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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

Effects of Protein Supplementation and Forage Quality on Intake and Digestion in Cattle

Kunkel, Jamie 2011 December 1900 (has links)
In many pasture and rangeland scenarios, low-quality forages (< 6-8% CP) are the primary energy source for some portion of the year. At these times, energy is typically the first limiting nutrient to the ruminant. Low-quality forages are generally not limited in availability; however, the high cell wall content and reduced levels of CP prevent ruminants from being able to extract the harvested energy. Without provision of supplemental nutrients, the available energy may be inadequate to meet performance expectations. Protein supplementation during periods of inadequate forage quality has been observed to alleviate ruminal nitrogen deficiencies and increase forage utilization. Increased forage utilization translates into greater energy extraction allowing for increased animal performance. The first trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of utilizing non-protein nitrogen (a slow-release urea compared to urea) on intake and digestion of beef steers consuming low-quality bermudagrass hay. Steers were provided ad libitum access to a low-quality bermudagrass hay (7.3 % CP and were ruminally dosed once daily with either urea or slow-release urea (SRU) at levels to provide 0, 64, 128, or 192 mg of N/kg of initial BW per day. Additionally, steers were supplemented with glycerol at levels of 0 or 0.1% of initial BW per day. Total OMI and forage OMI (FOMI) increased quadratically (P < 0.01) with NPN supplementation. However there was not a difference in total OMI or FOMI between urea and the SRU (P = 0.24 and 0.21, respectively). The largest increases in FOMI and total OMI occurred with the first level of supplementation (64 mg N/kg BW) for both urea and SRU and intake peaked when 128 mg N/kg BW was supplemented. Total OMD was not affected by N supplementation level however N from urea tended to elicit a greater response than from the SRU (P = 0.01). Ruminal OMD increased linearly (P = 0.07) and ruminal NDF digestion increased quadratically (P = 0.09) with N supplementation. The second experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of hay crude protein and protein supplementation on intake and digestion in beef steers. Steers received one of three bermudagrass (Cynodon Dactylon) hays of differing nutritive value (7.0, 8.4, or 13.4% CP) and either 0 or 156 mg N/kg BW supplemented as cottonseed meal once daily. No significant Hay x CSM interactions were observed for hay OMI, total OMI, TDOMI, or digestible NDF intake (P >= 0.67). Hay OMI and total OMI increased linearly (P < 0.01) with hay nutritive value. A quadratic response (P = 0.03) was observed for TDOMI with increasing hay nutritive value. This response was largely driven by a quadratic increase (P < 0.01) in OM digestion with increasing nutritive value of hays. Supplementing CSM generally did not affect HOMI (P = 0.63) although TDOMI (P = 0.03) was increased. Similarly, OM digestion (P = 0.61) and NDF digestion (P = 0.11) were not impacted by CSM supplementation.
2

Determination of Energy Efficiency of Beef Cows under Grazing Conditions Using a Mechanistic Model and the Evaluation of a Slow-Release Urea Product for Finishing Beef Cattle

Bourg, Brandi Marie 2011 December 1900 (has links)
The cow/calf phase of production represents a large expense in the production of beef, and efficient beef cows use fewer resources to obtain the same outcome in a sustainable environment. The objective of study 1 was to utilize a mechanistic nutrition model to estimate metabolizable energy requirement (MER) of grazing cows based on changes in cow body weight (BW) and fatness measurements (body condition score, BCS) along with calf age and BW, as well as forage quality and quantity. In addition, an energy efficiency index (EEI), computed as MER of the cow and calf divided by calf weaning BW, was used to rank cows within a herd based on their efficiency of utilizing available forage to meet their maintenance requirements and support calf growth. Data were collected from one herd of approximately 140 Santa Gertrudis cows over a four-year period, and analyzed per calving cycle, conception to weaning. The model's estimation of EEI appears to be moderately heritable and repeatable across years, and efficient cows might have greater peak milk and be leaner. In typical feedlot diets, the rates of ruminal fermentation of highly processed grains and the hydrolysis rate of urea may not match. Asynchronous utilization of carbohydrate and protein would result in some portion of the urea unknot being utilized by the ruminal microbes and ultimately the animal. The use of slow-release urea (SRU) products offers a unique opportunity to synchronize ruminal fermentation of carbohydrate with non-protein nitrogen (NPN) release rate. Two experiments were conducted to examine the impact of source, urea or SRU, and level of dietary NPN on 1) performance and carcass characteristics and 2) N balance of finishing cattle. Steers had lower initial F:G when SRU was used as the only source of feed N (treatment 3), suggesting that SRU may replace both NPN and true protein feeds in finishing cattle diets. High levels of either NPN source had greater N intake and urinary N excretion, as well as N absorption and no major differences were observed between SRU and urea, suggesting that SRU can replace urea at different levels of N intake.
3

