Die Dissertation untersucht in nationaler Perspektive am Beispiel Deutschlands im 20. Jahrhundert Voraussetzungen und Entwicklungen einer Verwissenschaftlichung der industriellen Arbeit. Gefragt wird nach Zusammenhängen zwischen politischen Systembrüchen und Arbeitsforschung von der Weimarer Republik, über das NS-Regime, zur Deutschen Demokratischen Republik und der Bundesrepublik Deutschland bis 1990. Es werden personelle und institutionelle Brüche und Kontinuitäten untersucht und in einem Exkurs mit der Arbeitsforschung in der Schweiz verglichen. Erörtert wird die Frage, in welchem Maße sich die Arbeitsforschung in Deutschland in einer permanenten „Dilemma-Situation“ befand - zwischen Kapital und Arbeit, Volk und Klasse, Wissenschaft und Politik, Führung und Freiheit, Leistung und Ausbeutung, männlicher Dominanz und weiblicher Chancensuche. Inwieweit kann von ideologischer und politischer Instrumentalisierung der Arbeitsforschung oder auch von gewollter Bereitstellung ihrer Ressourcen für die jeweils politisch Herrschenden gesprochen werden? / Using the example of Germany in the 20th century, the doctoral thesis examines the conditions and developments in the scientification of industrial labour from a national perspective. Questions are asked about the connections between political system discontinuities and labour research from the Weimar Republic, through the Nazi regime, to the German Democratic Republic and the Federal Republic of Germany until 1990. Personal and institutional breaks and continuities are examined and compared in an excursus with labour research in Switzerland. The question discussed is to which extent labour research in Germany was in a permanent "dilemma situation" - between capital and labour, people and class, science and politics, leadership and freedom, performance and exploitation, male dominance and female search for opportunities. To what extent can one speak of ideological and political instrumentalization of labour research or also of the deliberate provision of its resources for the respective political rulers?

L'objectif de ce mémoire de thèse est l'étude de la tectonique récente et l'évaluation de l'aléa sismique pour trois villes importante, Téhéran, Tabriz et Zandjan, situées dans le nord-ouest de l'Iran. Dans la capitale de l'Iran, Téhéran, nous nous sommes concentrés sur le système de faille active de Mosha-Nord Téhéran. Nos travaux démontrent que ce système est essentiellement décrochant sénestre. Nos analyses paléosismologiques sur la portion est de ce système (dans la vallée de Tar) montrent au minimum les évidences de sept grands événements sismiques (M>7) pendant les derniers 10000 ans (l'intervalle de récurrence est de 1100 à 1400 ans). Les études que nous avons mené dans la partie centrale de ce système (région d'Abali) révèlent qu'il pourrait être la source du dernier événement sismique ayant affecté la ville de Téhéran en 1830 AD. Dans la région de Tabriz, nous nous sommes intéressés au segment SE de la faille décrochante dextre de Nord Tabriz où nous avons trouvé les évidences de trois grands séismes pendant les derniers 33500 ans. Nos études montrent que la faille Nord Tabriz qui est la portion centrale d'un système de faille (TFS) est constituée par deux segments NW et SE dextres. Notre étude paléosismologique suggère une variation de la vitesse qui diminue du NW vers SE le long de ces segments. Les extrémités ouest (Mishu) et est (Bozghush) de ce système correspondent à des zones compressives qui absorbent les déplacements horizontaux sur les segments NW et SE. D'un point de vue général la TFS est une partie d'un système de failles régionales (GSKT) qui relie une zone d'extension active dans la partie centrale de la collision Arabie-Eurasie et une zone de compression active à l'Est. Enfin, à Zandjan qui est une ville située dans une région de lacune sismique, nous avons découvert un important réseau de failles actives. Le tracé sud-est de ce réseau de failles passe par la ville de Zandjan. En conclusion, les localisations et les cinématiques des systèmes de faille étudiés sont discutées dans le cadre géodynamique général de la collision Arabie-Eurasie. On remarquera que la faille majeure de Nord Tabriz qui correspond essentiellement à un décrochement dextre a la même direction NW-SE que les décrochements sénestres présents dans la chaîne de l'Alborz (les failles de : Mosha, Talaghan et Manjil). Cette observation nécessite une variation de la direction de compression entre ces deux régions.

