This thesis makes a significant contribution to the existing knowledge on 'unmarried mothers'. Much of the literature on 'unmarried mothers' has been written by white, male, middle-class professionals who assume that unwed mothers are happy to place their babies for adoption so that they can be free to pursue other interests, meet other men and make a new life. However, after interviewing many of the mothers who gave up their babies in the 1950s, 1960s and early 1970s in Australia, I found this was not the case. Many of the mothers had wanted to keep their babies but were forced to relinquish them by their families and the wider society who seemed more intent on upholding nuclear family values than making available the resources needed to keep natural mothers and their babies together. My argument throughout this thesis is that given a choice - a viable economic and socially supported choice - many of the unmarried mothers, typified by those whom I interviewed, would not have parted with their babies. Most mothers interviewed, and presumably many of those in the community at large, have experienced much pain and grief as a result of the separation - a grief which is profound and lasts forever. Using Marxist feminist theories of the state and post-structural theories, my thesis highlights the perceptions and memories of birthmothers about the birthing experience and adoption as experience, process and life consequence. I also argue that the removal of white, working-class babies from their mothers compares in some small way with the removal of the indigenous 'stolen children' in the same period. The removal of Aboriginal children from their homes and cultures has been referred to by some scholars and activists as a form of cultural genocide. While the removal of babies from white, working-class, unwed mothers was different in that it had few racial implications, I argue that the system in place at the time was patriarchal and class-based and as such left the young, unwed women with no options but adoption. The thesis makes a very important and socially significant contribution to our understanding of unmarried mothers in that it presents a largely unwritten history of women. Rich in the voices of unmarried mothers, there are important conceptual, empirical and practical policy implications flowing from the research findings.

ABSTRACT This paper was intended as an investigation of the sexual values and attitudes of the aboriginal junior high school students, who were born and raised in a non-patriarchal (matriarchal) society. The first part of this thesis was the literature review, including studies on the traditional aboriginal cultural characteristics and relevant theories of sexual values and attitudes. Then, this paper presented the statistic results from the author-formulated questionnaires, which stressed on the sexual values and attitudes. The valid samples in our research included 13 schools from six counties, i.e., Hualian, Pingdong, Taoyuan, Hsinchu, Taipei and Yilan County. The number of the aboriginal junior high school students was 407 and 132 for the non-aboriginal one. The total valid samples were 539. Below is a series of preliminary results elicited from the statistic analysis. 1. The aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society held a mid-to-high level attitude toward the sexual values. Among these sexual values, the value of ¡§the opinions of the two sexes¡¨ was perceived as the highest, followed by ¡§the views on social participation,¡¨ while ¡§the views on the attachment to the family¡¨ the lowest. 2. The aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society revealed a medium level of the sexual attitudes. Among these sexual attitudes, ¡§sexual harassment and sex infringement¡¨ received the highest average points, followed by ¡§the interaction of two sexes,¡¨ while ¡§the sex roles¡¨ the lowest average points. 3. The aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society who were ¡§female,¡¨ ¡§the Ami,¡¨ ¡§Father: the aboriginal, Mother: the Hans¡¨ and the expectation of their parents was ¡§treat boys and girls on an equal basis¡¨ tended to have the highest value of the equality in two sexes. While others who were ¡§male,¡¨ ¡§the Atayal,¡¨ ¡§parents aboriginal,¡¨ and their parents were with ¡§no particular expectation to child¡¨ tended to have the most deviant values of the equality in two sexes. 4. The most positive sexual attitudes held by the aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society were those who were ¡§female,¡¨ ¡§the Paiwan¡¨ and parents¡¦ harmonious degree ¡§quarrels once in a while.¡¨ However, others who were ¡§male,¡¨ ¡§the Atayal¡¨ and parents¡¦ harmonious degree of a ¡§very harmonious¡¨ displayed the least positive sexual attitudes. 5. There was significant difference between the aboriginals of different ethnicities and the Hans junior high students in the whole sexual values, ¡§the opinions of the two sexes,¡¨ ¡§the views on independent social activities,¡¨ ¡§the views on the attachment to the family¡¨ and ¡§the views on social participation¡¨ etc. ¡§The Hans (non-aboriginal)¡¨ revealed significantly higher sexual values on the whole sexual values and ¡§the opinions of the two sexes¡¨ than ¡§the Atayal.¡¨ Moreover, there was significant difference between the aboriginals of different ethnicities and the Hans (non-aboriginal) junior high students in the whole sexual attitudes and the performances constructed by factors as ¡§the interaction of two sexes,¡¨ ¡§sexual orientation¡¨ and ¡§sexual knowledge¡¨ etc. Still the Hans (non-aboriginal) appeared a more positive sexual attitude toward ¡§the interaction of two sexes¡¨ than ¡§the Atayal.¡¨ 6. Significant positive correlation appeared among each factors of the sexual values and attitudes by the aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society. The sexual values revealed a typical correlation with the sexual attitudes as well. The sexual values of the aboriginal junior high students in a non-patriarchal society can predict validly its sexual attitudes, making an explainable total variation quantity up to 38.331%. The higher sexual values of ¡§the views on social participation,¡¨ the more positive attitudes to ¡§the interaction of two sexes¡¨ and ¡§the sex roles.¡¨ The higher sexual values of ¡§the views on the attachment to the family,¡¨ the fewer performances on the ¡§sexual harassment and sex infringement.¡¨