The classification of Boolean functions using the Rademacher-Walsh transform

Anderson, Neil Arnold 31 August 2007 (has links)
When considering Boolean switching functions with n input variables, there are 2^(2^n) possible functions that can be realized by enumerating all possible combinations of input values and arrangements of output values. As is expected with double exponential growth, the number of functions becomes unmanageable very quickly as n increases. This thesis develops a new approach for computing the spectral classes where the spectral operations are performed by manipulating the truth tables rather than first moving to the spectral domain to manipulate the spectral coefficients. Additionally, a generic approach is developed for modeling these spectral operations within the functional domain. The results of this research match previous for n < or = to 4 but differ when n=5 is considered. This research indicates with a high level of confidence that there are in fact 15 previously unidentified classes, for a total of 206 spectral classes needed to represent all 2^(2^n) Boolean functions.
4

An Academic Assessment of the National Performance Network and Visual Artists Network: An Internship Academic Report

Swan, Rachel 01 May 2015 (has links)
This academic report was composed at the conclusion of a 480 hour internship with the National Performance Network/Visual Artists Network (NPN/VAN), summarized in Chapter Two. This report includes NPN/VAN’s mission, history, and organizational structure within Chapter One. Chapter Three is a SWOT analysis, and Chapter Four includes a summary of best practices, highlighting NPN/VAN’s intermediary and network structure. In conclusion, a series of suggestions are offered for further consideration.
5

Fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal na alimentação de ovinos / Dietary nitrogen sources with differents ruminal degradability rates in sheep nutrition

