This is essentially a phonological analysis of the Dholuo loanwords derived from English and Swahili. This study examines loanword adaptation at three levels: phonemic, phonotactic and prosodic. The study analyses the strategies that the language has used in adapting the foreign phonemes to the native phoneme system. It also examines the way foreign consonant and vowel clusters are adapted to the Dholuo system and how the stress systems in the source languages are adapted to the Dholuo tonal pattern. The Dholuo principles of syllabification are also examined. On adaptation of incoming sounds into the language, the study determined that Dholuo replaces such foreign segments with native sounds which are acoustically and auditorily closest to the foreign sounds. Some foreign sounds, however, are adopted into the sound system of the language, either to fill some phonological gaps in the language or for non-linguistic factors, like the prestige value. The study found that the native speaker-hearer has knowledge of the possible phonetic sequences in his language and performs the simplest possible adaptation in the loanword to make it correspond to these well-formed sequences. This extends to the insertion or deletion of foreign segments to make a loanword conform to the syllable structure constraints of the native system. The study reveals that Dholuo employs several strategies to nativize unnatural, non-canonic syllable structures: epenthetic vowel insertion, extrasyllabic consonant or vowel deletion, devocalization of unnatural vowel sequences, addition of a final vowel, and in some cases, consonant clusters may be tolerated. At the suprasegmental level, the study reveals that stress in the source languages is generally rendered as high tone in the language, while the stressed vowel in the loanword generally determines the ATR harmony in the loanword. The study revealed that if the first syllable in the loanword is stressed, then the loanword will be rendered with +ATR in Dholuo, while an unstressed first syllable will lead to a loanword with –ATR harmony. The study concludes that the means employed by a given language for the adaptation of unnatural, non-canonic syllable shapes are, in a general sense, peculiar to that language, and have nothing to do with the internally-motivated morpheme structure or phonological rules of the target language. The study also concludes that foreign phonemes are directly mapped onto corresponding native phonetic forms, and there is very scarce evidence in the data to support the theory that loanwords are nativized at the abstract phonological level of the target language. / Thesis (DLitt (African Languages))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / African Languages / unrestricted

This work deals with the issue of nativization. That is to say we observe the interference caused by the system of sounds of Portuguese (L1) on the pronunciation, by native speakers of Portuguese, of some terms of English (L2). The words in question were drawn out of the technical lexicon of Informatics. In order to carry on the contrastive study between the two languages, we utilized the Contrastive Analysis (CA) methods and postulates. The description and specific analysis of the transfer of traits of the native system to the pronunciation of the loanwords, mostly to explain the differences between the two phonological inventories, is founded on the presuppositions and concepts of Phonology, basically of a structural point of view, but also by taking in account some findings of the Standard Generative Phonology. When we refer to phenomena related to the syllabic structure, the framework utilized is that of the Metrical Phonology. The results of the study point to the fact that the transfer of traits is due to the differences between the two systems of sounds, both in terms of inventories of phonemes and differences in their syllabic patterns. In the very conclusion of this work, we present some rules that intend formalize the main patterns of nativization from English to Portuguese. / Este trabalho trata da questão da interferência que o sistema fonológico de uma língua nativa causa no desempenho de termos de uma língua estrangeira que foram nativizados. Procura observar, especificamente, a interferência do sistema de sons do Português (L1) no desempenho, por falantes nativos, de termos do Inglês (L2) recortados do vocabulário técnico de informática. Para a realização do estudo contrastivo entre as duas línguas foram utilizados os métodos da Análise Contrastiva (Contrastive Analysis CA), e para a análise dos fatos observados levou-se em conta os pressupostos da fonologia gerativa para explicar as diferenças entre os inventários fonológicos das duas línguas e os pressupostos da fonologia métrica para explicar os fenômenos referentes à sílaba. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a interferência se dá pelo fato de os inventários das duas línguas serem diferentes e por elas possuírem diferentes padrões silábicos. Como conclusão, são apresentadas algumas regras que têm a intenção de formalizar os principais modelos de nativização do Inglês para o Português.

