O trabalho, apoiado na semiótica greimasiana, ocupa-se da categoria sujeito e propõe-se a. estudar a construção do enunciatário. Para tanto, faz uso de dois conceitos fundamentais: o de narratário e enunciatário, de um lado, e de unidade e totalidade de outro. Parte-se da premissa de que é diferente o modo de apreensão desses dois actantes: enquanto o enunciatário, figura pressuposta à enunciação, depreende-se por meio de uma totalidade de textos, conhece-se o narratário pela análise de um texto, isto é, da unidade. Dessa premissa, conclui-se que, para identificar os traços que compõem o modo de ser do enunciatário de um determinado universo discursivo, é necessário que se percorram os diferentes textos que constituem esse universo. Para constatar esse pressuposto, examinaram-se vinte e nove textos da propaganda comercial produzida em finais do século XX e inícios do XXI cujo objetivo era atingir, preferencialmente, o morador dos centros urbanos. Após a análise de seus narratários, foram extraídos os traços recorrentes, tendo se obtido, desta forma, à semelhança de um arquissemema, a imagem do enunciatário. Esse procedimento para a obtenção do enunciatário pode ser seguido para textos que circulam em outras esferas discursivas, como os filosóficos, os jornalísticos, os literários. De cada uma delas emergirá um páthos de enunciatário, compatível com o propósito final do texto. Dessa generalização, entretanto, não fazem parte alguns textos produzidos por Machado de Assis. Neste caso - cite-se particularmente o romance Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas - tem-se um narratário oposto ao enunciatário pois, se aquele é ingênuo, ávido pela ação narrativa, pouco afeito à reflexão filosófica, este é perspicaz, observador, intelectualizado. Portanto, o estudo parece autorizar a identificação de dois tipos de enunciatário: aquele compatível com os narratários que o sustentam e aquele que se opõe a ele, criando uma imagem independente. / The study finds support in Greimas´semiotics. It focuses on the subject category and aims to study the construction of the enunciatee. To achieve this, it makes use of two fundamental concepts: the notion of narratee and enunciatee on the one hand, and the notion of unity and totality on the other. It is assumed that the ways to apprehend the enunciatee and the narrate are different. While the former, a presupposed figure of the enunciation, is inferred through the analysis of a totality of texts, the latter is known through the analysis of one text only, that is, the unity. Based on this premise, we conclude that to identify the features that form the very nature of the enunciatee of a particular discursive universe, it is necessary to examine the different texts that compose this universe. In order to confirm this presupposition, we investigated 29 advertising pieces produced between the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, aimed mainly at the urban city dweller. After the analysis of their narratees, the recurrent features were extracted, thus making it possible to obtain, in the manner of an archisememe (like an archetype), the image of the enunciatee. The same procedure can be followed when texts belong to other discursive spheres, such as philosophical, journalistic, or literary texts. From each sphere, the páthos of the enunciatee will arise, compatible with the aims of the text. This generalization, however, does not include texts produced by Machado de Assis. In this case - particularly the novel Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas - the narratee stands in opposition to the enunciatee. While the former is naïf, eager for narrative action, little inclined to philosophical meditation, the latter is perspicacious, observant, intellectual. Therefore, the study allows the identification of two types of enunciatees: one compatible with the narratees that sustain it, and another in opposition to it, creating an independent image

O trabalho, apoiado na semiótica greimasiana, ocupa-se da categoria sujeito e propõe-se a. estudar a construção do enunciatário. Para tanto, faz uso de dois conceitos fundamentais: o de narratário e enunciatário, de um lado, e de unidade e totalidade de outro. Parte-se da premissa de que é diferente o modo de apreensão desses dois actantes: enquanto o enunciatário, figura pressuposta à enunciação, depreende-se por meio de uma totalidade de textos, conhece-se o narratário pela análise de um texto, isto é, da unidade. Dessa premissa, conclui-se que, para identificar os traços que compõem o modo de ser do enunciatário de um determinado universo discursivo, é necessário que se percorram os diferentes textos que constituem esse universo. Para constatar esse pressuposto, examinaram-se vinte e nove textos da propaganda comercial produzida em finais do século XX e inícios do XXI cujo objetivo era atingir, preferencialmente, o morador dos centros urbanos. Após a análise de seus narratários, foram extraídos os traços recorrentes, tendo se obtido, desta forma, à semelhança de um arquissemema, a imagem do enunciatário. Esse procedimento para a obtenção do enunciatário pode ser seguido para textos que circulam em outras esferas discursivas, como os filosóficos, os jornalísticos, os literários. De cada uma delas emergirá um páthos de enunciatário, compatível com o propósito final do texto. Dessa generalização, entretanto, não fazem parte alguns textos produzidos por Machado de Assis. Neste caso - cite-se particularmente o romance Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas - tem-se um narratário oposto ao enunciatário pois, se aquele é ingênuo, ávido pela ação narrativa, pouco afeito à reflexão filosófica, este é perspicaz, observador, intelectualizado. Portanto, o estudo parece autorizar a identificação de dois tipos de enunciatário: aquele compatível com os narratários que o sustentam e aquele que se opõe a ele, criando uma imagem independente. / The study finds support in Greimas´semiotics. It focuses on the subject category and aims to study the construction of the enunciatee. To achieve this, it makes use of two fundamental concepts: the notion of narratee and enunciatee on the one hand, and the notion of unity and totality on the other. It is assumed that the ways to apprehend the enunciatee and the narrate are different. While the former, a presupposed figure of the enunciation, is inferred through the analysis of a totality of texts, the latter is known through the analysis of one text only, that is, the unity. Based on this premise, we conclude that to identify the features that form the very nature of the enunciatee of a particular discursive universe, it is necessary to examine the different texts that compose this universe. In order to confirm this presupposition, we investigated 29 advertising pieces produced between the end of the 20th and the beginning of the 21st century, aimed mainly at the urban city dweller. After the analysis of their narratees, the recurrent features were extracted, thus making it possible to obtain, in the manner of an archisememe (like an archetype), the image of the enunciatee. The same procedure can be followed when texts belong to other discursive spheres, such as philosophical, journalistic, or literary texts. From each sphere, the páthos of the enunciatee will arise, compatible with the aims of the text. This generalization, however, does not include texts produced by Machado de Assis. In this case - particularly the novel Memórias Póstumas de Brás Cubas - the narratee stands in opposition to the enunciatee. While the former is naïf, eager for narrative action, little inclined to philosophical meditation, the latter is perspicacious, observant, intellectual. Therefore, the study allows the identification of two types of enunciatees: one compatible with the narratees that sustain it, and another in opposition to it, creating an independent image