Mendes, Clayton Quirino 01 February 2010 (has links)
Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos do aumento da PDR da ração por meio do uso de fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal. Exp. 1: 28 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho, características da carcaça e da carne e parâmetros sanguíneos. Além disso, foi avaliada a capacidade do SRNS em predizer o CMS e o GMD dos animais. O farelo de soja foi substituído pela uréia nos teores de 0,7%; 1,4% e 2,1% da MS. Não houve alteração no CMS e nos parâmetros de carcaça e da carne avaliados. Entretanto, o GMD e o peso final dos animais reduziu linearmente na medida que a uréia substituiu o farelo de soja. Por outro lado, a conversão alimentar e a concentração de nitrogênio uréico plasmático apresentou aumento linear com a adição de uréia nas rações. O modelo SRNS apresentou tendência de subestimar o CMS e superstimar o GMD. Exp. 2: 16 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, canulados no rúmen, foram mantidos em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e alimentados com as mesmas rações utilizadas no Exp. 1. Não houve diferença no consumo e nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB e FDN, bem como no pH ruminal. Houve efeito quadrático para a concentração de acetato e para a produção total de AGCC, enquanto que a concentração de amônia ruminal aumentou linearmente com adição de uréia nas rações. O uso da uréia não alterou o metabolismo do nitrogênio, a excreção urinária de derivados de purina, a produção de nitrogênio microbiano e a eficiência de síntese microbiana. Embora tenha reduzido o GMD em 14,3%, a uréia pode ser utilizada com fonte exclusiva de nitrogênio na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Exp. 3: 48 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês em lactação foram utilizadas para determinar os efeitos do uso de fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal. O farelo de soja, a protenose mais uréia, o refinazil mais uréia ou a uréia foram utilizados como fontes de N, resultando em rações contendo 9,88; 10,4; 12,0 ou 13,4% de PDR, respectivamente. O CMS foi maior, a produção de leite e de leite corrigido para gordura tendeu ser maior (P<0,10) e o teor de gordura do leite foi menor para a ração contendo o farelo de soja. A produção diária de proteína foi maior e o teor de uréia no leite foi menor para as rações contendo o farelo de soja ou a protenose mais uréia como fontes nitrogenadas. A menor eficiência de utilização do N está associada com a alta taxa de degradação da proteína no rúmen, uma vez que as rações contendo 12,0 ou 13,4% de PDR resultaram na redução da produção de proteína do leite, maior concentração de uréia no leite, perda de peso e de condição corporal dos animais. Além disso, o aumento da PDR da ração com a substituição total da proteína verdadeira pela uréia comprometeu o consumo de matéria seca e a produção de ovelhas em lactação. / Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary RDP through the use of nitrogen sources with differents rumen degration rates. Trial 1: Twenty-eight Santa Ines ram lambs were used to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal by urea in high grain diets on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and blood parameters. In addition, were assessed the ability of SRNS to predict dry matter intake and average daily gain of lambs. Soybean meal in control diet was replaced by urea at 0.7; 1.4 e 2.1% on a DM basis. There were no differences among experimental diets for dry matter intake, carcass characteristics and meat parameters. However, average daily gain and final weight decreased linearly as the urea replaced soybean meal. Likewise, feed conversion and plasma urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly with the addition of urea in experimental diets. The SRNS model tended to underestimate dry matter intake and overestimate the average daily gain. Trial 2: Sixteen ruminally cannulated Santa Ines ram lambs were placed in metabolism crates and fed the same TMR used in Trial 1. There was no effect on DM intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, as well as, ruminal pH. Acetate concentration and total short-chain fatty acids concentration showed a quadratic response, while ruminal ammonia concentration increased linearly with urea inclusion to the diet. The nitrogen metabolism, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen production and microbial protein synthesis was not influenced with the replacement of soybean meal by urea. Although decreased average daily gain in 14.3%, urea can be used as an exclusive N source in high grain diets fed to feedlot lambs. Trial 3: Forty-eight Santa Ines lactating ewes were used to determine the effects of diets containing N sources with different ruminal degradability. Soybean meal, corn gluten meal plus urea, corn gluten feed plus urea or urea were used as N source, resulting in diets with 9.88, 10.4, 12.0 and 13.4 % of RDP, respectively. Dry matter intake was higher, milk production and fat-corrected milk tended to be higher (P<0.10) and milk fat content was lower for soybean meal diet. Daily milk protein production was higher, and milk urea nitrogen content was lower for diets containing soybean meal or corn gluten meal plus urea as N source. The lower N efficiency was associated with high protein ruminal degradation rate, once the diets containing 12.0 or 13.4% RDP resulted in reduced milk protein production, higher milk urea concentration and loss of weight and body condition score. Furthermore, a higher RDP with the total replacement of the true protein by urea affected dry matter intake and milk production of lactating ewes.
6

Fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal na alimentação de ovinos / Dietary nitrogen sources with differents ruminal degradability rates in sheep nutrition

