<p>Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. </p><p>However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. </p><p>What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. </p><p>However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. </p><p>To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.</p>

Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.

This thesis explores the relationship between Marcel Duchamp’s oeuvre and the texts of the Comte de Lautréamont, arguing that the author’s works comprise an overlooked and undervalued source of interest and ideas for the artist. Scholars have done an extraordinary job of documenting and analyzing a number of Duchamp’s literary sources and inspirations. Their work has elucidated the roles of Raymond Roussel, Alfred Jarry, Stéphane Mallarmé, Jules Laforgue, and Jean-Pierre Brisset, among others, for Duchamp. The work of Lautréamont, however, has received proportionally little attention, despite several indications of its importance for the artist. Among the few who have proposed such a connection, none have yet offered a broadly documented or sustained argument. Other historians, generally working under the premise that Lautréamont only came to Duchamp’s attention by way of the Surrealists, have explicitly rejected the possibility that the Uruguayan-French poet had any meaningful position in Duchamp’s library prior to the Surrealist championing of the author. This thesis proposes otherwise, making the case that Lautréamont was more fundamentally important to Duchamp than yet realized. Historical documents as well as statements by the artist himself and those closest to him suggest a stronger engagement by Duchamp with the works of Lautréamont than has been previously proposed. This relationship seems to have begun by as early as 1912, well in advance of the Surrealists’ discovery of the author, and it lasted throughout Duchamp’s life. Furthermore, an examination of Duchamp’s body of work demonstrates a number of strategic and thematic resonances between artist and author that reinforce what the archival evidence suggests. These resonances should be understood as open readings, rather than exclusive readings. They are proposed as additions to the existing constellation of understanding of Duchamp’s oeuvre, rather than as foreclosures upon other ways of reading Duchamp’s body of work. / text

Stripped-envelope supernovae were thought to be the explosions of very massive stars (&amp; 20 M) that lost their outer layers of hydrogen and/or helium in strong stellar winds. However, recent studies have highlighted that most stripped-envelope supernovae seem to be arising from rela- tively lower-mass progenitor stars in the 12 20 M(sun) range, creating a mystery about the fate of the higher-mass stars. In this licentiate thesis, we review our knowledge of stripped-envelope supernovae, and present the astrophysical problem of their missing high-mass progenitors. The thesis focuses on observations of unique and rare stripped-envelope supernovae classified with modern optical surveys such as the intermediate Palomar Transient Factory (iPTF) and the Public European Southern Observatory Spectroscopic Survey of Transient Objects (PESSTO). In these surveys we have discovered stripped-envelope supernovae with long-lasting broad lightcurves, which are thought to be a marker for highly massive (&amp; 20 M[sun]) progenitor stars. Despite this exciting association, there are only a handful of existing examples of stripped- envelope supernovae with broad lightcurves published in the literature, not numerous enough to account for the missing high-mass stars. During our efforts, the first object we focused on was OGLE-2014-SN-131, a long-lasting supernova in the southern sky initially classified by PESSTO. We re-classified it as a supernova Type Ibn interacting with a helium-rich circumstellar environment. Unlike all other Type Ibn’s in the literature, OGLE-2014-SN-131 was found to have a long rise-time and large lightcurve broadness. By modeling its bolometric lightcurve, we concluded that OGLE-2014-SN-131 must have had an unusually massive progenitor star. Furthermore, since an ordinary radioactive- decay model could not reproduce the lightcurve, we investigated both a magnetar and circum- stellar interaction as potential powering scenarios and favored the latter due to the signatures of interaction present in the spectra. Next, we looked for similar objects in the supernova dataset of the iPTF, which contains over 200 stripped-envelope supernovae. Searching in a sub-sample of 100 well-observed supernovae, we identified 11 to have unusually broad lightcurves. We also constrained the distribution of lightcurve broadness for iPTF stripped-envelope supernovae. The 11 with broad lightcurves will be studied carefully in a forthcoming paper. The first part of this forthcoming paper, which describes the careful statistical identification of these super-novae, is included in this thesis. In it we identify that 10% of the iPTF stripped-envelope supernova sample have broad lightcurves, which a surprisingly high fraction given their rarity in the published literature. Finally, we evaluate whether our estimate of the fraction of broad stripped-envelope supernovae could help explain the missing high-mass progenitors, and con- clude that they can only be a small fraction of the missing high-mass progenitors.

