The aim of present work is to summarize and describe theories treating action nominals and to use some of these on a sample of French nouns. The introduction treats the characteristics of action nominals, as well as the question of classification of action nominals in regard of the parts of speech system. The second part mentions main theoretical studies on process of nominalization. What comes next is the summary of nominalization types based on their creation, thus division to action, resultative and other nominals. The third part of present work is the practial one. It describes the method of choosing the sample from the dictionary Le Petit Robert as well as analyses made by means of the said dictionary and the programe SketchEngine.

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No. of bitstreams: 1 nhoato_h_me_sjrp.pdf: 2121124 bytes, checksum: e1ba29217152a7f50efc81fe4758f38c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP) / O objetivo do trabalho é analisar funcionalmente os modificadores adjetivais do SN com base na motivação semântica do referente nuclear: se entidades de primeira ordem ou Indivíduos ou se entidades de segunda ordem ou Estados de Coisas (LYONS, 1977; HENGEVELD, 2008), priorizando as propriedades pragmáticas e semânticas dos adjetivos na variedade do português brasileiro falado no noroeste do Estado de São Paulo. A análise, de natureza funcionalista, vincula-se ao arcabouço teórico proposto pela Teoria da Gramática Funcional (DIK, 1997a) e pela Gramática Discursivo-Funcional (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008) que proveem uma classificação semântica dos constituintes do sintagma nominal com base nas suas propriedades de referência a entidades do mundo e na atribuição de propriedade de modificação a essas entidades. Para análise da relação que os modificadores estabelecem com o núcleo dos sintagmas nominais, este trabalho volta-se para a classificação proposta por Negrão et al. (2014), que separam os adjetivos em argumentais e predicadores de núcleo, ou seja, itens lexicais que assumem uma posição aberta pelo substantivo deverbal e os que abrem posições temáticas que são, por seu lado, saturadas por um substantivo-núcleo. Para análise dos aspectos semânticos dos modificadores utilizam-se as classificações propostas por Castilho (2010), Castilho e Moraes de Castilho (1993), Cinque (2010) e Neves (2010). A amostra examinada é extraída do córpus IBORUNA coletado pelo Projeto ALIP, que foi concebido no interior do Grupo de Pesquisa em Gramática Funcional (GPGF) da UNESP de São José do Rio Preto. Os dados mostram, em primeiro lugar, que, de certo modo, independentemente do tipo de entidade envolvido no núcleo, de primeira e de segunda ordem, a posição pós-nuclear é a preferência grandemente majoritária dos adjetivos na codificação morfossintática. Além disso, a distribuição em anteposição e posposição tem uma regularidade motivada por traços semânticos específicos do modificador. A posição pré-nuclear, mesmo com baixa frequência, está vinculada a traços pragmáticos e semânticos específicos. Esses resultados demonstraram a atuação de motivações semânticas e, em menor parte, pragmáticas, condicionando o preenchimento de posições específicas dos modificadores no interior do sintagma nominal. / The aim of this study is to analyze, from a functional perspective, the adjectival modifiers of Noun Phrases, focusing on the semantic motivation of the Noun Phrase head: whether headed by first-order entities or Individuals or second-order entities or States-of-Affairs (LYONS, 1977; HENGEVELD, 2008). The purpose of this work is to give some priority to the pragmatic and semantic properties of adjectival modifiers in the variety of Brazilian Portuguese spoken in the northwest of São Paulo State. In order to do so, the analysis based on a functional perspective is aligned to the theoretical framework of The Theory of Functional Grammar (DIK, 1997a) and of the Functional Discourse Grammar (HENGEVELD; MACKENZIE, 2008). These authors provide a semantic classification of the constituents of the Noun Phrases which is based on their reference to entities (Individuals or States-of-Affairs) of a world and they analyze the process of modification of these entities by the attribution of a property. The analysis of the relationship between modifiers and the head of the Noun Phrases, initially, considers the classification proposed by Negrão et al. (2014), who distinguish adjectives in arguments and predicates. This distinction means that lexical items that, on the one hand, take a position open by the deverbal noun and, on the other hand, those who open a thematic positions taken by the nuclear referent of the Noun Phrase. Moreover, to analyze the semantic aspects of the modifiers, this study considers the classifications proposed by Castilho (2010), Castilho and Moraes de Castilho (1993), Cinque (2010) and Neves (2010). The sample examined was extracted from the IBORUNA Corpus, which was conceived by the Functional Grammar Research Group (Grupo de Pesquisa em Gramática Funcional), of São Paulo State University (UNESP) at São José do Rio Preto. The analysis shows, firstly, that: regardless of the type of entity involved in the head, whether first or second order, the modification after the head (postmodification) is where the adjective is largely preferred to occur in Morphosyntactic Encoding. In addition, the distribution through the place before the head (premodification) and postmodification in relation to the Noun Phrase head is provided with a high degree of regularity motivated by specific semantic features of the modifier. Secondly, the premodification, even if it is applied with low frequency in the data, is properly aligned to pragmatic and semantic specific features. Finally, these results show how semantic motivations and, less frequently, pragmatic ones, are involved in the fulfilling of specific positions of adjectives inside the Noun Phrase. / FAPESP: 2016/00661-5