The Northern Current flows cyclonically contouring the continental slope in the NW Mediterranean. At the entrance of the Gulf of Lions this current is about 20 -- 30 km wide and flows along the deepest half of the continental slope, i.e. over the 1000 to 2000 m isobaths approximately. Surface speeds are of 30 -- 50 cm s^{-1}. In the MATER HFF experiment (March -- May 1997) mesoscale variability of the Northern Current is observed from current meter records, SST images and hydrographic data. The HFF experimental box is 20 x 40 km, covering the upper half of the slope (i.e. covering from 250 m to 1250 m depth isobaths). Current meter and satellite data show that the site is embedded in a region of significant Northern Current meandering and eddy activity. From SST images, meander wavelengths are estimated larger than 60 km, embracing smaller structures. These flow patterns affect upper-layer waters down to at least 650 m depth. Current meter data distinguish two narrow energetic bands centred at 3.5 days and 7.5 days, respectively, in agreement with previous studies.Baroclinic instability is viewed as a possible mechanism to explain the generation of the Northern Current meanders. The analytical model of Tang (1975) predicts the development of unstable waves of wavelength (> 60 km) and periods compatible with the 7.5 day band recorded with current meter devices. The higher frequency band of 3.5 days is out of the frequency range predicted by the classical baroclinic instability theory and it is discussed as a restriction of quasi-geostrophic theory.Barotropic instability is studied using a laboratory model of a -westward' jet flowing over the lower half of the continental slope, which considers dynamic similarity with the Northern Current. The laboratory model is cross-validated with a corresponding numerical model. Jet instabilities of currents similar to the Northern Current (i.e. westward jets) occur at the edges of the jet, showing a clear meandering tendency over the mid-slope. Westward currents of Ro = 0.1 -- 0.2 develop instabilities of wavelengths (50 -- 75 km) similar to those observed from SST images, with periods (3.3 -- 3.8 days) compatible with the 3.5 days period band recorded with HFFE current meters.The laboratory and numerical experiments have reproduced westward jets (as the Northern Current), but also eastward jets, in order to have a full approach to better understand the role of the bottom topography on barotropic instabilities. The slope current instabilities are successfully explained by the Marcus and Lee theory (1998) of jets on a beta plane. This theory is valid for westward flows with Ro > 0.1 and for eastward flows with Ro > 0.2 (jets of the so-called Regime II flows in this thesis), and it states that the instabilities of each shear layer of the barotropic jet take the appearance of a Kelvin-Helmholtz-like pattern, associated with a Rossby wave (of topographic origin in our case). According to this theory, the differences between eastward and westward jets rely on the disposition of the Rossby waves --at the centre of the current in eastward flows and at the edges of the jet in westward currents. Jets over a sloping bottom with small Rossby numbers (Ro < 0.1 for westward jets; Ro < 0.2 for eastward jets) show a flow pattern (the so-called Regime I in this thesis) that has common characteristics for eastward and westward flows. In these -small'-Ro flows, Kelvin-Helmholtz-like instabilities dominate, whereas Rossby waves are too weak to produce any major difference between jets flowing in eastward or westward direction. This occurs when the topographic influence, assumed proportional to the Ro number of the jet, is small.The differences between eastward and westward slope currents observed in this work (and similar observations of jets on a beta-plane from previous works) are explained in this thesis by a simple scheme based on conservation of potential vorticity, considering there are two main components in balance: the shear-induced vorticity and the topographically induced vorticity. The signs of these two components are determined by the relative direction of the flow with respect to the inclination of the bottom topography. Once the critical Rossby number is overpassed so that the topographic effects are important (Ro > 0.1 for westward jets; Ro > 0.2 for eastward jets), conservation of potential