Zugl.: Wien, Universiẗat, Diss.

Summary: Překlad a výklad MaHaRaLova responsa ve věci nadlerismu. Translation and Commentary on MaHaRaL's Responsum to an Issue of Nadlerism. Channa Šimonová Even 400 years after writing Maharal's Netivot olam his challenge to responsibility and fortitude is still current. My purpose was to translate Jisrael's enquiry and Maharal's response. I do not seek a exhaustive analysis Maharal's teaching's. I seek a most authentic translation. This I want get with my notes and interpretation. In the text I see three kind of literal styles: 1) poetical passages, which I do not poeticize, however they are still outstanding attribute of rabbinical correspondence, 2) "agadic" passages, which are ideal both for translation and interpretation, 3) halachic - juridical passages, which I interpret structurally. I hope, that I redound with my diploma thesis to extend awareness of Maharal's work.

In dieser Arbeit werden vier zwischen 1712 und 1755 entstandene Kritiken von Leibniz’ Optimismus-Lehre der ‚besten aller möglichen Welten‘, wie diese in der Theodizee (1710) vorgestellt wird, dargestellt und kritisch untersucht. Nach der Meinung etlicher Kommentatoren wurde Leibniz’ philosophischer Optimismus erst nach dem Erdbeben von Lissabon 1755 und Voltaires Angriffen zum Ziel gewichtiger Kritiken seitens Philosophen und Theologen. Gegen dieses geläufige Bild zeigt diese Dissertation, dass jene Kritiken sehr bald nach der Veröffentlichung der Theodizee kamen, und dass zentrale Thesen des Leibniz’schen Optimismus schon in der ersten Hälfte des 18. Jh. Gegenstand philosophiegeschichtlich bedeutender Polemiken waren. Es wird gezeigt, dass die Kritik an Leibniz’ Gottesbegriff – der in dieser Arbeit als ‚intellektualistisch‘ bezeichnet wird – eine fundamentale Rolle spielt, und dass ein beträchtlicher Teil des Konflikts zwischen dem Optimismus und dem frühen ‚Gegen-Optimismus‘ durch den Konflikt zwischen Intellektualismus und Voluntarismus erklärt werden kann. / This work describes and examines four critical reviews, all of them written between 1712 and 1755, of Leibniz’s theory of optimism or the system of ‘the best of all possible worlds’, as it is presented in the Theodicy (1710). Several commentators state that the first important criticisms of Leibnizian philosophical optimism by philosophers and theologians came only after the Lisbon Earthquake of 1755 and Voltaire’s subsequent attacks. In opposition to this standard picture, this dissertation shows that criticisms emerged very soon after the publication of Theodicy, and that central theses of Leibniz’s optimism were already the target of significant philosophical criticisms in the first half of the eighteenth century. Furthermore, it is demonstrated that the criticism of Leibniz’s concept of God – a concept described here as ‘intellectualist’ – plays a fundamental role, and that a considerable part of the conflict between optimism and early ‘counter-optimism’ can be explained by referring to the conflict between intellectualism and voluntarism.

<p>U ovoj tezi dokazane su teoreme o nepokretnoj tački koje predstavljaju jednoznačna i vi&scaron;eznačna uop&scaron;tenja Banahovog prin&shy;cipa kontrakcije u verovatnosnim metričkim i fazi metričkim pros&shy;torima. Dokazana je teorema koja predstavlja uop&scaron;tenje teoreme o nepokretnoj tački za verovatnosnu ^-kontrakciju / :&nbsp; S &mdash;* S,gde je&nbsp; ( S ,&nbsp; J7, T ) kompletan Mengerov prostor. Uveden je pojam jake (6n)-kontrakcije i dokazana je teorema koja predstavlja uop&scaron;tenje teoreme Sehgala i Bharuche-Reid kada je preslikavanje / :&nbsp; S &mdash;&gt; S jaka (6n)-kontrakcija. Teorema Caristija, koja predstavlja jedan od najvažnijih rezultata za teoriju nepokretne tačke i nelinearnu analizu uop&scaron;tena je u kompletnom Mengerovom prostoru&nbsp; (S ,&nbsp; F , T ), gde je t-norma&nbsp; T H -tipa. Kako Mengerovi prostori pripadaju klasi kvazi-uniformnih prostora dokazana je teorema o nepokretnoj tački tri preslikavanja u jednoj specijalnoj klasi kvazi-uniformnih prostora. Dokazana je teorema o nepokretnoj tački koja predstavlja verovatnosno uop&scaron;tenje Nadlerove g-kontrakcije za tri preslikavanja kao i uop&scaron;tenje Hiksovog principa kontrakcije za tri preslikavanja. Teorija<br />kontraktora, koju je uveo M. Altman, odnosi se na re&scaron;avanje nelin&shy;earnih operatorskih jednačina u Banahovim prostorima. U tezi su dokazane teoreme koje obezbeđuju postojanje i jedinstvenost re&scaron;enja za nelinearne operatorske jednačine sa jednoznačnim i vi&scaron;eznačnim operatorom u nearhimedovskim Mengerovim verovatnosnim normi&shy; ranim prostorima.</p> / <p>In this thesis fixed point theorems which present singleval&shy;<br />ued and multivalued generalization of Banach contraction principle<br />in probabilistic metric and fuzzy metric spaces are proved. The<br />theorem which presents generalization of fixed point theorem for<br />probabilistic g-contraction / :&nbsp; S &mdash;* S is proved, where ( S ,&nbsp; J7, T ) is<br />complete Menger space. A notion of strong (&pound;&gt;n)-contraction is in&shy;<br />troduced and the theorem which presents a generalization of Sehgal<br />and Bharucha-Raid theorem when the mapping / :&nbsp; S&nbsp; &mdash;&raquo;&nbsp; S is strong<br />(6n)-contraction is proved. Caristi&rsquo;s theorem, which presents one of<br />the most imortant results for the fixed point theorem and nonlinear<br />analysis is generalized in complete Menger space&nbsp; (S, J-, T ), where<br />t-norm&nbsp; T is of&nbsp; H -type. As Menger&rsquo;s spaces belong to the class of<br />quasi-uniformizable spaces, the fixed point theorem for three map&shy;<br />pings in one special class of quasi-uniformizable spaces is proved.<br />The fixed point theorem which presents a probabilistic generaliza&shy;<br />tion of Nadler g-contraction for three mappings is proved as well<br />as the generalization of Hicks&rsquo;s contraction principle for three map&shy;<br />pings. The theory of contractor, which was introduced by M. A lt&shy;<br />man refers to solving nonlinear operator equations in Banach spaces.<br />This thesis proves the theorems which provide the existence and<br />uniqueness of the solutions for nonlinear operator equations with<br />singlevalued and multivalued operators in nonarhimedian Menger&rsquo;s<br />probabilistic normed spaces</p>