我國金融商品之推出一直面臨著賦稅課徵之挑戰，也因而引起徵納雙方之爭議，使得資本市場之流動性受到影響。是以，新金融商品分割債券之推行，其賦稅課徵之合理性及公平性與否，亦會重大影響債券市場之效益。然而國內學者對於分割債券的研究相當少，主要是聚焦於我國制度的介紹及分割前後之附息債券與零息債券課稅方式之差異；國外學者則發現課稅方式的改變使得分割公債交易有巨額成長（Livingston and Gregory, 1989），以及交易方式及課稅方式之差異使得債券分割前後產生套利空間，導致市場無效率（Halpern and Rumsey, 2000）。 　　因此本研究主要係探討台灣分割債券現行賦稅規範，並探討其與利率連動之結構型債券商品，以及其與債券市場效率之相互影響。本研究以參考國外分割債券課稅方式，及引用財會理論及租稅理論為分析原則，且輔以我國最高行政法院及高等行政法院實際案例，探討其賦稅課徵的公平性及合理性；並依據所探討之問題提出建議以供稅務主管機關參考。 / We have been facing the taxation challenge while every new financial product comes out to market. In that case, we find the disputations between tax collector and taxpayer, which also affect the liquidity of the capital market. Similar to the existing disagreements of the taxation for financial instruments, stripped bonds also have same problems and we could see how important it is to evaluate the rationality and fairness. However, prior local researchers on stripped bonds did not focus a lot about its taxation problems. Still, they found the different taxation after the bond is stripped, which may cause some unfair treatments between the coupon bonds and the zero-coupon bonds. On the other hand, the prior foreign studies found out the transaction amount of the stripped treasury bonds increased (Livingston and Gregory, 1989) and market efficiency occurred (Halpern and Rumsey, 2000) when they differentiated the taxation between the coupon bonds and the zero-coupon bonds 　　The main purposes of this research are to study the current regulations of stripped bonds in our country, find out the problems in practical operations, connect the linkage with stripped bonds and structured bonds and realize what is the effect brought to the bond market. For the mentioned purposes, we refer to foreign documents, apply both accounting and tax theories to be our main principles, and review some practical law cases from our high and supreme administrative courts while evaluating the rationality and fairness of stripped bond taxation. Therefore we could provide a reference for the authority in determining the future tax regulations.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether The Large Glass was a negation of women for Marcel Duchamp. The thesis is composed of five chapters. Chapter I is the introduction to the thesis. CHapter II includes a synopsis of the major interpretations of The Large Glass. Duchamp's statements in regard to The Large Glass are also included in Chapter II. Chapter III explains how The Large Glass works through the use of Duchamp's notes. Chapter IV investigates Duchamp's negation of women statement in several ways. His personal relationships with relatives including his wives and other women, and his early paintings of women were examined. His idea of indifference was seen within the context of the Dandy and his alter ego, Rrose Selavy as a Femme Fatale. His machine paintings are also seen as a part of his idea of detachment and negation of women. Detachment as an intellectual pursuit was probed with his life-long interest in chess. The Large Glass was then seen as not only showing inconographically a negation of women but also as being an intrinsic component of his life and his work.