vorticity tends to enhance vortices at the centre of eastward jets --eastward jets show meandering at the jet core. In westward jets, potential vorticity conservation is responsible of enhancing vortices at each edge of the jet. Thus, westward jets (as the Northern Current) are broad and meandering occurs at the jet edges.In Ro > 0.1 westward flows (i.e. Regime II westward jets) a topographic Rossby wave appears over the shelf break. This result is likely observed because of the specific topography used in this work --a continental slope and a continental shelf separated by a shelf break, producing a strong change in ambient potential vorticity. Numerical simulations reveal that this Rossby wave is triggered by the slope current. This topographic Rossby wave is a robust pattern, since it is independent of the position of the current over the slope, the shape of the velocity shear profile of the jet, and the jet width. Although this type of wave could not be inferred from the HFFE field data, it could be a focus of study in further field experiments. It also needs further analytical consideration. The general conclusion extracted from this thesis that tries to explain the mesoscale variability associated to the Northern Current is that both baroclinic and barotropic instability could explain part of the oceanic observations. As a consequence, mixed barotropic-baroclinic instability (which occurs at wavelengths which are between those corresponding to pure barotropic and pure baroclinic instability) is thought to play an important role on the observed mesoscale variability. The resulting wavelength would depend on the relative strength of both mechanisms.

Nanomechanical resonators (NR) are cantilevers or doubly clamped nanowires (NW) which vibrate at their resonance frequency. These nanowires with picogram-level mass and frequencies of the order of MHz can resolve added mass in the attogram (10-18 g) range, enabling detection of a few molecules of cancer biomarkers based on the shift in resonance frequency. Such biomarker detection can help in the early stage detection of cancer and also aid in monitoring the treatment procedure in a more advanced stage. Optical transduction is one of the methods to measure the resonance frequency of the cantilever. However, there is a dependence of measured resonance frequency on the polarization of light and the laser power coupled as thermal energy into the cantilever during the measurement. This thesis presents a numerical model of the nanocantilever and shows the variation in resonance frequency and amplitude due to varied amounts of energy absorption by the NW from the laser during resonance measurements. This thesis answers questions on the effects of laser heating by calculating the temperature distribution in the NW, which changes the Young’s modulus and stiffness, causing a resonance downshift. It also shows the variation of resonance amplitude, affecting signal strength in measurements, by considering the effects of structural damping. In this work, a numerical model of the nanowire was analyzed to determine the temperature rise of the NW due to laser heating. The maximum temperature was calculated to be about 500 K with 1 mW of laser power absorbed in Silicon NWs and it is shown that the nanowire tip would reach its melting point for about 2.6 mW of laser power absorbed by it. The resonance shift due to attained temperature of the NW was calculated. The frequency is predicted to decrease by 24 kHz for a 11.6 MHz resonator, when 2mW of laser power is absorbed. However, the frequency shift is mode-dependent and is larger for higher modes. The variation in vibration amplitude around the resonance peaks is calculated based on the effects of structural damping. This can be used to decide on the suspension height of the NW above the substrate, before fabrication. This calculation also provides a method to study the variation in material damping due to temperature. Finally, a semi-analytical method for calculating the frequency of a cantilever beam with varying Young’s modulus is derived to examine the validity of the results calculated above. An effective Young’s modulus value for the laser heated NW is given, which serves as a correction factor for the resonance shift. The derivation is then extended to calculate the resonance shift with an addition of a mass to the beam of varying Young’s modulus. / Graduate / 2019-12-13