Clayton Quirino Mendes 01 February 2010 (has links)
Foram realizados três experimentos com o objetivo de determinar os efeitos do aumento da PDR da ração por meio do uso de fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal. Exp. 1: 28 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês foram utilizados para avaliação do desempenho, características da carcaça e da carne e parâmetros sanguíneos. Além disso, foi avaliada a capacidade do SRNS em predizer o CMS e o GMD dos animais. O farelo de soja foi substituído pela uréia nos teores de 0,7%; 1,4% e 2,1% da MS. Não houve alteração no CMS e nos parâmetros de carcaça e da carne avaliados. Entretanto, o GMD e o peso final dos animais reduziu linearmente na medida que a uréia substituiu o farelo de soja. Por outro lado, a conversão alimentar e a concentração de nitrogênio uréico plasmático apresentou aumento linear com a adição de uréia nas rações. O modelo SRNS apresentou tendência de subestimar o CMS e superstimar o GMD. Exp. 2: 16 cordeiros da raça Santa Inês, canulados no rúmen, foram mantidos em gaiolas metálicas para ensaio de metabolismo e alimentados com as mesmas rações utilizadas no Exp. 1. Não houve diferença no consumo e nos coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente da MS, MO, PB e FDN, bem como no pH ruminal. Houve efeito quadrático para a concentração de acetato e para a produção total de AGCC, enquanto que a concentração de amônia ruminal aumentou linearmente com adição de uréia nas rações. O uso da uréia não alterou o metabolismo do nitrogênio, a excreção urinária de derivados de purina, a produção de nitrogênio microbiano e a eficiência de síntese microbiana. Embora tenha reduzido o GMD em 14,3%, a uréia pode ser utilizada com fonte exclusiva de nitrogênio na alimentação de cordeiros confinados. Exp. 3: 48 ovelhas da raça Santa Inês em lactação foram utilizadas para determinar os efeitos do uso de fontes nitrogenadas com diferentes taxas de degradação ruminal. O farelo de soja, a protenose mais uréia, o refinazil mais uréia ou a uréia foram utilizados como fontes de N, resultando em rações contendo 9,88; 10,4; 12,0 ou 13,4% de PDR, respectivamente. O CMS foi maior, a produção de leite e de leite corrigido para gordura tendeu ser maior (P<0,10) e o teor de gordura do leite foi menor para a ração contendo o farelo de soja. A produção diária de proteína foi maior e o teor de uréia no leite foi menor para as rações contendo o farelo de soja ou a protenose mais uréia como fontes nitrogenadas. A menor eficiência de utilização do N está associada com a alta taxa de degradação da proteína no rúmen, uma vez que as rações contendo 12,0 ou 13,4% de PDR resultaram na redução da produção de proteína do leite, maior concentração de uréia no leite, perda de peso e de condição corporal dos animais. Além disso, o aumento da PDR da ração com a substituição total da proteína verdadeira pela uréia comprometeu o consumo de matéria seca e a produção de ovelhas em lactação. / Three trials were conducted to evaluate the effects of increasing dietary RDP through the use of nitrogen sources with differents rumen degration rates. Trial 1: Twenty-eight Santa Ines ram lambs were used to evaluate the effects of replacing soybean meal by urea in high grain diets on performance, carcass characteristics, meat quality and blood parameters. In addition, were assessed the ability of SRNS to predict dry matter intake and average daily gain of lambs. Soybean meal in control diet was replaced by urea at 0.7; 1.4 e 2.1% on a DM basis. There were no differences among experimental diets for dry matter intake, carcass characteristics and meat parameters. However, average daily gain and final weight decreased linearly as the urea replaced soybean meal. Likewise, feed conversion and plasma urea nitrogen concentration increased linearly with the addition of urea in experimental diets. The SRNS model tended to underestimate dry matter intake and overestimate the average daily gain. Trial 2: Sixteen ruminally cannulated Santa Ines ram lambs were placed in metabolism crates and fed the same TMR used in Trial 1. There was no effect on DM intake, apparent digestibility of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, as well as, ruminal pH. Acetate concentration and total short-chain fatty acids concentration showed a quadratic response, while ruminal ammonia concentration increased linearly with urea inclusion to the diet. The nitrogen metabolism, urinary excretion of purine derivatives, microbial nitrogen production and microbial protein synthesis was not influenced with the replacement of soybean meal by urea. Although decreased average daily gain in 14.3%, urea can be used as an exclusive N source in high grain diets fed to feedlot lambs. Trial 3: Forty-eight Santa Ines lactating ewes were used to determine the effects of diets containing N sources with different ruminal degradability. Soybean meal, corn gluten meal plus urea, corn gluten feed plus urea or urea were used as N source, resulting in diets with 9.88, 10.4, 12.0 and 13.4 % of RDP, respectively. Dry matter intake was higher, milk production and fat-corrected milk tended to be higher (P<0.10) and milk fat content was lower for soybean meal diet. Daily milk protein production was higher, and milk urea nitrogen content was lower for diets containing soybean meal or corn gluten meal plus urea as N source. The lower N efficiency was associated with high protein ruminal degradation rate, once the diets containing 12.0 or 13.4% RDP resulted in reduced milk protein production, higher milk urea concentration and loss of weight and body condition score. Furthermore, a higher RDP with the total replacement of the true protein by urea affected dry matter intake and milk production of lactating ewes.
7

Návrh a realizace vylepšeného měřicího zařízení pro testování induktivních snímačů v klimatické komoře / Design and implementation of improved measuring device for inductive sensors testing in temperature chamber

Šimůnek, Patrik January 2020 (has links)
This thesis deals with the analysis of the measuring equipment for the testing of inductive sensors in the climatic chamber, which mainly highlights the faults and deficiencies of this device. Based on this analysis, a new measurement system is designed to eliminate these or all the deficiencies. Several new useful features are added to the new design of the measuring system.
8

Fornecimento de uréia na dieta de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e uso de isótopo estável 15N como marcador para estimativa da síntese de nitrogênio microbiano / Provision of urea in diet peccary collared (Pecari tajacu) and use of stable isotope 15N how to marker to estimate of microbial nitrogen synthesis

