The Grand Khitan Empire (AD 907-1125) was created by expanding its territory through military conquest and diplomatic treaty across parts of Asia. By deliberate political strategies of cultural construction and the materialization of ethnic ideology, Khitan leaders maintained a multi-ethnic social fabric, consolidated their imperial power, made the ethnic Khitan distinct with the rise of their state, and ultimately proclaimed a hegemony in Northeast Asia. This thesis presents an analysis of 48 tombs categorized into four groups based on the social rank, ethnicity and source of power of the tomb occupants, who include the Khitan emperor, Khitan hereditary aristocracy, non-Khitan hereditary aristocracy and non-hereditary elites. The evolution and chronological patterns of each tomb category are examined and compared to identify the sources of power that underlie ethnic identity and supports the suggestion that imperial acts were manipulated for the consolidation of power. The thesis thus questions the validity of traditional assumptions about ethnic markers - specifically that there was no one-to-one straightforward relation between material culture and ethnicity. The material cultural boundary can be seen as the consequence of social interaction. In addition, it is also clear that the alteration of imperial titles was a political act. Imperial titles of 'Khitan', 'Grand Khitan', 'Khitan State' and 'Qara Khitan' accentuate the governing body of ethnic Khitan. In contrast, the titles 'Liao' or 'Great Liao' were used to symbolize a nation of all the people with the intent of creating a more unified community in the understatement of ethnic differentiation. Overall, archaeological data indicates that an ethno-political strategy highlighted the ruling body (ethnic Khitan) and the largest proportion of the ruled (ethnic Chinese). However, as it privileged ethnic Chinese, it simultaneously marginalized the remaining ethnic minorities, which subsequently lead to a revolt by ethnic Jurchen and the downfall of the Khitan Empire.

Syftet med denna studie var att undersöka hur digitala nomader utövar sitt yrke som grafiska designers, varför de valde att bli digitala nomader samt vilka fördelar och nackdelar som finns. Totalt intervjuades 10 före detta och nuvarande digitala nomader via email och svaren sammanställdes och analyserades för att finna teman och sammanhang. Resultatet visar att deltagarna valde en digital nomadisk livsstil främst på grund av den frihet det innebär. De är även helt beroende av internet, då det är den grundläggande teknologin som möjliggör distansarbete. Att vara digital nomad verkar inte ha en negativ inverkan på den grafiska designprocessen och alla verktyg som behövs anser de finns tillgängliga digitalt. Den del av det traditionella designyrket på en byrå som deltagarna i studien saknade mest var kreativa diskussioner med kollegor.

Depuis les années 1950, des chercheurs comme Useem, Pollock, Van Reken et d’autres se sont interrogés sur le sujet des enfants qui ont grandi dans plusieurs pays. Cependant, la grande majorité de ce corpus vise les enfants ayant été scolarisés dans des établissements anglophones même s’il existe de nombreux établissements francophones hors la France. Ce projet vise cette population. Nous nous sommes demandés s’ils faisaient partie d’une double minorité, premièrement la minorité de Nomades Globaux (NG) mais dans cette population s’ils faisant partie d’une minorité francophone de NG. Pour ce faire, nous avons conduit des entrevues semi-structurées avec 12 participants en utilisant un cadre théorique construit autour de l’habitus de Pierre Bourdieu. Bien que nous ne puissions tirer de conclusions générales, il semble que ces NG ne se sentent pas comme faisant partie d’une double minorité.