Not all combinations of nouns and adjectives are possible and some are clearly more fre- quent than other. With this in mind this study aims to construct semantic representations of the two types of parts-of-speech, based on how they occur with each other. By inves- tigating these ideas via automatic natural language processing paradigms the study aims to find evidence for a semantic mutuality between nouns and adjectives, this notion sug- gests that the semantics of a noun can be captured by its corresponding adjectives, and vice versa. Furthermore, a set of proposed categories of adjectives and nouns, based on the ideas of Gärdenfors (2014), is presented that hypothetically are to fall in line with the produced representations. Four evaluation methods were used to analyze the result rang- ing from subjective discussion of nearest neighbours in vector space to accuracy generated from manual annotation. The result provided some evidence for the hypothesis which suggests that further research is of value.

This essay deals with the issue of readability, the term readability referring to what it is that makes a reader perceive a text as difficult or easy. Some factors are related to the reader but there are also those which depend on the text as such, one such factor being style which is the one that will be focused on in this essay. The investigation is based on the analysis and comparison of a complete version and an abridged version of Charlotte Brontë’s Jane Eyre, and the questions to be investigated are whether the author of the abridged version has succeeded in making it less complicated, and if he or she has done so by considering stylistic features said to be affecting readability. Further, this essay is divided into four chapters. The first chapter contains the background for the analysis and is divided into 4 parts dealing with the following aspects: the definition of readability, early research on readability, later research on readability, and difficult and easy language. Chapter two describes the limitations made and the method used for the analysis which involves looking at the noun phrase, the verb phrase, and the clause. Chapter three gives a detailed description of the corpus investigated. Moving on to chapter four, this is where the results of the investigation are presented. This is done by dividing it into four different subchapters, each of them dealing with issues related to the different areas described in the method. Each of the subchapters then begins with the presentation of the results for each edition which is then followed by a comparative discussion. The essay ends with a conclusion part where conclusions regarding the four areas presented in the analysis are made along with the answering of research questions.

Medical information must be available for all people in the world. Therefore it is important to translate medical research articles into foreign languages. The aim of this essay was to translate a German medical research article called “Troponinerhöhung und EKG-Veränderungen bei Schlaganfall und Subarachnoidalblutung” into Swedish and to analyse how problems that appeared during the translation process could be solved. The analysis was based on Vinay and Darbelnets, Kollers and Ingos translation theories and dealt with the question how to translate German noun phrases into Swedish. Special attention was paid to noun phrases consisting of medical terms and noun phrases containing extended modifiers. The medical terms in the source text were divided into three categories depending on their origin, Greek and Latin terms, German terms and English terms. The translation of a large number of Greek and Latin terms was based on the translation procedure called borrowing. Calque was represented especially in the translation of terms of German origin, whereas borrowing or paraphrasing was preferred when translating English terms. There were 63 noun phrases with extended modifiers in the source text. Two fifths of these corresponded to Swedish noun phrases with extended modifiers, whereas the rest must be translated into Swedish noun phrases with adjective premodifiers or relative clauses or into verbal expressions.

