Thesis (M.Inst.Agrar.(Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development))--University of Pretoria, 2008. / Abstract in English. Includes bibliographical references.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--Lehigh University, 2006. / Includes vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 381-395). Also issued online.

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Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T20:19:21Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2008 - Jucimara Martins dos Santos.pdf: 4936328 bytes, checksum: c3a6df22694e5aabbd58ccabaa3be80e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-09-04 / Not only eat quantities of nutrients and calories to keep the body functioning at an appropriate level: the act of eating understands, too, forms of expression and affirmation of social identities. It involves the selection, the choices, the occasions and rituals that may be organized and classified in order to understand the social dynamics that takes place in the human experience of living day to day. Culture and consumption, thus, processes are interconnected and inseparable and only makes sense to discuss them within a specific cultural scheme. The objective of this case study was to understand the processes that occur in the restaurant that Nutrinatural stimulated, either formally or informally, retention and hence the loyalty of customers . The locus of the research was the natural food restaurant in the self-service kilo, Nutrinatural. To develop the work, we need to contextualize the locus of the study and the city where he falls; describe the structure and ways of operating the restaurant, identifying the situations that lead customers to return to the restaurant; understand the levels of sociability established between customers and employees, customers and the owners of the restaurant. We chose to develop a study with the basic qualitative ethnographic perspective through coday visit to the restaurant. This co-trip took one to two times per week on different days and times. The report was prepared from the participatory observation and informal conversations with customers in time for lunch, for 11 months (May 2007 to March 2008), and through semi-structured interviews with 12 clients who attend the restaurant so continuous, and also with the owners. The results were classified according to the principle of saturation in 05 categories. It has been proved that the keynote to the process of loyalty in the study, is related to the feeling of being in the family is doing Nutrinatural meals in the restaurant. The sociability proved to be as important as the health and flavor. / N?o comemos apenas quantidades de nutrientes e calorias para manter o funcionamento corporal em n?vel adequado: o ato de comer compreende, tamb?m, formas de express?o e afirma??o de identidades sociais. Envolve a sele??o, as escolhas, as ocasi?es e os rituais que podem ser organizados e classificados com vistas a compreender a din?mica social que se desenrola na experi?ncia humana do viver o dia-a-dia. Cultura e consumo, assim, s?o processos interligados e indissoci?veis e s? faz sentido discuti-las dentro de um esquema cultural espec?fico. O objetivo deste estudo de caso foi compreender os processos que ocorrem no Restaurante Nutrinatural que estimularam, formal ou informalmente, a reten??o e, logo, a fideliza??o dos clientes. O l?cus da pesquisa foi o restaurante de comida natural self service a quilo, Nutrinatural. Para desenvolver o trabalho, precisamos contextualizar o l?cus do estudo e o munic?pio em que ele se insere; descrever a estrutura e as formas de funcionamento do restaurante; identificar as situa??es que levam os clientes a retornarem ao restaurante; compreender os n?veis de sociabilidade estabelecidos entre os clientes e os funcion?rios, os clientes e as propriet?rias do restaurante. Optou-se por desenvolver um estudo de base qualitativa com perspectiva etnogr?fica atrav?s da co-visita di?ria ao restaurante. Esta co-visita se deu de uma a duas vezes por semana em dias e hor?rios diferentes. O relato foi elaborado a partir da observa??o participativa e das conversas informais com os clientes nos hor?rios de almo?o, durante 11 meses (maio de 2007 a mar?o de 2008), e atrav?s de entrevistas semi-estruturadas com 12 clientes que freq?entam o restaurante de forma cont?nua, e tamb?m com as propriet?rias. Os resultados foram classificados segundo o princ?pio de satura??o em 05 categorias. Comprovou-se que a t?nica para o processo de fideliza??o, no estudo, est? relacionada ? sensa??o de estar em fam?lia ao se fazer as refei??es no Restaurante Nutrinatural. A sociabilidade mostrou-se t?o importante quanto a saudabilidade e o sabor.