Background: Globalization and remote work following COVID-19 have boosted the tourism profiles of lifestyle travelers. Especially digital nomads, individuals that work remotely while traveling. These arising tourists contrast with the mass tourism industry, in the sense that digital nomads stay longer and may engage with local culture. However, digital nomads have shown mass tourism behaviors, causing negative effects on destinations. Purpose: Digital nomadism has an impact on destinations, either positive or negative. In the case of negative effects, alienation and gentrification often occur within the destination. The literature neglects to elaborate on the negative effects of digital nomadism and, most importantly, ignores to provide solutions to mitigate them. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify practices that build bridges between digital nomads and destinations and mitigate alienation and gentrification. Finally, it is expected to help all stakeholders involved to make the movement more sustainable. Method: To gather insights on practices in destinations, we follow the qualitative approach of ethnography, which allows us as researchers to immerse ourselves in the destinations and deeply understand stakeholders' practices and strengthen our findings with our own experiences. In the form of a multiple case study, we decided to travel to different destinations in Malaysia and Colombia to collect insights on the ground. There, we followed a triangulation of evidence and collected data by experiencing ourselves as digital nomads, conducting interviews, and recording vlogs. iConclusion: To mitigate the negative effects of digital nomads, bundled practices can be undertaken. Regularly those practices are based on interaction among stakeholders, where locals, related businesses, and digital nomads collaborate, network, exchange knowledge and help digital nomads to integrate. Activities based on action are mainly undertaken for onboarding support, especially from the business side that provides services for digital nomads to adapt. Comparing Colombia and Malaysia, we found that these bundled practices help digital nomads and destinations to connect, mitigating gentrification and alienation.

Working from a distance rather than at the office is getting easier with the rise of current digital technologies, making digital nomadism an alternative to local entrepreneurship. This study investigates 5 digital nomads in their current carrier as geographically unbound entrepreneurs with a qualitative interview method and analyses how they are using digital communications to their advantages, what downsides they might experience and the upsides of working this way which resulted in a framework. This study shows a lifestyle that opens up for an efficient workstyle with a potentially high life quality through use of outsourcing, digital communications and geographical freedom. The study also shows a paradox of using the internet to be free from traditional bounds by relying the business model on it and can be the only thing that binds the digital nomad.

Sweden is experiencing a national housing shortage. The housing market has created a financial inequality between generations and as a result, homeownership has become unachievable for many. Citizens who have become tired of the situation have found their solution in the mobile dwelling. With the main motivation of freedom this thesis examines the role of the mobile dwelling and those who strive for mobile lifestyles, while discussing whether it is a viable way of living as it is constantly challenged.   The focus has been on investigating the challenges of living mobile, as the dwelling does not address the broader challenge of long-term financial security. Also, as the long-term residency is constantly challenged by its location through legislation it contributes to the already vulnerable situation.   The project concentrates on mobile living on water in the context of Stockholm, where I argue that its water as an asset has not yet been fully explored. The covered case studies have demonstrated the challenges of long-term residency for mobile dwellers have been overcome through different steps of actions, which in turn has contributed to the freedom of mobility.   This project proposes that in keeping the benefits of mobile living and re-imagining a framework, mobile residents using their own assets and know-how, can through a collective action become developers themselves. Focus is given to the achievement of long-term financial and residential security and as a result, the mobile dwelling becomes more than a temporary solution.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-15T19:48:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Kelen Ribeiro Betim.pdf: 856724 bytes, checksum: fa2eadbed91c6989d3532993701cb90a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-02-27 / This paper aims to discuss the role of the female pastor in Evangelical Pentecostalism. The role of women as agents of leadership in the religious sphere allows for the discussion of the possibility of the religious universe as a place of significant change in relation to a narrowing of differences between the sexes today. Women s participation as leaders in the Pentecostal church as well as the autonomy of women in church leadership is interpreted as a new option for women beyond the domestic sphere. This paper intends to clarify the existence and occurrence of limitations on these establishments that are inserted into the hierarchy of female power in Pentecostal denominations, and to discuss if these limitations are being derived from the thought perspective of men or women. / O trabalho tem como objetivo discutir o nomadismo feminino no campo religioso Pentecostal, o pastorado feminino no pentecostalismo evangélico. A função das mulheres enquanto agente de liderança na esfera religiosa permite a discussão sobre a possibilidade do universo religioso como um espaço de alterações significativas no que se refere a uma diminuição das diferenças entre os gêneros da atualidade. A participação da mulher como agente de liderança das igrejas pentecostais, bem como à autonomia é interpretada como uma nova opção para as mulheres além do espaço doméstico, entretanto, pretendemos esclarecer a existência e ocorrência de estabelecimento de limitações impostas e inseridas na hierarquia de poder feminino dessas denominações religiosas, verificando se são frutos de uma estrutura hierarquizante pensada não na perspectiva do universo feminino, mas a partir do universo masculino.