The aim of this study is to delineate the Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary by using planktonic foraminifers. In this manner, Kokaksu Section (Bartin, NW Anatolia) was selected and the Akveren Formation, characterized by a calciturbiditic-clayey limestone and marl intercalation of Campanian-Maastrichtian age, was examined. 59 samples were emphasized for position of boundary. Late Campanian-Maastrichtian planktonic foraminifers were studied in thin section and by washed samples. Two different biostratigraphical frameworks have been established. Globotruncanid zonation consists of Campanian Globotruncana aegyptiaca Zone, Upper Campanian-Middle Maastrichtian Gansserina gansseri Zone and Upper Maastrichtian Abathomphalus mayaroensis Zone, whereas heterohelicids biozonation includes Campanian Pseudotextularia elegans Zone, Lower Maastrichtian Planoglobulina acervuloinides Zone, Middle Maastrichtian Racemiguembelina fructicosa Zone and Upper Maastrichtian Pseudoguembelina hariensis Zone. Campanian-Maastrichtian boundary was determined as the boundary between Pseudotextularia elegans and Planoglobulina acervuloinides zones and Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary was designated by total disappearance of Late Cretaceous forms. Heterohelicid biozonation has been established in this study for the first time in Turkey. Collecting 300 individuals from each sample, diversity and abundance of assemblages were analyzed in terms of genus and species. ir evaluation of are important in observation of evolutionary trends and ecological changes. Moreover, evolution of different morphotypes is important in this evaluation. Such a study is new in Turkey in terms of examination of responses of planktonic foraminifers to environmental changes. Taxonomic framework has been constructed to define each species and differences of comparable forms have been discussed. Both scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs and thin section photographs were used in order to show se distinctions.

Research Project (M.R.M.) - Simon Fraser University, 2005. / Research Project (School of Resource and Environmental Management) / Simon Fraser University.

xviii, 179 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes 3 video files. / Mafic arc volcanoes have eruption styles that range from explosive to effusive. In a broad sense, eruption style is controlled by the rate of magma supply to the vent. In this dissertation I examine relationships between eruption rate and style in two separate studies: (1) an investigation of ongoing activity at NW Rota-1, a submarine volcano in the Mariana arc, and (2) a morphologic study of the Collier Cone lava flow field in the Central Oregon Cascades. The eruptions of NW Rota-1 range from effusive to moderately explosive; eruptions are effusive when mass eruption rate (MER) is low and explosive when MER increases. The explosivity of submarine eruptions is suppressed by seawater because of increased hydrostatic pressure, rapid cooling, and the high viscosity of water relative to air (which limits expansion). The combination of seawater and relatively low MERs limit pyroclast deposition to within meters to tens of meters of the vent. In fact, many pyroclasts fall back into the vent and are recycled. Evidence for recycling includes microcrystalline inclusions within erupted pyroclasts and elevated Cl and Na concentrations in matrix glass. Enrichment of Cl and Na suggests that seawater assimilation provides a geochemical signature of recycling. Recycling is limited to low MER explosive eruptions and is not observed in either effusive lava or deposits from high MER explosions. Direct observations of eruptions allow measurements of eruption rate. However, it is more challenging to estimate MERs of eruptions that were not observed. To address this problem, I develop and test methods of constraining the eruption rate (and duration) of the c. 1600 year old Collier Cone lava flow using the flow morphology. To quantify flow morphology I combine field observations with GIS analysis of Lidar-derived digital topography. Channel dimensions constrain emplacement rates; dominant wavelengths and amplitudes of surface folds constrain spatial and temporal changes in flow rheology. Three videos of eruption activity accompany this dissertation as supplemental files. This dissertation includes both previously published and unpublished co-authored material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Katharine V. Cashman, Chair; Dr. Joshua J. Roering, Member; Dr. Paul J. Wallace, Member; Dr. Patricia F. McDowell, Outside Member; Dr. William W. Chadwick, Outside Member