[pt] Este trabalho analisa os critérios de caracterização de nomes compostos em Português, com o objetivo de obter informações que permitam o estabelecimento dos padrões gerais do processo de composição de palavras, de tal modo que se possa distinguir este tipo de entidade lingüística de outras combinatórias lexicais, como as locuções nominais e outros sintagmas freqüentes e estáveis no repertório da língua. De início, faz-se um exame das abordagens da composição por autores identificados com a tradição gramatical. Em seguida, feita a identificação dos aspectos deste processo de criação lexical que permanecem inexplicados pela gramática, e sempre com o objetivo de se definir e caracterizar a palavra composta, procede-se ao estudo das abordagens dos lingüistas estruturalistas e suas tentativas de conceituar a palavra enquanto unidade lingüística. Finalmente, analisam-se as visões dos pesquisadores pósestruturalistas e os critérios e testes diferenciadores por eles propostos. As conclusões das análises efetuadas revelam que, ao lado de algumas poucas formações, que se comportam como palavras compostas quando analisadas sob os quatro critérios - fonológico, morfológico, sintático e semântico - há outras que se diferenciam dos grupos sintáticos comuns quando investigadas por alguns ou apenas um destes parâmetros, em geral o semântico. A investigação também revela que há muitas seqüências que, consideradas rigorosamente sob as leis da morfologia, não configuram unidades morfológicas, embora, do ponto de vista lexical, estejam cristalizadas no idioma e sejam percebidas como unidades lexicais pelos falantes. / [en] This work analyzes different criteria normally used to characterize compounds in Portuguese, as opposed to clauses and other types of linguistic units such as idioms or collocations. Its main goal is to organize information in such a way as to establish general patterns for lexical compounding. Initially, an analysis of different approaches to compounding in Traditional Grammar literature is made. Then, as the unexplained aspects of compounding in those approaches are identified, the goal of defining compounds in Portuguese is pursued in the analysis of structuralist and posterior approaches and their attempts to define the word as a linguistic unit. The results of the research reveal that, even though a few formations do behave as compounds under all relevant - phonological, morphological, syntactic and semantic - criteria, there are many others that differ from common syntactic sequences, only with respect to one of the mentioned parameters, more frequently the semantic one. We can also conclude from our analysis that many word sequences do not correspond to morphological units, in spite of the fact that they are lexicalized and thus perceived as lexical units by the speaker of Portuguese.

No description available.

This study investigates the form and function of reduplication in nouns in Japanese. Three main areas were investigated: meaning, morphosyntactic behavior, and register. The study was conducted with informants participating in meetings which were audio recorded. The informants were asked to describe a number of reduplicated nouns belonging to three categories: concrete nouns, abstract nouns, and nouns relating to time. A number of pseudo forms were also included to see if similar patterns could be observed in nouns that did not belong to the regular lexicon. The results were analyzed for possible patterns relating to meaning, morphosyntactic behavior, and register across the three noun categories. Primarily two patterns were observed: 1. the reduplicated forms of concrete nouns tended to have a meaning of plurality and maintain their noun status, and 2. the reduplicated forms of nouns relating to time tended to acquire a sensation of extended time and frequency, and change word class into adverbs. These patterns were not observed as strongly among the pseudo forms. In addition to these patterns, other phenomena were observed among the reduplicated nouns that could not be categorized as belonging to specific patterns and should be investigated in further studies.

