Wood pallets are heavily used throughout the United States and the World to transport, store, and protect goods. During a lifecycle, pallets typically experience various stresses from warehouse storage racks, materials handling equipment, and floor stacking situations. The components within the pallet interact to withstand load and impact forces. Every year product damage and human injury/death result from improperly designed pallets, non-reliable packaging systems, and careless materials handling methods. In use wood pallets are exposed to a variety of loads and support conditions. This research investigates the effect of different pallet designs and support conditions on pallet stiffness. Uniform loads were applied to pallet designs containing thick or thin components and three, four, or five non-notched and notched stringers. The pallets were supported using racked across the length, racked across the width, fork truck tine, and floor stack support conditions. Structural analysis was used to determine the test loads for each pallet bending test. Pallet deflections were measured in specific locations for each bending test. Pallet test results indicated that heavy duty pallets are 6.5 times stiffer than light duty pallets tested in the racked across width (RAW) support condition. Non-notched pallets tested are 51% stiffer than notched pallets in the racked across length (RAL) support condition. Test results also indicated that a wider fork tine support span decreases average pallet stiffness by 29% and 49% for 4 and 5 stringer pallets, compared to 3 stringer. The heavy duty pallets tested are, on average, 48.3% stiffer than light duty pallets in the fork tine support condition. For the notched fork tine support condition, the average pallet stiffness decreased by 29% and 3% for four and five stringer pallets, compared to three stringer. Pallet joints were tested to measure joint stiffness. Joint rotation tests were conducted to determine rotation modulus and joint withdrawal tests were conducted to determine joint withdrawal stiffness. The joint stiffness measurements were used as spring constants in structural analysis based on semi-rigid joint performance. Heavy duty pallet joints were approximately half as stiff (6758 in-lbs/radian) in rotation as light duty pallet joints (12907 in-lbs/radian). Light duty pallet joints were less stiff (44008 lbs/in) in withdrawal than heavy duty pallet joints (57823 in/lbs). The results from this research were used to compare with results from ANSYS (Version 11) structural model estimates. The average predicted error for all pallet bending tests was 13% (heavy duty) and 3% (light duty). / Master of Science

Le développement du membre passe par des étapes complexes de polarisation, dans les axes dorso-ventral et antéro-postérieur, qui ont lieu en parallèle de la croissance proximo-distale du bourgeon. Le déterminisme génétique de ces étapes est encore imparfaitement connu. Il implique des facteurs de transcription dont l’expression est temporo-spatiale spécifique, compliquant leur identification. L’étude de cohortes homogènes de patients porteurs d’anomalies développementales des membres est l’un des moyens d’identifier de nouveaux mécanismes impliqués dans leur modélisation. A cet effet, nous avons étudié des patients atteints de Syndrome Nail-Patella correspondant à un défaut de polarisation dorso-ventrale ; une grande famille de polydactylie préaxiale syndromique et une série de patients atteints de Syndrome de Nager comme modèles d’étude de la polarisation antéro-postérieure ; et enfin une cohorte de patients présentant des pieds et mains fendus correspondant à un défaut de la signalisation proximo-distale. Ces travaux nous ont permis de souligner le rôle crucial de la régulation d’expression génique dans la modélisation du bourgeon de membre et plus généralement dans le développement embryonnaire. / Limb development requires complex patterning along dorso-ventral, antero-posterior and proximo-distal axes. The molecular mechanisms underlying these stages are not fully delineated yet. Identification of the transcription factors involved is challenging because of their spatio-temporally restricted expression during limb bud development. Analysis of carefully selected series of patients affected with limb malformations is a clue to identify new mechanisms involved in this patterning. For this purpose, we studied several families presnsenting with Nail-Patella Syndrome corresponding to a disorder of dorso-ventral polarization; a large family affected with syndromic preaxial polydactyly and a series of Nager Syndrome cases as models of antero-posterior polarization; eventually, a cohort of patients affected with split hand/foot malformations corresponding to a defect in the signalisation center of proximo-distal growth and differenciation. This work has led us to emphasize the crucial role of gene expression regulation during limb bud patterning and more generally during embryological development.

This thesis offers a project for newly build house with municipal flats and the fitness center. The building will be situated on a plot of land in the northwestern part of the town Ždírec nad Doubravou. Appearance and topografy of this building is adjusted to the surrounding buildings in a small town in the Vysočina. This is a partial basement house with three floors. The roof of the building is designed as a saddle with a supporting structure of trusses GANG-NAIL at an angle of 12 °. Capacity of fitness center fulfills requirements of a small town. The roomy apartments are designed in 1 + kk - 3 + kk. The building is designed with regard to the possibility of barrier-free housing. Disposition diversity of housing units meets a range of requirements of future tenants.

