificamos que há uma redução do volume de células deciduais, de trofoblasto, e um aumento do volume de glândulas nos sítios implantacionais no 8° dia pós-coito de animais expostos ao ar poluído. Nossos resultados confirmam os achados de estudos prévios que correlacionam a exposição a poluição do ar com aumento na incidência de falhas implantacionais e fertilidade diminuída. A avaliação da morfologia uterina e do número de células NK uterinas e mastócitos sugerem que os compostos presentes no ar interferem ou prejudicam o processo de implantação embrionária por alterações na resposta do sistema imunológico materno / Humans are inevitably exposed to mixtures of environmental contaminants, and a vast body of evidence now links exposure to these chemicals with an increased incidence of reproductive disorders. We have shown that mice chronically exposed to ambient levels of air pollution (AP) in São Paulo city have negative reproductive performance: resulting in changes in estrous cyclicity, number of follicles and increased post implantation loss rate as well defective placentation. We hypothesized that alterations in uterine response to implantation could be mediated by mast and uNKcells leading to increased incidence of pos implantation losses associated with exposure to air pollution. To test this female mice were exposed to ambient levels of AP from birth to 60 days of age using exposure chambers (receiving filtered air or non filtered situated near to a high traffic crossroad). On reaching the reproductive age, estrous cyclicity, was evaluated and females were allowed to mate to non exposed males and exposures continued until 6ºdpc or 8ºdpc when pregnancy was terminated. Reproductive performance was assessed and females, subdivided in to 4 groups according to gestational day (6ºdpc or 8ºdpc ) and exposure (filtered or non filtered air). Stereological methods and immunohistochemical techniques were used to evaluate implantation sites (IS) development, do cell identification (NK cells and Mast cells) and counts. Mean concentration of PM2.5 in the non-filtered chamber was 27.5 g.m-3 and 6.5 g.m-3; in the filtered chambers (P<0.001). Females exposed to air pollution previously and during the first days of pregnancy showed borderline differences in the development of the compartments of the IS on day 8 of gestation: volume of the endometrium is reduced as well as the IS total volume. When we evaluated the total number of uNk cells (8ºdpc), we observed that there is a decrease in those animals exposed to air pollution The number of mast cells (6º dpc) are also reduced when compared to females exposed to filtered air, but as pregnancy progress this differences in the number of mast cells disappear. The histopathological evaluation was observe the decrease in the volume occupied by decidual and trophoblast cells, and increased the volume of glands, showing development delay in implantation sites in 8dpc.Our data confirm results from previous studies that link exposure to AP and decreased fertility and increased implantation failure. Evaluation of the uterine morphology and the number of mast call and uNkcell suggests that components present in AP interfere or impair embryonic implantation trought changes in maternal immune system responses