Ce mémoire décrit les corps dolomitiques des zones de Ranero et El Moro (vallée de la Karantza, zone Cantabrique, NO de l’Espagne) et précise les variations temporelles et latérales de leurs attributs pétrographiques et géochimiques. Les corps dolomitiques sont portés par les calcaires Albiens, déposés sur la marge du bassin Basque-Cantabrique en période d’intense subsidence. Les dolomies sont formées par replacement et par cémentation, et précédées et suivies par divers types de ciment calcitique. L’étude pétrographique, minéralogique et géochimique (XRD, ICP, XRF, isotopes stables et Sr) est conduite le long de sections transverses sur les corps dolomitiques et permet de comparer les caractéristiques de plusieurs stades de circulations hydrothermales. Deux épisodes contrastés de dolomitisation sont identifiés. Les dolomies précoces sont ferreuses, très localement associées à une minéralisation de type MVT, appauvries en δ18O (de -14 à -10‰ V-PDB) et remplacent largement les calcaires massifs en générant des zebras. Les dolomies tardives sont non-ferreuses, plus sévèrement appauvries en δ18O (-19 to -15‰ V-PDB), et ne semblent pas remplacer le calcaire mais, au contraire, les dolomies précoces. Toutes ces dolomies sont pratiquement stœchiométriques (49.76 à 51.59 mole% CaCO3). Leurs inclusions fluides ont piégé des saumures de haute température (Th de 120 à 200°C). Leur contenu en Sr, radiogénique, suggère que les fluides responsables de la dolomitisation ont préalablement circulé à travers des roches silicoclastiques. La texture comme les propriétés pétrophysiques des dolomies sont largement affectées par les déformations cataclastiques et un épisode tardif de dédolomitisation (météorique).Le premier épisode de dolomitisation résulte probablement de l’expulsion des fluides issus de la compaction du bassin adjacent et de leur migration le long des fractures affectant la marge de la plateforme carbonatée Albienne. Ces fluides précoces étaient riches en Mg, Fe et peut-être légèrement acides pour pouvoir remplacer les calcaires. Les fluides responsables du deuxième épisode de dolomitisation sont pauvres en Fe, paraissent plus chauds et en relation avec une anomalie thermique. / This study documents the temporal and lateral variation in petrographic and geochemical signatures of fault-related dolomite bodies in the Ranero and El-Moro areas (Karrantza valley, Cantabrian mountains; NW Spain). These dolomite bodies are hosted in Albian carbonates, which were deposited at the margin of the Basque-Cantabrian Basin during an intense rift-related subsidence. Fluid circulations generated replacive and cementing dolomites, paragenetically predated and followed by various calcite cements. Petrography, mineralogical and geochemical systematics (XRD, ICP, XRF, stable and Sr isotopes) along sections cutting the dolostone bodies document successive hydrothermal stages. Two contrasting dolomite formation events are evidenced. Early dolomites are ferroan, locally associated with MVT mineralisation, δ18O depleted (-14 to -10‰ V-PDB) and mostly replace limestone producing abundant zebra lithotypes. Later dolomites are non-ferroan, severely δ18O depleted (-19 to -15‰ V-PDB), and do not replace limestones but rather previous dolomites. Dolomites are generally stoichiometric (49.76 to 51.59 M% CaCO3). Fluid inclusions record high temperature brines (Th 120 to 200°C). Sr isotope data suggest that the dolomitising fluids interacted upstream with siliciclastic lithologies. The dolomite fabric and its petrophysical properties are variably altered through cataclastic deformation and late (meteoric) dedolomitisation.The first episode of pervasive ferroan dolomitisation probably resulted from compactional dewatering of basinal fluids from the nearby Basque trough and hydrodynamic fluid flow along the fractures in the Albian carbonate platform. These early fluids must have been Mg, Fe-rich and slightly acidic (limestone-replacive). The second episode of very hot and localized dolomitisation may be related to a thermal anomaly and/or convective flow of Fe-poor fluids.