This work deals with the issue of nativization. That is to say we observe the interference caused by the phonological system of Brazilian Portuguese, especially about the stress, on the pronunciation, by native speakers of Portuguese, of some terms of English. The words in question were drawn out of the technical lexicon of Informatics and six people taken part in the research, by a reading of a text with the words drawn out. The description and specific analysis of the transfer of traits of the native system to the pronunciation of the loanwords, mostly to explain the differences between the two phonological inventories, is founded on the presuppositions and concepts of the Standard Generative Phonology and Autosegmental Phonology. When we refer to phenomena related to the syllabic structure and the stress pattern, the framework utilized is that of the Metrical Phonology. / Este trabalho trata da questão da interferência que o sistema fonológico de uma língua nativa causa na pronúncia de termos de uma língua estrangeira que foram nativizados. Procura observar a interferência do sistema fonológico do Português Brasileiro, especificamente quanto ao padrão acentual, na pronúncia, por falantes nativos do Português, de termos do Inglês recortados do vocabulário técnico de informática. Seis informantes participaram da pesquisa, dois do sexo feminino (uma com formação de segundo grau e outra com formação de terceiro grau) e quatro do sexo masculino (dois com formação de segundo grau e dois com formação de terceiro grau). Eles leram um texto contendo as palavras do corpus, que foram transcritas para uma análise posterior. Para a análise dos fatos observados levaram-se em conta os pressupostos da fonologia métrica para explicar os fenômenos referentes ao contraste entre os padrões acentuais das duas línguas. Os resultados da pesquisa indicam que a interferência se dá pelo fato de elas possuírem diferentes padrões acentuais, especialmente quando a noção de extrametricidade é invocada pelo algoritmo de colocação do acento. Observou-se, ainda, que processos de ressilabificação pela inserção de uma vogal epentética [ i ] em sílabas das palavras estrangeiras que ferem as combinações fonotáticas do Português são recorrentes nas pronúncias de todos os informantes, independentemente do grau de contato desses falantes com o Inglês enquanto língua aprendida, o que acarreta mudança no padrão acentual.

Confronté à un projet de traduction de manuels d’histoire du français à l’anglais, destinés aux écoles publiques anglophones au Québec, Michael Varga définit une méthode qui ne s’appuie pas sur les théories de traduction classiques reliées aux structures binaires, mais qui s’inspire plutôt du modèle de la narratologie (narrative theory) prôné par Mona Baker. Varga reconnaît la légitimité d’une pluralité de narrations en compétition entre elles qui se manifestent parmi les différents groupes socioculturels faisant partie d’une même société (le Québec). Il identifie des passages en provenance du texte d’origine qui mettent en relief des conflits reliés à l’accommodation culturelle. Il traite la façon dont ces conflits échouent à communiquer adéquatement des réalités culturelles appropriées, lesquelles seront en concert avec les normes et valeurs propres à la société québécoise. Il propose des traductions, apte au domaine pédagogique, qui désamorceront ces conflits et les accommoderont tout en respectant la pluralité des réalités culturelles en évidence dans la société québécoise. / Faced with the task of translating history textbooks from French to English for use in Québec’s English-language public school system, Michael Varga outlines a translation approach that circumvents classical translation theories based on binary constructs in favour of a model inspired by narrative theory as proposed by Mona Baker. Acknowledging the legitimacy of multiple parallel narratives as they pertain to different socio-cultural groups within the same society (Québec), he identifies source text sections that expose conflicts related to intercultural harmony. He discusses how these conflicts may fall short of communicating appropriate cultural realities that conform to the norms and values that govern Québec society. With a focus on the educational context, he proposes translations that defuse these conflicts in a spirit of harmonization and respect for the pluralist cultural realities in evidence in Québec society.

Confronté à un projet de traduction de manuels d’histoire du français à l’anglais, destinés aux écoles publiques anglophones au Québec, Michael Varga définit une méthode qui ne s’appuie pas sur les théories de traduction classiques reliées aux structures binaires, mais qui s’inspire plutôt du modèle de la narratologie (narrative theory) prôné par Mona Baker. Varga reconnaît la légitimité d’une pluralité de narrations en compétition entre elles qui se manifestent parmi les différents groupes socioculturels faisant partie d’une même société (le Québec). Il identifie des passages en provenance du texte d’origine qui mettent en relief des conflits reliés à l’accommodation culturelle. Il traite la façon dont ces conflits échouent à communiquer adéquatement des réalités culturelles appropriées, lesquelles seront en concert avec les normes et valeurs propres à la société québécoise. Il propose des traductions, apte au domaine pédagogique, qui désamorceront ces conflits et les accommoderont tout en respectant la pluralité des réalités culturelles en évidence dans la société québécoise. / Faced with the task of translating history textbooks from French to English for use in Québec’s English-language public school system, Michael Varga outlines a translation approach that circumvents classical translation theories based on binary constructs in favour of a model inspired by narrative theory as proposed by Mona Baker. Acknowledging the legitimacy of multiple parallel narratives as they pertain to different socio-cultural groups within the same society (Québec), he identifies source text sections that expose conflicts related to intercultural harmony. He discusses how these conflicts may fall short of communicating appropriate cultural realities that conform to the norms and values that govern Québec society. With a focus on the educational context, he proposes translations that defuse these conflicts in a spirit of harmonization and respect for the pluralist cultural realities in evidence in Québec society.