Capes / Os empreendimentos de agricultura familiar não são recentes no Brasil e vêm, dia a dia, ganhando força e reconhecimento. Quanto ao sistema orgânico de produção agrícola, este surgiu ao final do século XIX, com fortes movimentos contrários a utilização de produtos químicos na agricultura. Sendo uma alternativa sustentável no mercado, a demanda por produtos vem crescendo ao longo dos anos em todo o mundo, e, com isso o número de agricultores familiares dedicados à produção orgânica também se multiplica. O presente estudo objetiva delinear o planejamento estratégico voltado para a comercialização da produção orgânica de agricultores familiares, para inserção e manutenção dos seus produtos no mercado. Para isso, foram selecionados os agricultores familiares que possuem certificação por auditoria, pela certificadora IBD certificações LTDA, no município de Ponta Grossa/PR, configurando uma população de sete produtores. A obtenção dos dados se deu por meio de entrevistas pessoais, e o tratamento desses foi realizado por meio de estatística descritiva e análise interpretativa. Dessa forma, pode-se desenhar o perfil dos empreendimentos agrícolas familiares estudados, compreender os benefícios e dificuldades em obter a certificação de produção orgânica, compreender o processo produtivo e caracterizar o processo de comercialização dos empreendimentos. Além disso, foram averiguadas as estratégias adotadas para manter a produção e a comercialização da produção do núcleo familiar, bem como analisar o cenário em que estão inseridos, dentro do mercado de consumo de olerícolas e frutas. A partir desses resultados, foi possível concluir que: o baixo grau de escolaridade dos agricultores não interfere no processo produtivo, mas ainda é uma dificuldade no processo de gestão e planejamento dos empreendimentos; a obtenção da certificação de produção orgânica, embora tenha demandado um processo criterioso e demorado, é um diferencial para a comercialização; devido ao baixo volume de mão de obra dos núcleos familiares, esses dedicam muito tempo aos processos de produção e pouco tempo, ou nenhum, para planejar e gerenciar os processos de comercialização; embora haja políticas e programas de incentivo à comercialização na agricultura familiar, ainda existem carências de fomento aos processos produtivos, no sentido de expansão da oferta de insumos específicos para produção de orgânicos, e de capacitação de mão de obra; e, dentre os canais de comercialização existentes, a comercialização direta ao consumidor final é a que gera maior e mais rápido retorno financeiro, além de contribuir para a divulgação dos produtos através da comunicação boca a boca. / The family farming enterprises are not recent in Brazil and come from day to day, gaining strength and recognition. As for the organic system of agricultural production, this appeared at the end of the nineteenth century, with strong movements against the use of chemicals in agriculture. Being a sustainable alternative in the market, the demand for products has grown over the years all over the world, and with this the number of family farmers dedicated to organic production also multiplies. In this sense, the present study aims to outline the strategic planning aimed at marketing the organic production of family farmers, for insertion and maintenance of their products in the market. For this, we selected the family farmers who are certified by audit, by the certifier IBD certifications LTDA, in the city of Ponta Grossa / PR, constituting a population of seven producers. The data were obtained through personal interviews, and the treatment of these was performed through descriptive statistics and interpretative analysis. In this way, it is possible to design the profile of the family farms studied, to understand the benefits and difficulties in obtaining organic production certification, to understand the productive process and to characterize the commercialization process of the enterprises. In addition, the strategies adopted to maintain the production and commercialization of the production of the family nucleus were analyzed, as well as to analyze the scenario in which they are inserted, within the consumption market of vegetables and fruits. From these results, it was possible to conclude that: the low level of schooling of the farmers does not interfere in the productive process, but it is still a difficulty in the process of management and planning of the enterprises; the certification of organic production, although it has demanded a careful and time-consuming process, is a differential for the commercialization; because of the low volume of workforce in the family, they devote a lot of time to production processes and little or no time to plan and manage the marketing processes; although there are policies and programs to encourage commercialization in family agriculture, there are still deficiencies in the productive processes, in the sense of expanding the supply of specific inputs for organic production, and training of labor; and, among the existing marketing channels, direct marketing to the final consumer is the one that generates greater and faster financial return, besides contributing to the dissemination of products through word of mouth communication.