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Submitted by (edna.saturno@ufrpe.br) on 2016-11-28T16:17:54Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Ramos Barbosa.pdf: 763274 bytes, checksum: d1db37522ca460481761084d57a5e771 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-11-28T16:17:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Paulo Roberto Ramos Barbosa.pdf: 763274 bytes, checksum: d1db37522ca460481761084d57a5e771 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-07-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / The lady beetles are an outstand predatory group among the natural enemies applied as biological control agents against arthropod pests. The lady beetle Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant), is a predator of Pseudococcidae and recently was found on cotton plants infested with Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) and on prickly pear infested with the false red cochineal Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae), both in the Semiarid of Pernambuco. Thus, the performance of T. notata preying upon D. opuntiae, F. virgata and eggs of Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) was studied. Further, the predation and reproduction when subjected to different condition of F. virgata availability and scarcity was also investigated. Although naturally collected on colonies of false red cocheneal from prickly pear, T. notata nor developed neither reproduced feeding exclusively on this pest. Likewise, eggs of A. kuehniella did not furnish development and reproduction of T. notata. On the other hand, F. virgata of different stages was successfully used as prey by larvae and adult of T. notata. Adult females of T. notata exhibited a type III functional response preying upon 1st-insar nymph of F. virgata and type II functional response when preying upon 3rd-instar and adults. Based on the functional response it is estimated predation rate of 157.8 1st-instar nymphs, 3.6 3rd-instar nymphs, and 2.2 females of F. virgata per day. Feeding on F. virgata 3rd-instar nymphs resulted in 1.23 eggs produced per each mealybug nymph consumed. However, female lady beetles subjected to prey scarcity exhibited switch on reproductive and survival output already with one day of feeding interval depicting a strong relationship of consumption, reproduction and survivorship between T. notata and F. virgata. The high performance of T. notata preying upon F. virgata and her functional response, in addition the balance of reproduction and survival showed when subjected to prey scarcity, portray T. notata as a feasible predator to control of F. virgata. / Os coccinelídeos predadores se destacam como um dos mais importantes grupos de inimigos naturais empregados no controle biológico de artrópodes pragas. A joaninha Tenuisvalvae notata (Mulsant), espécie nativa da América do sul e predadora de Pseudococcidae, foi recentemente constatada no Semiárido de Pernambuco associada a plantas de algodão infestadas com a cochonilha de listra, Ferrisia virgata Cockerell (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae), e em palma forrageira infestada com a falsa cochonilha do carmim, Dactylopius opuntiae Cockerell (Hemiptera: Dactylopiidae). Assim, este trabalho avaliou o desempenho de T. notata sobre D. opuntiae, F. virgata e em ovos de Anagasta kuehniella Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), bem como determinou seu potencial de predação e reprodução em diferentes condições de disponibilidade da cochonilha F. virgata. Mesmo sendo coletada em colônias da falsa cochonilha do carmim, T. notata não se desenvolveu e nem reproduziu ao predar exclusivamente esta cochonilha. Da mesma forma, ovos de A. kuehniella não foram adequados como alimento para T. notata. Por outro lado, F. virgata em diferentes estágios de desenvolvimento mostrou-se adequada como presa de T. notata, sendo consumida tanto por larvas quanto por adultos desta joaninha. Fêmeas de T. notata exibiram resposta funcional tipo III predando F. virgata de primeiro instar, e tipo II para ninfas de terceiro instar e fêmeas adultas apresentando um consumo estimado de 157,8 ninfas neonatas, 3,6 ninfas de terceiro instar ou 2,2 fêmeas adultas de F. virgata por dia. A alimentação diária em ninfas de terceiro instar de F. virgata resulta na média de 1,23 ovos produzidos para cada ninfa da cochonilha consumida. No entanto, quando as joaninhas são submetidas a diferentes intervalos de oferta de presa, observa-se influência na produção de ovos e sobrevivência já com um dia de intervalo de alimentação, caracterizando uma estreita relação de consumo, reprodução e sobrevivência para a associação T. notata e F. virgata. O desempenho de T. notata predando F. virgata e sua resposta funcional, somado ao balanço reprodutivo e sobrevivência apresentados sob condição de escassez desta presa, demonstra que T. notata é um predador em potencial para o controle de F. virgata.