Nomadic pastoralism is an ancient subsistence strategy, historically balanced and in continuity with sedentary societies. Sedentarization of nomads occurs normally because of ecological disasters, economic opportunities, urbanization, and government policy. In this paper, I examine the effect of changing land use patterns on nomadic pastoral populations in Asia, Africa, and the Middle East, using biogeographic methodology to further explore the contemporary relationship between humans and their environments. Nomadic population information gleaned from diverse ethnographic studies, and GIS data on anthropogenic biome distributions, were used to calculate changes in nomadic population, area of developed land, and nomadic/sedentary population density over the last century in seven countries. There was a significant decrease in the proportion of national populations practicing nomadic pastoralism (paired t-test, p=0.0038, n=7), but no significant overall change in total nomadic populations (paired t-test, p=0.41, n=7); nomadic population decreased in all countries but Sudan and Somalia. There was also no significant change in undeveloped land available for nomadic pastoralism (mean change -12.5%, S.D. ±15.8, paired t-test p=0.07, n=7), though the area of land available for nomadic pastoralism decreased in most countries. There was a negative linear correlation between land development and nomadic population when Somalia and Sudan were omitted (r2=0.84). Nomadic population density decreased in most countries, but increased in Somalia and Sudan. Some nomadic populations may be experiencing an extinction debt effect, where habitat loss combines with increased population density (Somalia, Sudan), but in most others where the population seemed to decrease more rapidly than would be expected due to habitat loss (Saudi Arabia, Mauritania, Iraq, and Afghanistan). The variable relationship between density and habitat loss implies that social factors often overshadow the ecological: though there is a correlation between habitat loss and nomadic population decline, causation is unclear. Despite the limitations of this study, nomadic populations do seem to have a natural balance with their cultural and biological environments that is disrupted by changes in social dynamics with sedentary populations and their subsequent environmental impacts. The loss of cultural diversity inherent in this disruption may decrease the flexibility and adaptability of the overall biosocial human ecosystem.