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A gestão em empreendimentos rurais é importante devido ao auxílio para o desenvolvimento sócio-econômico, possibilitando um crescimento e uma organização nas funções administrativas e produtivas, possibilitando que os agricultores consigam fazer uma gestão do seu negócio, definindo os custos gastos com a produção, podendo formular um preço de venda adequado, auxiliando-o no planejamento e na tomada de decisão. Este trabalho tem como objetivo determinar quais são os elementos utilizados para a formação da gestão de custos na agricultura familiar. Para realizar a pesquisa foram aplicados questionários em uma associação de agricultura ecológica e familiar, localizada na cidade de Ponta Grossa, composta por sete agricultores familiares produtores de orgânicos que possuem uma certificação por auditoria, emitida pela Associação de Certificação Instituto Biodinâmico - IBD. Como resultados, pode-se constatar que os canais de venda, mais utilizados pelos agricultores familiares produtores de orgânicos, são os programas do governo Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), e o Feira Verde, e que esses agricultores trabalham apenas com a produção de olerícolas e frutas. Metade dos agricultores familiares consideram os elementos da gestão de custos como as taxas envolvidas na certificação e associação, o valor gasto com energia elétrica, água, combustível, materiais indiretos e telefone. É importante destacar que os agricultores realizam um controle de produção em um caderno para apresentar ao IBD, e que também possuem uma caderneta para anotação dos gastos gerais, isso significa que estes agricultores familiares realizam uma forma de gestão na propriedade ainda que rústica. Embora os associados não possam negociar os preços dos alimentos entregues aos programas governamentais, estes programas são responsáveis pela compra de grande quantidade dos alimentos orgânicos produzidos, possibilitando que os agricultores possam formular um preço de venda mais adequado nos outros canais de comercialização, tal como a feira local, em que os agricultores podem obter maior lucro apesar das incertezas acerca do volume de alimentos que será negociado. Dessa maneira, conclui-se que a diversificação dos canais de produção é essencial para que os agricultores orgânicos associados da região avaliada consigam negociar toda a sua produção de alimentos orgânicos. Há também um potencial que pode ser explorado e com a aplicação da gestão de custos mais aprimorada essas famílias podem vir a ter um retorno financeiro maior. / The management in rural enterprises is important due to the aid for socio-economic development, enabling growth and an organization in the productive and administrative functions, allowing farmers can make a management of your business, defining the costs spent on production, and can deliver an appropriate selling price, assisting in planning and decision-making. This work aims to determine what are the elements used for the training of cost management in family agriculture. To conduct the survey questionnaires were applied in an Association of ecological agriculture, family, located in the city of Ponta Grossa, composed of seven producers of organic family farmers who have a certification audit, and mitida by the Association of Biodynamic Institute Certification-IBD. As a result, one can see that the sales channels, mostly used by organic farmers, family farmers are the programs of the Government National School Feeding Program (PNAE), food acquisition program (PAA), and the Fair Green, and that these farmers work only with the production of oleraceous and fruit. Half of the farmers consider the elements of cost management as the rates involved in the certification and membership, the amount spent with electricity, water, fuel, indirect materials and telephone. It is important to emphasize that farmers perform a production control in a notebook to present to the IBD, and who also have a notebook for note of overheads, this means that these farmers carry out a form of management in the property although rustic. Although members cannot negotiate food prices delivered to government programs, these programs are responsible for the purchase of large quantities of organic food produced, enabling farmers to be able to formulate a more appropriate selling price in other marketing channels, such as the local market, where farmers can get higher profit despite uncertainties about the volume of food that will be negotiated. In this way, it appears that the diversification of production is essential for organic farmers associated with the region evaluated can negotiate all your organic food production. There is also a potential that can be exploited and the implementation of cost management more enhanced these families may have a greater financial return.