Ce travail propose une description systématique du Lumbu. Cette langue est parlée au Gabon et au Congo. Nous avons porté notre choix sur la variété parlée à Mayumbu ; dans la partie septentrionale du Gabon.Notre approche a porté sur deux niveaux d’analyse suivants : la phonologie et la morphologie de cette langue. Le système phonologique décrit les phonèmes selon le critère de pertinence. En effet, cette première partie décrit le système consonantique et vocalique du lumbu. L’inventaire des phonèmes qui caractérisent la structure même de la langue nous a permis de répertorier seize phonèmes consonantiques et dix phonèmes vocaliques répartis de façon équitable sur la durée de réalisation des voyelles. Cependant, le système vocalique ne comporte pas de voyelles nasales. On note plutôt un phénomène de nasalisation favorisée par la présence d’une consonne nasale placée après la voyelle.La structure syllabique est caractérisée par des syllabes ouvertes c’est-à-dire qu’on ne retrouve pas de consonne en finale de mot. Nous bouclons cette partie par la description du système tonal. Il comporte deux tons simples / H/ (haut), /B / (bas) et deux tons modulés: /Mt / (montant) /Dt/ (descendant). La structure morphologique est envisagée sous deux angles ce qui nous a permis de faire ressortir les caractéristiques morphologiques de chacun des domaines. La description morphologique s’emploie à identifier les différents thèmes nominaux et les différentes structures verbales.La dérivation est relevée aussi bien dans le domaine lexical que verbal. Tout au long de notre travail, nous avons procédé à une analyse dérivationnelle en partant de la forme de base jusqu’à la forme réalisée. Cette façon de faire met en avant les différentes étapes du processus dérivationnel. Les nominaux sont identifiés par rapport aux classes nominales. Le Lumbu compte quatorze classes nominales qui fonctionnent par des appariements singulier /pluriel. Parmi les nominaux nous avons relevé les pronoms, les adjectifs qui se distinguent par la chaîne des accords. / This work provides a systematic description of Lumbu, a bantu language spoken at Mayumba,Gabon. I have chosen to focus on the phonological and morphological analysis.The inventory of phonemes shows 16 consonants and 10 vowels. There are no nasal vowels, butthere is however nazalization favored by the presence of a nasal consonant after the vowel. This part of theanalysis is completed with the description of the tonal system. There are two simple tones /H/ (high) and /B/(low), and also a rising tone /Mt/ (for « montant » in French) and a falling tone /Dt/ (for « descendant » inFrench). Tonal variation is induced by a floating tone.There are 13 noun classes and 3 locative classes. As a rule, classes are grouped in pairs (singular andplural). There is no masculine.feminin distinction. The class prefix of nouns governs concord on all theterms that depend on the noun, i.e., adjectives, demonstratives, possessives, etc.All through the work I have analysed the derivational processes step by step, from the root upwardto the surface form.

This thesis discusses four selected topics on Yoruba nominal expressions: the syntax of possessives, the construal of bare nouns, the marking of specificity and salience, and plural marking strategies. Regarding possessives, it is proposed that they have one base structure (a v P shell). The difference in surface linear order between verbal and nominal genitives is determined by which of the two arguments move. In nominal genitives, the possessum moves. In verbal genitives, it is the possessor that moves. Regarding the interpretation of Yoruba bare nouns, it is shown that they can be construed in one of three ways: as generics, as indefinites, or as definites. First, generics may be lexically conditioned (with permanent state predicates) or grammatically conditioned (with transitory predicates through the use of imperfective maa-n). Second, wherever a generic construal is illicit, an indefinite construal is licit. Third, definite construals are discourse-linked. Regarding specificity, it is shown that Yoruba overtly marks specificity on NPs with the element kan. Regarding salience, it is shown that definite DPs are morphologically marked as salient (by virtue of being unique, in an identity relation or additive) through the use of ndd. Finally, regarding plural marking, it is shown that Yoruba uses three different strategies: contextually, semantically, or morphologically determined plurality. It is proposed that the deployment of the PLURAL feature is determined by feature percolation or feature matching. / Arts, Faculty of / Linguistics, Department of / Graduate