Orientador: Eda Maria Góes / Banca: Raul Borges Guimarães / Banca: Mário Fernando Bolognesi / Resumo: As questões que se buscou responder nessa dissertação surgiram da prática artística e da vida acadêmica do pesquisador, relacionando sua formação na área da Geografia com sua experiência no Circo Teatro Rosa dos Ventos para assim contribuir com a compreensão do processo de renovação da atividade circense no panorama nacional. Foi com base nessa articulação que se optou pela tomada de depoimentos, posteriormente transcritos e analisados, além das observações feitas durante visitas a circos tradicionais e grupos artísticos móveis, pretendendo-se, desse modo, valorizar a proximidade e familiaridade do pesquisador com o universo pesquisado. No que se refere aos objetivos específicos, este trabalho buscou contribuir para a compreensão da atividade circense através de dois conceitos centrais para a Geografia, os conceitos de território e de lugar. A distinção entre circos tradicionais nômades e grupos artísticos móveis justifica a importância de tais conceitos, uma vez que, além da constatação de que fazem usos diferentes da atividade circense, o emprego dos conceitos ajudou a demonstrar que ambos desenvolvem estratégias territoriais para se reproduzir no espaço, mas essas estratégias envolvem mobilidades distintas. Assim, os circos tradicionais nômades revelam a atualidade do nomadismo e a importância de se contrapor ao modo de vida sedentário, hegemônico no restante da sociedade, daí a importância do emprego do conceito de território para entender sua movimentação. Enquanto isso, os grupos artísticos móveis se ligam a uma produção de arte voltada ao mundo urbano contemporâneo, daí a opção por empregar o conceito de lugar para explicar o caráter mais fixo desses grupos. Ao identificar os lugares sociais fugazes criados e seus respectivos territórios de uso, esperamos ter demonstrado que a atividade circense participa de uma renovação artística. / Abstract: The questions this dissertation aimed to answer came from the artistic practice and academic life of the researcher, relating his Geographic formation with his experience on Circo Teatro Rosa dos Ventos (Compass Rose Theatre Circus) to contribute with the comprehension of the renewal project of the circus national panorama. Based on this articulation it was opted to take declarations thereafter transcribed and analysed, in addition to the observations made during visits to traditional circuses and mobile artistic groups, aiming to value the fondness of the researcher to the researched universe. Concerning specific goals, this work aimed to contribute to the understanding of the circus activity through the two central concepts to Geography, territory and place. The distinction between traditional nomad circuses and mobile artistic groups justifies the importance of such concepts, because both make different uses of the circus activity, and because the use of the concepts helped demonstrating that both develop territorial strategies to reproduce themselves in space, but these strategies include distinct kinds of mobility. Traditional nomad circuses reveal the modernity of nomadness and the importance of counter-proposing the sedentary way of life, hegemonic in the other parts of society, because of this the importance of the use of the concept of territory to understand this movement. Then, mobile artistic groups connect themselves to a production of art destined to the contemporary urban world, because of this the use of the concept of place to explain the fix character of these groups. By identifying the rapid social place created and their respective territories of use, the work aims to demonstrate that the circus activity takes part of an artistic renewal. / Mestre

Nous avons commencé cette étude en présentant le peuple bakhtiari, d’Iran, dans toute sa diversité : étude résumée de son histoire, de ses origines et de sa formation ethnique, des espaces où il vit, de son rythme et de ses déplacements puisqu’il pratique la transhumance.Nous avons abordé à partir de ses activités et de son économie la manière dont il se loge, se nourrit, se soigne et les aspects les plus coutumiers de son organisation de vie familiale. Puis nous avons abordé et développé l’étude approfondie de la langue des Bakhtiaris.Nous l’avons étudiée, phonétiquement, donnant des renseignements sur les lettres, les sons et l’organisation du système phonétique de la langue bakhtiari. Puis nous avons développé une étude de la grammaire et de la syntaxe de la langue, telle que nous la connaissons et la pratiquons. Il est important de noter qu’il s’agit d’une langue surtout orale et qu’il n’existe pas d’étude approfondie de cette grammaire tant dans sa morphologie que dans sa syntaxe.Notre étude est donc très importante à ce titre. Nous avons pu la mener parce que pendant des années nous avons enregistré, en vivant au milieu des Bakhtiaris, dans notre famille, des conversations, des sessions avec des conteurs et des poètes, ceux qui gardent la langue vivante et nous permettent de la conserver et de l’étudier… / We begin by presenting the Bakhtiari people of Iran. This study summarises the diversity ofthese people: their history, origins and ethnic formation, the places they inhabit and the cycleof their travels since they began the practice of transhumance.We studied the manner in which operations and economy are incorporated into bakhtiariculture, including the more traditional aspects of the organisation of family life. We thenundertook an in-depth study of the bakhtiari language. We have studied this language and itsevolution from its origins to what we know today. We studied it phonetically usinginformation on letters, sounds and organisation of the phonetic system of the bakhtiarilanguage. We then developed a study of grammar and syntax of the language as we knowand practice it. It is important to note that this is primarily an oral language and there is nocomprehensive study of the grammar in both its morphology and syntax. Therefore, ourstudy is very important in documenting this aspect of the bakhtiari language.We have been able to conduct this study because for years our family have lived alongsidethe Bakhtiari people and we have experienced conversations and meetings with storytellersand poets who keep the language alive and allow us to preserve and study their language…