Introduction: Une procédure fréquente pour la prévention de l’arthrose de la cheville est une ostéotomie corrective du tibia distal (SMOT). Le Distal Tibia Nail (DTN ; Mizuho®), a été développé pour la réduction des fractures du tibia distal. L’objectif de ce projet était d’analyser la faisabilité du DTN pour des procédures SMOT effectuées avec une ouverture médiale (MWO). Méthodes : Au total 16 Sawbones® ont été instrumentés par un DTN ou une plaque (MDTP, Synthes®), suivi par la simulation d’une MWO. Quatre phases d’expérimentation étaient définies : Phase-0, Sawbones sans implant ni MWO ; Phase-1, échantillons avec un implant et MWO. Phase-2, les échantillons de la Phase-1 avec le cortex latéral fracturé ; Phase-3, simulation d’une fracture de type A3. La raideur et le mouvement inter-fragmentaire (IFM) étaient analysés. Des tomographies des échantillons ont été prises à Phases 0 et 1. Résultats : Jusqu’à 80% de différence était présente enter les Sawbones® de Phase-0 ; dans les Phases 1 et 2, des différences importantes se sont montrées entre des implants mais équivalent à <2 mm d’IFM. Le DTN a démontré une résistance très élevée aux charges appliquées en comparaison avec le MDTP pour la fixation des fractures A3. Des facteurs expérimentaux tels que la raideur initiale des Sawbones®, l’axe de chargement, et le positionnement de l’échantillon dans la machine d’essai, peuvent tous avoir une influence importante sur la raideur mesurée. Conclusion : Le DTN peut être considéré comme option pour la fixation des SMOT effectués avec un MWO. Des études futures doivent faire attention aux conditions limites ayant un effet sur des critères d’évaluation et des conclusions tirées / Introduction: Supra-malleolar corrective osteotomies (SMOT) are a common surgical procedure for the prevention of early onset of ankle arthritis. The Distal Tibia Nail (DTN; Mizuho®), was previously developed for the reduction of distal tibia fractures. The aim of this project was to identify error sources in biomechanical testing, and to test the feasibility of the DTN for SMOT performed using the medial wedge opening (MWO) technique. Methods: A total of 16 Sawbones® were each implanted with either a DTN or medial distal tibia plate (MDTP; Synthes®), and a MWO simulated. Four testing phases were defined: Phase-0, testing of Sawbones® without implant/osteotomy; Phase-1, samples with MWO and implant; Phase-2, Phase-1 samples with lateral cortex fractured; Phase-3, samples with an A3 type fracture. Stiffness construct and interfragmentary movement (IFM) were analysed. CT scans were taken of the samples at Phases 0 and 1. Results: Up to 80% difference was noticed between Sawbones® samples in Phase-0; in Phases 1 and 2 significant differences were found between stiffness constructs of the implant groups but this amounted to <2 mm IFM. The DTN was significantly more resistant to compression and torsion when supporting an A3 fractures (Phase-3). Elements such as original Sawbones® stiffness construct, implant position, potting material, loading axis, and sample positioning can have a high influence on measured stiffness and bias the results. Conclusion: The DTN is a viable option for the fixation of SMOT performed with a MWO technique. Future studies should pay careful attention to boundary conditions affecting outcomes measures and drawn conclusions

No description available.