Mendes, Alcester 22 October 2008 (has links)
A utilização racional da fauna silvestre é um processo benéfico, por resultar em vantagens econômicas e sociais, e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar no processo de conservação das espécies silvestres. Entre as espécies silvestres brasileiras com potencial zootécnico, destaca-se o cateto (Pecari tajacu), um animal que consome diversos tipos de alimentos e que produz carne e couro com elevada demanda nos mercados nacional e internacional, respectivamente. Uma característica desta espécie é a presença de um pré-estômago, onde ocorre fermentação microbiana que confere a esta espécie capacidade para digerir alimentos volumosos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho: (i) medir a capacidade digestiva usando doses crescentes de uréia como fonte de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP) na dieta de catetos; (ii) avaliar a eficiência da microbiota do pré-estômago de catetos em proceder à fermentação anaeróbica da dieta, através da técnica de produção de gases para diferentes doses de uréia; (iii) estimar a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano in vitro utilizando o isótopo estável 15N como marcador. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro foi utilizado delineamento com distribuição inteiramente aleatória, no qual as possíveis seqüências dos tratamentos (doses de uréia: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %) foram atribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco ensaios com quatro animais cada. No segundo e terceiro capítulos, o delineamento empregado foi com distribuição inteiramente aleatória em arranjo fatorial 4 X 2, no qual foram utilizados quatro doses de uréia, duas fontes de inóculo (espécie animal: cateto e ovino) e cinco repetições. Os resultados para digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas doses de uréia, contudo, podem ter proporcionado incremento na síntese microbiana melhorando a digestibilidade da fibra. O BN cresceu linearmente com o incremento das doses de uréia (R2 = 0,97), apresentando retenção de 8,95 g dia-1 de N para maior dose e 5,22 g dia-1 de N para a dieta sem uréia, não havendo efeito significativo (P>0,01) para as perdas de N fecal e urinário. No segundo trabalho, houve produção de gases (197 mL g-1 MS) utilizando inóculo de cateto, contudo, não apresentou correlação com os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da MS (MSD), MO (MOD) e FDN (FDND) e a produção de gases em função da MSD, MOD e FDND apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, havendo crescimento linear (P>0,01) para digestibilidade de FDN (R2 = 0,50) e regressão linear inversa para produção de gases em função da FDND (R2 = 0,51). A produção de gás metano em função da MS, MO, MSD e MOD utilizando inóculo de cateto, apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, porém com baixo coeficiente de correlação entre as doses crescentes de uréia. A síntese de nitrogênio microbiano para o inóculo de cateto, não apresentou efeito significativo (P>0,05) para os tratamentos. A produção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi significativa (P<0,01) para as diferentes doses de uréia com ajuste de regressão linear aditiva (R2 = 0,50). A produção de gases mostra que a dieta concentrada foi degradada devido à presença de microrganismos no inóculo de cateto. Estes microrganismos foram capazes de hidrolisar a uréia em amônia e esta, por sua vez, convertida em compostos nitrogenados para síntese microbiana, mostrando a eficiência da fisiologia digestiva deste animal no aproveitamento do NNP. Além disso, os resultados in vivo indicam que o pré-estômago dos catetos foi capaz de utilizar uréia como fonte NNP, podendo substituir parte da proteína dietética em sua alimentação / The rational use of wild fauna is a beneficial process, as it results in economical and social advantages, and at the same time helps in the conservation process of wild species. Among the wild Brazilian species with zootechnical potential, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) stands out as an animal that consumes several kinds of foods and produces meat and pelt with a high demand in national and international markets, respectively. A characteristic of this species is the presence of a forestomach, where the microbial fermentation occurs, which enables this species to digest coarse roughage. The objective of this study was (i) to measure the digestive efficiency in the using increasing doses of urea as source of non protein nitrogen (NPN) in the collared peccary diet; (ii) to evaluate the efficiency of collared peccary fore-stomach microorganisms in proceed to anerobic fermentation of diet, using the in vitro gas production technique at different urea doses; (iii) to estimate the in vitro microbial nitrogen synthesis using stable isotope 15N as marker.This study is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, an experimental design with entirely randomized distribution was used where the urea doses (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %) were randomly used in five assays with four animals each. In the second and third chapters, the experimental design used had an entirely randomized distribution, resulting in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, in which four urea doses, and two sources of inoculum (collared peccary and sheep) and five replications. The DM, CP, and NDF digestibility results were not influenced (P>0.05) by the urea doses, however, they may have increased the microbial synthesis, improving fiber digestibility. The NB increased linearly with the increasing doses of urea (R2 = 0.97), presenting an N retention of 8.95 g day-1, for the highest dose of urea and 5.22 g day-1 for a non urea diet, without significant effect (P>0.01) to the losses of fecal and urinary N. In the second study, there was gas production (197 mL g-1 DM) using the collared peccary inoculums; however there was no correlation with the treatments. The DM (DMD), OM (OMD) and NDF (NDFD) digestibility and gas production as a function of DMD, OMD and NDFD showed a significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, showing a linear increase (P>0.01) in NDF digestibility (R2 = 0.50) and inverse linear regression for gas production as a function of NDFD (R2 = 0.51). The methane gas production as a function of DM, OM, DMD, and OMD using peccary fore-stomach inoculum showed significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, but with a low correlation coefficient between increasing doses of urea. The microbial nitrogen synthesis for the peccary inoculum did not show significant effect (P<0.01) for the treatments, in contrast, the production of ammoniacal nitrogen was significant (P<0.01) at different urea doses with an adjustment of additive linear regression (R2 = 0.50). The gas production showed that concentrated diet was degraded because of microorganisms presents in the collared peccary inoculum. These microorganisms present in the inoculum could hydrolyse the urea in ammonia and this, in its turn, is converted into nitrogen compounds for microbial synthesis, showing the efficiency of this animal´s digestive physiology in NPN use. Furthermore, in vivo results show that the pre-stomach of the collared peccary was capable to use urea as source NPN, thus could substitute part of the dietary protein in his/her feeding
9