Examination of an important new 319m core of lake sediment recovered from Ioannina in NW Greece has attempted to relate changes in the lake to variations in the regional climate of south-central Europe over the last 600,000 years. The site is known to have been extremely sensitive to past climatic change for three reasons: (i) temperate vegetation persisted throughout glacial stages (albeit at low frequencies), so the vegetational response to climatic change would therefore have been almost immediate; (ii) the extreme thickness of the sediments suggests that accumulation rates were high (at times, &gt; 1m per thousand years), which has enabled high-resolution palaeoclimatic reconstructions; and (iii) precipitation of authigenic carbonate has preserved a remarkably sensitive proxy record of productivity variations for most of the lake's history. Well-defined shifts from glacial - interglacial mode have been correlated with vegetational changes identified in a core previously analysed from the same basin (using magnetic susceptibility profiles), enabling tentative correlations to be suggested with other European terrestrial sequences and with the marine oxygen isotope record, back to marine isotope stage 16. Twelve AMS radiocarbon determinations from the upper part of the core, together with the identification of a series of reversed palaeomagnetic events within the Brunhes chron, support the proposed age model for the sequence. The sediments at Ioannina, unlike most of the other long terrestrial European sequences, are calcareous and contain mollusc and ostracod assemblages. Part of this project has involved a comprehensive review of Quaternary and modem aquatic faunas from the lake, as well as the description, illustration and critical assessment of several poorly-known endemic taxa. Faunal assemblage data have been used to provide valuable information concerning the variable response of lake-level to climatic change over time. Convincing new mollusc an evidence indicates low lake-levels at the Last Glacial Maximum, agreeing with regional pollen data, but conflicting with geomorphological evidence derived from Kastritsa, a well-documented nearby Palaeolithic cave site. It is suggested that this discrepancy may be a result of subsequent tectonic uplift of the rockshelter. In addition, stable isotopic analyses of both the ostracods and the bulk carbonate within the sediments have contributed towards deriving a comprehensive palaeoenvironmental history for the site. Although the study analysed physical, biological and geochemical aspects of the entire core, two distinct parts of the record were selected for more detailed investigation. High-resolution analysis over the last interglacial (the Eemian) has revealed evidence for a clear, two-step deglaciation at the beginning of the period, known from elsewhere as the Zeifen-Kattegat Oscillation. Climatic instability has also been detected within the full interglacial. Comparisons are drawn with a range of other Eemian records from across Europe, as well as the Greenland ice cores. High-resolution analysis of the period from the end of the last glacial to the present day has also revealed evidence for climatic instability. A cool and arid oscillation is demonstrated by several climatic proxies that may constitute the first recognition of the Younger Dryas stadial from Greece. A shorter, but more subdued cooling event has also been detected during the first half of the Holocene, which may correspond with a widespread climatic oscillation from high-resolution terrestrial, marine and ice core records that has been dated to between 7,500 and 8,000 years BP.

No / The potential of Mg in Arctica islandica as a climate proxy is explored through analysis of live-collected shells from Irvine Bay, NW Scotland. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis of the right hand valve from two specimens indicates that seasonal Mg/Ca variations do not correlate with seawater temperature. The highest Mg/Ca typically occurs at the annual growth checks in ~ November¿February. Mg/Ca variations between growth checks are significant in one specimen but usually not significant in the other. Mg/Ca measurements taken laterally across the band (i.e. perpendicular to direction of the growth) to determine heterogeneity of the aragonite deposited at the same time indicates that Mg/Ca concentration decreases with increasing distance from the periostracum in both shells. X-ray Absorption Near Edge Spectroscopy (XANES) indicates that Mg is not substituted into aragonite but is hosted by a disordered phase e.g. organic components or nanoparticles of an inorganic phase. Shell Mg/Ca variations may reflect changes in the concentration or composition of the disorded phase, as well as changes in the composition of the extrapallial fluid used for calcification. Such changes could reflect the relative transportation rates of Mg and Ca to the calcification site.