Bakgrund: Hela 2000-talet har gått präglats av en intensiv digitalisering. Detta har påverkatmånga branscher. Fastighetsmäklarbranschen har haft en trög utveckling relativt till singrannbransch, finansbranschen. Tidigt under 2000-talet dök flertalet verksamheter som hadevisionen att digitalisera mäklarbranschen ytterligare och göra den mer effektiv. Dessa aktörerkan ha varit alldeles för tidigt ute på bollen. De inte har utvecklats och vuxit som mångatrodde. Marknaden verkade inte vara redo för en mer digital bostadsaffär. Den analogamäklaren har således vuxit och fler människor i Sverige väljer att anlita en när man ska säljasin bostad. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att undersöka om det finns ett behov för traditionellafastighetsmäklarföretag att börja erbjuda en avskalad mäklartjänst likt de digitala mäklarnastjänst i syfte att möte en eventuell konkurrens från dessa aktörer. Metod: Studien utgår från en blandning av en kvalitativ och kvantitativ studie utifrån endeduktiv ansats. Det vill säga att studien från den sekundära data som har samlats in i deinledande avsnitten när det empiriska resultatet, den primära data, samlades in. Denna databestår av svar från intervjuer som gjordes via telefon som sedan analyserades och ställdes motden sekundära data för att bekräfta eller säga emot den. Detta är således en komparativ metod. Resultat och slutsats: Resultaten pekar mot att det i dagsläget inte är nödvändigt förtraditionella fastighetsmäklarföretag att hitta snabba lösningar för att möta konkurrensen fråndigitala mäklare. Detta eftersom de digitala mäklarföretagen inte är definitiva konkurrenter,utan endast substitut till den traditionella mäklartjänsten. Däremot visar resultaten att de precisnämnda resultaten inte är något för traditionella mäklare att luta sig tillbaka på. Det är såledesendast en tidsfråga innan mäklarbranschen blir mer digitaliserad och kommer kräva att allaaktörer anpassar sig. Studiens bidrag: Studien ger en djupare förståelse över de digitala mäklarnas situation ochdess konkurrenskraft. Studien har bidragit med att ge en inblick i hur mäklartjänsten kommerbehöva utvecklas och vad som kommer att behövas för att det ska bli en lyckad mäklartjänstmed digitala spår. Framtida forskning: Ett förslag på framtida forskning i ämnet är att undersöka vad somkommer krävas av den mer digitala mäklartjänsten för att lyckas inge tryggheten som är såviktig för konsumenterna. Ett annat förslag är att undersöka detta på internationell nivå, dådenna studie har avgränsats till den svenska mäklarbranschen. / Background: During the 2000s the world has undergone an intensive digitalization. However,the real estate industry has developed slowly relative to the financial industry. In the early2000s, several digital brokerage firms appeared with the goal to further digitalize the Swedishreal estate industry. These firms may have been too early because the industry did not seemmature enough. The industry did not seem ready for a more digital housing transaction. Theanalogue broker has thus grown and more people in Sweden choose to hire one when sellingtheir home. Aim: The purpose of the study is to investigate whether there’s a need for traditional realestate companies to start offering a stripped-down brokerage service like the digital brokers’service, in order to meet any competition from the digital brokers. Method: The study is based on a mixture of a qualitative and a quantitative study based on adeductive approach. That is, the collected empirical results, the primary data, where based onthe secondary data that has been collected in the introductory sections. The primary dataconsists of responses from interviews conducted by telephone which were then analyzed andset against the secondary data confirm or contradict it. This is thus a comparative method. Result and conclusion: The results indicate that it is currently not necessary for traditionalreal estate companies to find quick solutions to meet the competition from digital brokers.This is because digital brokerage firms are not definitive competitors, but only substitutes forthe traditional brokerage service. However, the results show that the just mentioned results arenot something for traditional brokerage to lean on. It is thus only a matter of time before thebrokerage industry becomes more digital and will require all firms to adapt. Contribution of the thesis: The study provides a deeper understanding of the situation of thedigital broker and its competitiveness. The study has helped to provide an insight into how thebrokerage service will need to be developed and what will be needed for it to be a successfulbrokerage service a digital track. Future research: A proposal for future research in the subject is to investigate what will berequired of the more digital brokerage service in order to succeed in providing the security thatis so important to consumers. Another proposal is to investigate this at an international level,as this study has been limited to the Swedish brokerage industry.