Master of Science / Food Science Institute / Koushik Adhikari / The market of nail polish has been booming in recent years. Research on nail polish is scarce. A sensory lexicon for nail polish has been developed at Kansas State University, but how sensory factors affect female consumers’ acceptability of nail polish has not been examined. Also, other factors, such as price and usage characteristics that could affect consumers’ acceptability, are yet to be determined. A nail polish consumer study was conducted at Kansas State University to explore several sensory and non-sensory factors that could affect female consumers’ acceptability of nail polish. Eight nail polish samples, belonging to four categories, namely, regular (REG), gel (GEL), flake (FLK) and water-based (WAT), were evaluated by each of the 98 female consumers. The questionnaire consisted of three sections – application, observation and general usage questions. Results showed that consumers rated the samples similarly in both the application and observation sections. In general, consumers preferred the REG and the GEL samples more than the FLK and the WAT samples. Among all the sensory attributes, appearance attributes were the major attributes that affected consumers’ overall acceptability, while aroma had negligible impact on acceptability. Some sensory attributes like runny, shininess, opacity, spreadability, smoothness, coverage and wet-appearance were found to drive the consumer’s overall acceptability positively, while others such as pinhole, fatty-edges, blister, brushlines, pearl-like, flake-protrusion, glittery and initial-drag impacted their liking negatively. Four clusters of consumers were identified based on the consumers’ overall liking scores for both the application and observation sections. Considering all the factors that could affect consumers’ acceptability, sensory appeal, price, and conveniences of usage were the top factors picked by consumers. Age was also a factor that affected consumers’ acceptability for some of the samples. Consumers’ overall acceptability for these studied samples could guide a beauty store or a nail salon on building their selection on nail polishes. Consumers’ acceptability on different sensory attributes could help a nail polish company modify or improve their nail polish formula. The consumer cluster information could benefit a nail polish company on marketing a specific category of product and advertising to a specific group of consumers.

L'assemblage des éléments de structures en bois de dimensions standard comme des poutres massives ou composites s'effectue très fréquemment avec des ancrages métalliques cloués. Ces éléments en tôle pliée formés à froid peuvent être mis sur le marché Européens lorsqu'un ATE est obtenu à partir des recommandations de l'ETAG 015. Le développement ainsi que la caractérisation de la résistance de ces ancrages s'effectue jusqu'à présent dans la société CULLEN Building Products par des essais longs et coûteux. En alternative à cette démarche, ce travail présente une démarche permettant de modéliser le comportement de ces assemblages par la méthode des éléments finis. En premier lieu une étude est conduite sur les types d'aciers utilisés et sur l'influence de la phase de formage sur la résistance de l'ancrage. Il est alors montré qu'il n'est pas nécessaire d'intégrer l'état d'écrouissage produit par le pliage et que la modélisation peut débuter à partir de la géométrie finale à l'aide d'éléments coques. En second lieu une modélisation simplifiée du comportement des pointes est proposée. Les paramètres nécessaires à sa mise en oeuvre sont identifiés. Le modèle est mis en oeuvre pour simuler le comportement d'un assemblage tôle sur bois à une seule pointe. Les résultats sont confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux. La modélisation de l'ancrage étant forcément tridimensionnelle, une modélisation non linéaire du bois 3D est proposée en idéalisant le bois comme une structure. Cette structure est composée de cube de mousse (crushable foam) associé à des poutres élasto plastique qui donne à cet édifice son caractère fortement orthotrope. Ce modèle structurale du bois est mis en oeuvre pour modéliser le cisaillement de barreaux de bois, de la compression transversale sur appuis de poutre, des essais d'enfoncement de broches et un assemblage traditionnel par embrèvement. Ces modélisations permettent de montrer les capacités du modèle à décrire les comportements et de définir ses limites. Dans une dernière partie, l'ancrage, les pointes et le bois sont rassemblés pour constitué trois modèles d'ancrages caractéristiques les plus complexes de la production CULLEN. Les résultats obtenus sont confrontés à des résultats expérimentaux conduits en laboratoire. Enfin les modélisations sont utilisés pour expliquer le comportement interne des ancrages au cours du chargement jusqu'à l'atteinte de la rupture / The assembly of various elements of timber structures of standard dimensions such as timber beams or composite beams is often achieved by nailed steel connectors. These folded steel elements obtained by cold forming can be launched on the European market once an ETA is delivered regarding the recommendations of the ETAG 015. Up to now, the development and the characterisation of the strength of these connectors have been done within the company: CULLEN Building Products by lengthy and costly experimental tests. As an alternative to this procedure, this work presents an approach which enables modelling the behaviour of these connections by the finite element method. In the first place the influence of the type of steel used and the forming process on the strength of these hangers was studied. It is shown that it is not necessary to take into account the hardening produced by the forming of the steel so that the modelling can be achieved from the final geometry by shell elements. Secondly a simplified model of the behaviour of the nails is proposed. The parameters necessary for its implementation are identified. The model is then used to simulate the behaviour of the connection of a steel plate to timber by a single nail. These results are then confronted with the experimental results. As the model is necessarily 3 dimensional, a 3D non linear model is proposed for the timber by considering it as a structure. This structure is composed of cubes of crushable foam which are associated with elasto-plastic beams to give this structure its highly orthotropic behaviour. This structural model of wood is implemented to model the shear of timber bars, transversal compression where beams are supported, embedment tests of steel dowels and a traditional bird's mouth assembly. These various models show the capacities of this structural model to describe timber's complex behaviours; they also define the limits of this modelling. In the last section, the hanger, the nails and the timber are assembled in order to constitute the models for three characteristic and complex hangers of CULLEN's production. The results obtained are confronted with the experimental results. Finally, the models are used to explain the internal behaviour of these hangers at various loads up to their failure