L’objet de cette analyse est de dépeindre un siècle de littérature fantastique à travers le statut du narrateur qui implique d’envisager aussi le statut de son alter-ego, le narrataire. L’idée principale repose sur la théorie d’une évolution depuis les narrateurs d’E. A. Poe jusqu’à ceux de Richard Matheson, via les auteurs français et anglo-saxons tels Charles Nodier, Jules Verne, Guy de Maupassant, Robert Louis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, Hoxard Phillips Lovecraft.L’histoire de la littérature fantastique peut se subdiviser en trois périodes principales qui ont permis au fantastique de naître (par la critique des genres), de triompher (par la critique de la narration elle-même), et de survivre (par la critique du langage). La littérature fantastique suit l’évolution générale de la littérature, mais le narrateur se présente comme un cas à examiner dans ses interactions avec les événements surnaturels qu’il raconte,avec son propre récit, avec son propre personnage, avec son éthos. Ce narrateur “indigne de confiance” est, même pour la narratologie, un mythe. / The purpose of this analysis is to depict one century of “littérature fantastique” through thestatus of the narrator which implicates also the status of its alter ego, the narratee. The mainidea rests on the theory of an evolution from Edgar Allan Poe’s narrators to Richard Matheson’svia French and Anglo-Saxon authors like Charles Nodier, Jules Verne, Guy de Maupassant, RobertLouis Stevenson, Bram Stoker, Henry James, Howard Phillips Lovecraft.The history of “littérature fantastique” is divided into three important periods, each of thempermitting it successively to be born (by generic criticism), to triumph (by the criticism of narrationitself) and to survive (by the criticism of language).“Littérature fantastique” follows the generalevolution of literature, but its narrator is a realcase to examine in its interactions withsupernatural events he tells, with the narrativeitself, with its proper character and with its“éthos”. This unreliable narrator is, fornarratology, like a myth.

<p>Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. </p><p>However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. </p><p>What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. </p><p>However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. </p><p>To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.</p>

Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.

This thesis introduces an obscure storytelling device, The Unsung Hero character, as one way of examining how movies function as stories. This character is often overlooked, as it frequently cloaks its idiosyncrasies, thus it lacks any apparent signs of internal conflict. This analysis foregrounds the character’s overall functionality, found only in rare instances and typically in the story of a movie. With effective implementation in a story, as a functional harbinger device, brief appearances of The Unsung Hero character demonstrate flashpoints or disclosures of a forthcoming misfortune in the story. This movie analysis shows how The Unsung Hero character functions effectively as a harbinger device in stories.

TITLE Compositional-stylistic Unities in David Lodge's Changing Places AUTHOR Martina Felcmanová DEPARTMENT Department of English Language and Literature SUPERVISOR PhDr. Petr Chalupský, Ph.D. ABSTRACT The main aim of this diploma thesis is to focus on the forms in which heteroglossia manifests itself in the most widely known campus novel of David Lodge, Changing Places. The Theoretical Part explains the two crucial terms of Mikhail Bakhtin's literary theory, namely heteroglossia and dialogism, and describes the impact his ideas had on the critical writings of David Lodge. Moreover, it strives to combine Bakhtin's and Lodge's typologies of novelistic discourse with the terminology of Seymour Chatman, in order to create sufficient terminological framework for the subsequent stylistic analysis. Consequently, the Practical Part attempts to explore how the separate unities of heteroglossia are represented within the structure of Changing Places, what effect they have on the implied reader and how they influence the novel as a whole.