Despite phenomenal success of the commercial agricultural sector in South Africa and significant progress in integrating smallholders since democratic reforms, food security concerns remain. Recent global increases in food prices have further exacerbated vulnerabilities and made it imperative to examine alternative food production questions in the country. Organic agriculture is identified as one of the sustainable approaches to farming and offers insights towards a paradigm shift in food and nutritional security. Notwithstanding, consumer awareness, knowledge and consumption of organic foods are significantly lower in developing than developed countries. Risks associated with adoption of organic practices need to be explored to address the supply and demand constraints. Similarly, while consumer awareness of organic foods is the first step in developing demand for organic products, it does not necessarily translate to consumption. Therefore it is important to investigate these issues. The objectives of this study were to: (i) describe the demographic and socio-economic characteristics of organic farmers and consumers; (ii) establish the determinants of farmers‘ decision to participate in organic farming distinguishing between the fully-certified organic, partially-certified organic and non-organic farmers; (iii) elicit farmers risk preferences and empirically analyse farmers sources of risk and risk management strategies; (iv) explore consumer awareness, perceptions and attitudes regarding organic products; and (v) identify the factors that influence consumer‘s preference and consumption of organic products. A total of 400 respondents were surveyed, consisting of 200 smallholder farmers in KwaZulu-Natal and 200 consumers in the Eastern Cape. The KwaZulu-Natal study was conducted earlier and identified the following as major sources of risk, lack of consumer awareness of organic products and lack of information among producers about consumer preferences for organic products. This informed the need to undertake a consumer awareness and preference study, in order to inform producers. The Eastern Cape is a bordering province to KwaZulu-Natal with similar socio economic conditions and a major consumer of produce from KwaZulu-Natal. It was also expected that in the intervening period there could have been awareness about the product. An vii indication of its appeal would not be in the consumption of the product by the people who grow it, but by consumers who reside in bordering regions. Producer and household questionnaires were used to record household activities, socio-economic and institutional data as well as household demographics through personal interviews. The Arrow Pratt Absolute Risk Aversion (APARA) coefficient was used to measure the farmer‘s degree of risk aversion and the experimental gambling approach to establish the risk classification. Consumers were also asked about their awareness and knowledge about organics, attitudes and perceptions towards organics, preference and consumption patterns. The ordered probit results indicate that older farmers, who are less risk averse and reside in the sub-ward Ogagwini, Ezigani, and Hwayi were more likely to be certified organic farmers. Similarly, the propensity to adopt organic farming is positively correlated to household size, livestock ownership, asset base and tenure security. The risk analysis indicates that at higher pay-offs most farmers are intermediate to moderately risk-averse, with little variation according to personal characteristics, and that non-organic farmers tend to be more risk averse than fully-certified and partially-certified farmers. In general, price, production and financial risks were perceived as the most important sources of risk. Using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), seven principal components (PCs) explaining 66.13% of the variation were extracted. Socio economic factors having a significant effect on the various sources of risk are age, gender, education, location, information access and risk taking ability. The most important traditional risk management strategies used by the surveyed farmers are crop diversification, precautionary savings and participating in social networks. There was general awareness of what constituted organic foods with many consumers associating organic foods with health and nutrition, chemical free and produced using indigenous methods of production. However, there was low awareness of organic products among consumers with little or no knowledge of organic certification and standards. According to the logit model the major factors influencing consumer awareness of organic products are: gender, education, employment status, and location of the respondents, person/household member responsible for shopping and the price perception of the decision maker. The discriminant analysis showed that the consumption of organic products is significantly affected by age of the consumer, viii location, person/household member responsible for shopping, consumer awareness of organics, price perception and label trust. The findings from this study provides useful practical insights for policy makers, farm advisers and researchers in the design of effective and efficient policies, programmes and projects which can affect the adoption of organic practices, increase smallholder farmers capacity to manage risk and drive growth in the organic food market.

El presente estudio de pre factibilidad para la instalación de un servicio delivery de comida orgánica que utiliza tecnologías limpias tiene como objetivo encontrar y definir adecuadamente las metodologías operativas y de mercado que permitan determinar el diseño y modo de instalación de dicho servicio. / The present pre-feasibility study for the installation of an organic food delivery service that uses clean technology aims to identify and properly define the operational and market methodologies to determine the design and mode of installation of the service. / Trabajo de investigación

The scale of people being infected by HIV/AIDS (Human Immunodeficiency Virus /Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome) has meant that the family and the community have had to become involved in caring for the sick (Van Dyk, 2005). This has inevitably led to the emergence of informal caregivers in the form of family members caring for their relatives (Kipp, Nkosi, Laing & Jhangri, 2006). The research investigated the social learning of women caregivers looking after people living with HIV/AIDS, with emphasis on caregiving practices related to how they use traditional foods and medicinal plants. The research was undertaken in Grahamstown at the Raphael Centre and in Hamburg at Keiskkamma Health Centre and Art Project, Eastern Cape, South Africa. Data was collected using interviews, focus group discussions and diaries written by participants. The data was analyzed in two phases: the first phase involved reading the interview transcripts and collating the responses into analytical memos that were captured into broad categories, while the second phase made use of the community of practice analytical framework to further analyze the data to get better understanding of the social learning processes. This study reveals that participating in a community of practice like Raphael Centre and Keiskamma Health Centre enables caregivers to learn about caregiving. It also reveals that within these communities of practice there are varied learning processes that take place, such as observational and collaborative learning. The research also revealed that caregivers learn from the communities from which they come, for example caregivers learn about traditional food and medicinal plants which they use from their family members, friends, other caregivers as well as non governmental organizations. The research found that caregivers are influenced in their learning and practices by a number of factors which include their own experiences, ambivalent messages from different stakeholders concerned with fighting HIV/AIDS and exposure to new information. The research recommends that diverse learning processes in a community of practice and outside a community of practice should be encouraged and strengthened. It also recommends that HIV/AIDS caregiving options should be strengthened by drawing on experience and knowledge of caregivers. Caregivers should be encouraged to be selfsustaining to improve their caregiving practices. Stakeholders in the field of HIV/AIDS should be alert to and address ambivalence on use of medicinal plants. Existing programmes that enable women to learn about new information on HIV/AIDS should be strengthened.