Fornecimento de uréia na dieta de catetos (Pecari tajacu) e uso de isótopo estável 15N como marcador para estimativa da síntese de nitrogênio microbiano / Provision of urea in diet peccary collared (Pecari tajacu) and use of stable isotope 15N how to marker to estimate of microbial nitrogen synthesis

Alcester Mendes 22 October 2008 (has links)
A utilização racional da fauna silvestre é um processo benéfico, por resultar em vantagens econômicas e sociais, e ao mesmo tempo auxiliar no processo de conservação das espécies silvestres. Entre as espécies silvestres brasileiras com potencial zootécnico, destaca-se o cateto (Pecari tajacu), um animal que consome diversos tipos de alimentos e que produz carne e couro com elevada demanda nos mercados nacional e internacional, respectivamente. Uma característica desta espécie é a presença de um pré-estômago, onde ocorre fermentação microbiana que confere a esta espécie capacidade para digerir alimentos volumosos. Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho: (i) medir a capacidade digestiva usando doses crescentes de uréia como fonte de nitrogênio não protéico (NNP) na dieta de catetos; (ii) avaliar a eficiência da microbiota do pré-estômago de catetos em proceder à fermentação anaeróbica da dieta, através da técnica de produção de gases para diferentes doses de uréia; (iii) estimar a síntese de nitrogênio microbiano in vitro utilizando o isótopo estável 15N como marcador. O trabalho foi dividido em três capítulos. No primeiro foi utilizado delineamento com distribuição inteiramente aleatória, no qual as possíveis seqüências dos tratamentos (doses de uréia: 0,0; 1,0; 1,5; 2,0 %) foram atribuídas aleatoriamente em cinco ensaios com quatro animais cada. No segundo e terceiro capítulos, o delineamento empregado foi com distribuição inteiramente aleatória em arranjo fatorial 4 X 2, no qual foram utilizados quatro doses de uréia, duas fontes de inóculo (espécie animal: cateto e ovino) e cinco repetições. Os resultados para digestibilidade da MS, PB e FDN não foram influenciados (P>0,05) pelas doses de uréia, contudo, podem ter proporcionado incremento na síntese microbiana melhorando a digestibilidade da fibra. O BN cresceu linearmente com o incremento das doses de uréia (R2 = 0,97), apresentando retenção de 8,95 g dia-1 de N para maior dose e 5,22 g dia-1 de N para a dieta sem uréia, não havendo efeito significativo (P>0,01) para as perdas de N fecal e urinário. No segundo trabalho, houve produção de gases (197 mL g-1 MS) utilizando inóculo de cateto, contudo, não apresentou correlação com os tratamentos. A digestibilidade da MS (MSD), MO (MOD) e FDN (FDND) e a produção de gases em função da MSD, MOD e FDND apresentaram diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, havendo crescimento linear (P>0,01) para digestibilidade de FDN (R2 = 0,50) e regressão linear inversa para produção de gases em função da FDND (R2 = 0,51). A produção de gás metano em função da MS, MO, MSD e MOD utilizando inóculo de cateto, apresentou diferença significativa (P<0,01) para os tratamentos, porém com baixo coeficiente de correlação entre as doses crescentes de uréia. A síntese de nitrogênio microbiano para o inóculo de cateto, não apresentou efeito significativo (P>0,05) para os tratamentos. A produção de nitrogênio amoniacal foi significativa (P<0,01) para as diferentes doses de uréia com ajuste de regressão linear aditiva (R2 = 0,50). A produção de gases mostra que a dieta concentrada foi degradada devido à presença de microrganismos no inóculo de cateto. Estes microrganismos foram capazes de hidrolisar a uréia em amônia e esta, por sua vez, convertida em compostos nitrogenados para síntese microbiana, mostrando a eficiência da fisiologia digestiva deste animal no aproveitamento do