The Swaggerty Blockhouse has historical and cultural significance for Tennessee because it is believed to be the only remaining 18th Century blockhouse in the state. We incorporated analyses of artifacts obtained from archaeological excavations coupled with tree-ring dating techniques to determine the possible year of construction of the structure. A nearby reference tree-ring chronology from Norris Dam anchored the Swaggerty Blockhouse tree-ring chronology from 1674 to 1859. The assemblages of artifacts (nails, ceramics, and window glass) recovered from the site corroborated the construction date and provided a clear understanding of the structure’s use as a barn for storage and hog processing. Based on our analyses, the historic Swaggerty ‘‘Blockhouse,’’ originally believed to have been built by James Swaggerty in 1787, is instead a small cantilever barn built by Jacob Stephens in 1860 and used for hog farming.

Introdução: as verrugas ungueais são consideradas o tumor benigno que mais acomete o complexo ungueal, sendo causadas pelo papiloma vírus humano. A maioria das alternativas terapêuticas é considerada ineficaz, com altas taxas de recidiva, além do potencial risco de distrofia ungueal. A bleomicina é a opção de tratamento que apresenta bom perfil de segurança e altas taxas de cura. A eletroquimioterapia é uma técnica que combina a eletroporação com a prévia administração de uma droga citotóxica de baixa permeabilidade, aumentando assim a penetração da droga no interior das células, o que amplia a eficácia do tratamento. A bleomicina é o agente quimioterápico mais utilizado na eletroquimioterapia, por ser um excelente exemplo de droga citotóxica não permeável à membrana celular (hidrofílica). Objetivos: avaliar a eficácia da eletroquimioterapia com bleomicina intralesional no tratamento das verrugas ungueais, comparando este método, com o uso isolado da bleomicina intralesional, além de descrever os efeitos adversos relacionados com o emprego das duas técnicas. Metodologia: Ensaio clínico randomizado duplo-cego e controlado. Incluíramse 44 pacientes de ambos gêneros, com idade variando entre 18 e 60 anos, e diagnóstico clínico e histológico de verruga ungueal de quirodáctilos. O estudo foi submetido e aceito pelo comitê de ética, e todos os pacientes assinaram o Termo de Consentimento Livre e Esclarecido. Vinte e dois pacientes foram tratados apenas com bleomicina intralesional e 21 com eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina intralesional. Após uma única aplicação, os pacientes foram acompanhados por 180 dias. A comparação da cura entre os grupos foi avaliada pelo teste exato de Fisher para tabelas 2 x 2. O software utilizado foi o XLSTAT 2018. Resultados: dos 44 pacientes que participaram da pesquisa, um paciente do grupo da bleomicina intralesional isolada deixou o estudo antes da realização da técnica. A maioria das lesões se localizava na região periungueal (77,3%), enquanto que, os 22,7% das lesões restantes se localizaram na região subungueal. A média de idade dos pacientes foi de 37 anos para o grupo da eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina, e de 36 anos para o grupo da bleomicina. A maioria dos pacientes foi do gênero feminino (68%). Dos 22 pacientes finalizados para o grupo da bleomicina 11 (50,0%) apresentaram cura, enquanto que, dos 21 pacientes finalizados do grupo da eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina, 18 pacientes (85,7%) apresentaram cura. Foi observada associação significativa entre os pacientes com ou sem cura e os tratamentos do grupo bleomicina e do grupo eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina (teste exato de Fisher; p = 0,022). Nenhum dos pacientes, tanto do grupo da bleomicina, quanto do grupo da eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina, apresentou efeitos colaterais sistêmicos. Notou-se que os efeitos colaterais como a necrose hemorrágica e dor moderada ocorreram em maior proporção para os participantes do grupo da eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina, com quase 70% do total de 21 pacientes observados. Independentemente da técnica empregada, todos os participantes consideraram os efeitos adversos toleráveis. Conclusão: o uso intralesional da bleomicina associada à eletroporação (eletroquimioterapia), no tratamento das verrugas ungueais (periungueais e subungueais), apresentou cura estatisticamente superior quando comparada ao uso isolado da bleomicina intralesional. Os efeitos colaterais foram mais frequentes no grupo da eletroquimioterapia associada à bleomicina, em relação ao grupo de monoterapia com a bleomicina / Introduction: ungual warts are considered a benign tumor most commonly affecting the nail complex and caused by the human papillomavirus. Most therapeutic options are considered ineffective, with high relapse rates and a potential risk of ungual dystrophy. Bleomycin is a therapeutic option showing good safety profile, and high cure rates. Electrochemotherapy is a technique combining electroporation with the previous injection of a low permeability cytotoxic drug, which increases drug penetration into the cells, and therefore,enhances treatment efficacy. Bleomycin is the most commonly used chemotherapeutic agent in electrochemotherapy because it is an excellent example of cell-membrane non-permeable cytotoxic drug (hydrophilic). Objectives: evaluate the efficacy of electrochemotherapy plus intralesional bleomycin in the treatment of ungual warts in comparison with intralesional bleomycin alone, as well as describe the adverse effects of both techniques. Methodology: the research was a randomized, double-blind, controlled clinical trial. Forty-four 18-60-year-old female and male patients clinically and histologically diagnosed with ungual wart on fingers were included. The study was submitted to and accepted by the Ethics Committee, and all patients signed the Informed Consent Form. Twenty-two patients were treated with intralesional bleomycin alone and 21 with electrochemotherapy associated with intralesional bleomycin. After a single application, patients were followed for 180 days. Cure rate between groups was evaluated by using the Fisher\'s exact test for tables 2 x 2. The software used was XLSTAT 2018. Results: of the 44 included patients, 22 were randomized to the bleomycin group and 21 to the electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group. One patient of the bleomycin group did not complete the study. Most lesions were located in the periungual region (77.3%), while the remaining 22.7% of lesions were located in the subungual region. Patient\'s mean age was 37 years for the electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group and 36 years for the bleomycin group. Most patients were females (68%). Of 22 patients in the bleomycin group completing the study, 11 (50%) achieved the cure, while 18 (85.7%) of 21 patients completing the study in the electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group showed cure. A significant association of patients with or without cure with the treatments received in the bleomycin group and the electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group (Fisher\'s exact test; p = 0.022). None of the patients in either group had systemic side effects. Local side effects such as hemorrhagic necrosis and moderate pain were observed to occur in a higher proportion for electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group, with almost 70% of total (21) patients. Regardless the technique used, all participants considered the adverse effects tolerable. Conclusion: the intralesional use of bleomycin associated with electroporation (electrochemotherapy) for the treatment of ungual warts (both periungual and subungual) showed high cure rate when compared with intralesional bleomycin alone. Side effects were more frequently seen in the electrochemotherapy plus bleomycin group than in the bleomycin monotherapy group