O pólen apícola é o resultado da aglutinação do pólen das flores efetuada pelas abelhas, mediante acréscimo de substâncias salivares e pequenas quantidades de néctar ou mel. Trata-se de um produto consumido devido a seus benefícios nutricionais e terapêuticos. Sua importância nutricional é reconhecida por ser uma fonte protéica de elevado valor biológico, apresentando ainda carboidratos, lipídeos e minerais em sua composição, além das vitaminas do complexo B, C, E, β-caroteno (como pró-vitamina A) e D; características estas que variam de acordo com sua origem botânica. Este trabalho teve como objetivos: caracterizar o pólen apícola produzido em diferentes épocas de coleta; obter dados científicos nacionais sobre o valor vitamínico de pólen apícola, relacionando-o com sua origem botânica e avaliar o efeito de dois tipos de processos de secagem do pólen apícola nos teores das vitaminas antioxidantes (β-caroteno, como pró-vitamina A, vitamina C e E), considerando-se que estas vitaminas podem ser degradadas durante o processamento. Foram analisados os teores de vitaminas em 10 lotes de pólen apícola fresco, sendo 5 coletados em abril e 5 em outubro de 2005. Os lotes frescos de pólen apícola foram desidratados por um método convencional (desidratação à 42° C) e por um método alternativo (desidratação a 30-35° C). Além disso, foi realizada a identificação dos tipos polínicos encontrados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola e a associação com o teor de vitaminas encontradas. Os valores das vitaminas determinados nas amostras frescas de pólen apícola variaram entre 13,5 e 42,5 µg/g para vitamina E; 56,3 e 198,9 (µg/g) para β-caroteno e entre 273,9 e 560,3 µg/g para vitamina C. De acordo com os resultados concluiu-se que a origem botânica e a época de coleta influenciaram no teor das vitaminas encontradas, interferindo inclusive na classificação da amostra como fonte ou não de determinada vitamina. Além disso, foi observado que o processamento alternativo foi mais eficaz que o processamento convencional na manutenção dos teores de todas as vitaminas em estudo. / Bee-collected pollen (bee pollen) is highly consumed around the world due its nutritive and therapeutic value. It contains proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, minerals and vitamins of complex B, vitamin C, D, E and totals carotenoids. However there are few literature data correlating nutritional composition with botanical origin and thermal process. The aim of this study was to quantify vitamins C, E and beta-carotene (provitamin A) in fresh and processed samples of bee pollen, correlating them with botanical origin. In addition, to evaluate the effect of drying process in the vitamin content. Ten samples of fresh bee pollen were collected, five in April and five in October of 2005. Samples of fresh bee pollen were dried by conventional method (drying at 42° C) and by an alternative method (drying at 30-35° C). The fresh bee pollen and the processed ones were assayed regarding their vitamin contents (n=30). Vitamin C was quantified by potentiometric titration, vitamin E by HPLC-normal phase and beta-carotene by open column chromatography. The date from botanical characterization of the bee pollen were obtained and correlated to the vitamins content. Vitamin content in fresh samples varied between 13,5 and 42,5 µg/g for vitamin E; 56,3 and 198,9 (µg/g) for β-carotene and 273,9 and 560,3 µg/g for vitamin C. The alternative drying method was more efficient that conventional one in retaining the vitamins. It was also concluded that the botanical origin and collecting season influenced the vitamin contents. Being important factor to predict if bee pollen was source or not of each vitamin.