Poems contains fifty-two poems and an afterword that explains some of the ideas that prompted the poems as well as some information about the poetic techniques and allusions. Their primary purpose is to communicate the experiences of a woman living in a patriarchal society, which contemporary American society certainly is. The poems expose how a young woman fits into such a society as a human being and an artist . They stress the need for women writers to play ever-increasing roles in society.

Sky-high Flames is about Ofunne Ofili, an intelligent and ambitious young woman in a Nigerian oppressive patriarchal society who, nevertheless, dreams of becoming a teacher. Once in school, her high spiritedness leads her to constant trouble. After her mother falls ill, Ofunne's father demands that she withdraw from school. But she completes her education with the help of Reverend Sister Dolan, who was her school principal, and who was drawn to Ofunne's personality. After graduation, Ofunne's father insists that she marry a man she barely knows. She consents only because the man is both Catholic and educated. After three years of marriage, her in-laws threaten her with divorce because she has not yet produced a child. While suffering from the guilt of childlessness, Ofunne discovers that her husband has infected her with syphilis. Sky High Flames is about how our hopes and dreams can turn out to become the very tools that destroy us.

This thesis argues that Isabel Archer of Henry James’s novel The Portrait of a Lady and Lily Bart of Edith Wharton’s novel The House of Mirth were nineteenth-century characters struggling to assert their social and sexual independence in a male dominated society. Although Isabel inherits a fortune that allegedly enables her to have more autonomy than Lily, both characters are negatively affected by their inability to conceive of their lives outside of social convention.

<p>Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. </p><p>However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. </p><p>What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. </p><p>However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. </p><p>To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.</p>

Throughout history women have been subject to oppression by patriarchal society. However, there have always been those who have tried to rise against it. This study will shed light upon one example: a female artist who personally defies the patriarchal norms at the same time as her music encourages others to do the same. The musician in question is Christina Aguilera, and the album studied is Stripped. What this study shows is that Stripped can be read as a feminist statement. The lyrics deal with two main themes: patriarchal society’s objectification and oppression of women, and the struggles of love and relationships. What these two themes have in common is that they both encourage women to stand their ground and believe in themselves. However, the lyrics on the album also suggest that Aguilera is aware of the fact that her message will not suit everyone. She knows that she works within an industry whose goal is to make money out of its artists, and therefore she has to keep repeating like a mantra to herself and to others that she, and her music, is not just a product of this industry. The message her music brings actually matters. To come to this conclusion I have examined Aguilera’s lyrics in terms of what messages they bring and who their narratees might be, all in accordance with feminist narratology. Secondary sources from the fields of popular music studies, media studies and gender studies as well as interviews with and about Aguilera and biographies have been consulted.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第22131号 / 人博第914号 / 新制||人||218(附属図書館) / 2019||人博||914(吉田南総合図書館) / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科共生文明学専攻 / (主査)教授 水野 眞理, 教授 桂山 康司, 准教授 池田 寛子, 教授 金子 幸男 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DGAM

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This thesis examines representations of masculinity in the following Egyptian movies: El Badla (2018), Welad Rizk 2 (2019) and Taymour w Shafika (2007). Each movie is from a different genre to further explore how this may influence the constructed representation of masculinity. The genres are comedy, action and romance. Additionally, both El Badla and Welad Rizk 2 are among the top ten highest grossing movies in the history of Egyptian cinema. Whilst Taymour w Shafika is considered one of the most iconic romance movies in its era. Thus, it is inevitable that all these movies have been watched (and will be watched) by a large audience, hence it is crucial to study the constructed values within them as arguably they influence the society. The thesis studies Egyptian masculinity using two different methods: film analysis and interviews with Egyptian men. The main theories this paper applies are: active audience encoding/decoding theory, social role theory and social identity and self- categorization theories. All three movies were found to represent masculinity through traditional traits e.g. emotionless, family provider. Egyptian men reflected on some of the scenes and had varied perspectives on the matter. Men who did not agree with certain values in those representations did mention that they still have to follow them as it is the way they have been brought up. The results of this study cannot be generalized but it is a step forward in the research on representation of masculinities in Egyptian cinema, which is extremely under researched in comparison to the size of the film industry in Egypt.