NNP. Além disso, os resultados in vivo indicam que o pré-estômago dos catetos foi capaz de utilizar uréia como fonte NNP, podendo substituir parte da proteína dietética em sua alimentação / The rational use of wild fauna is a beneficial process, as it results in economical and social advantages, and at the same time helps in the conservation process of wild species. Among the wild Brazilian species with zootechnical potential, the collared peccary (Pecari tajacu) stands out as an animal that consumes several kinds of foods and produces meat and pelt with a high demand in national and international markets, respectively. A characteristic of this species is the presence of a forestomach, where the microbial fermentation occurs, which enables this species to digest coarse roughage. The objective of this study was (i) to measure the digestive efficiency in the using increasing doses of urea as source of non protein nitrogen (NPN) in the collared peccary diet; (ii) to evaluate the efficiency of collared peccary fore-stomach microorganisms in proceed to anerobic fermentation of diet, using the in vitro gas production technique at different urea doses; (iii) to estimate the in vitro microbial nitrogen synthesis using stable isotope 15N as marker.This study is divided into three chapters. In the first chapter, an experimental design with entirely randomized distribution was used where the urea doses (0.0; 1.0; 1.5; 2.0 %) were randomly used in five assays with four animals each. In the second and third chapters, the experimental design used had an entirely randomized distribution, resulting in a 4 x 2 factorial experiment, in which four urea doses, and two sources of inoculum (collared peccary and sheep) and five replications. The DM, CP, and NDF digestibility results were not influenced (P>0.05) by the urea doses, however, they may have increased the microbial synthesis, improving fiber digestibility. The NB increased linearly with the increasing doses of urea (R2 = 0.97), presenting an N retention of 8.95 g day-1, for the highest dose of urea and 5.22 g day-1 for a non urea diet, without significant effect (P>0.01) to the losses of fecal and urinary N. In the second study, there was gas production (197 mL g-1 DM) using the collared peccary inoculums; however there was no correlation with the treatments. The DM (DMD), OM (OMD) and NDF (NDFD) digestibility and gas production as a function of DMD, OMD and NDFD showed a significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, showing a linear increase (P>0.01) in NDF digestibility (R2 = 0.50) and inverse linear regression for gas production as a function of NDFD (R2 = 0.51). The methane gas production as a function of DM, OM, DMD, and OMD using peccary fore-stomach inoculum showed significant difference (P<0.01) for the treatments, but with a low correlation coefficient between increasing doses of urea. The microbial nitrogen synthesis for the peccary inoculum did not show significant effect (P<0.01) for the treatments, in contrast, the production of ammoniacal nitrogen was significant (P<0.01) at different urea doses with an adjustment of additive linear regression (R2 = 0.50). The gas production showed that concentrated diet was degraded because of microorganisms presents in the collared peccary inoculum. These microorganisms present in the inoculum could hydrolyse the urea in ammonia and this, in its turn, is converted into nitrogen compounds for microbial synthesis, showing the efficiency of this animal´s digestive physiology in NPN use. Furthermore, in vivo results show that the pre-stomach of the collared peccary was capable to use urea as source NPN, thus could substitute part of the dietary protein in his/her feeding

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