O melanoma ungueal compreende cerca de 0,7 a 3,5% de todos os tipos de melanoma. Devido à dificuldade no diagnóstico precoce, seu prognóstico é reservado quando comparado às demais formas de melanoma. A amputação falangeana se propõe a extirpar o tumor respeitando os princípios da cirurgia oncológica, apesar de acarretar déficit funcional e estigmas sociais, além de não prolongar a sobrevida, particularmente nos casos iniciais. Abordagens mais conservadoras, como a cirurgia funcional, são utilizadas em casos in situ ou microinvasivos, que consistem na remoção de todo o complexo ungueal e preservação da falange distal, com bom resultado cosmético e funcional. Este estudo retrospectivo propõe comparar a sobrevida de pacientes tratados em cada uma das técnicas mencionadas, a partir de dados coletados de prontuários. Não houve alteração da sobrevida dos pacientes com melanoma ungueal tratados com amputação ou cirurgia funcional / Nail melanoma represents about 0.7-3.5% of all types of melanoma. Because its early diagnosis is difficult, the prognosis is conservative when compared with other forms of melanoma. The phalangeal amputation is intended to excise the tumor according to the cancer surgery principles, despite resulting in functional deficit and social stigmata and failing to extend survival, especially in early cases. More conservative approaches, such as functional surgery, have been used in \'in situ\' or microinvasive cases, which consist of removing the entire nail complex and preserving the distal phalange, provide good aesthetic and functional results. This retrospective study proposes to compare the survival of patients treated with each of these techniques by reviewing the data collected from their medical records. No changes were observed in the survival of nail melanoma patients treated with amputation or functional surgery