Orientador: Silvia Azucena Nebra de Perez / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T12:24:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 GonzalesPalomino_Raul_D.pdf: 6830168 bytes, checksum: 3e74d7ae4f032a2a7aa3b78e9358cca1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Nos últimos anos, várias discussões e análises sobre um maior uso de gás natural no Peru foram realizadas. No início de 2011, durante os debates presidenciais, este era um item da agenda, e a priorização do desenvolvimento do mercado interno de gás, em vez de sua exportação foi o tema central. A presente tese analisa as alternativas de uso do gás natural nos setores de transporte, residencial, terciário, industrial de grande porte e de geração elétrica no Peru, assim como avalia o impacto da sua penetração na substituição de combustíveis derivados do petróleo e a possibilidade de produção de eletricidade através da cogeração. Para tanto, foram efetuadas uma análise da matriz energética peruana, uma revisão das reservas e infraestrutura da indústria do gás natural, para uma avaliação complementar e como ferramenta de comparação foram calculados os indicadores de sustentabilidade energética do País. Além disso, foi realizada uma revisão das metodologias existentes e empregadas para este tipo de estudo, além de definidos a abrangência e os cenários deste trabalho. Dos cenários avaliados, o tendencial- moderado seria o mais provável de acontecer e se viabilizar. Este mostra que o uso do gás natural aumentará de 3.280 Mm3, em 2008, para 6.295 Mm3, em 2020, melhorando, assim, a distribuição de sua utilização nos diferentes setores analisados, não sendo utilizado majoritariamente no setor de geração elétrica, como ocorre na atualidade. Por outro lado, a maior penetração deste energético permitirá substituir combustíveis derivados do petróleo, como o óleo Diesel, óleo combustível, gasolina e GLP, e, consequentemente, reduzir as emissões de dióxido de carbono. Os resultados mostram a existência de reservas para um maior desenvolvimento do mercado interno do gás natural no curto e médio prazo, mas, no futuro, é necessário continuar avaliando as reservas e o uso do gás (incluindo a exportação), considerando a garantia de seu fornecimento no longo prazo, descobertas de reservas e novos projetos para sua utilização / Abstract: In recent years there have been several discussions and analysis on a greater use of natural gas in Peru. This was part of the agenda during the presidential debates in early 2011. During these debates, the importance of developing a domestic demand for natural gas rather than gas exports was the central theme of discussion. This thesis analyzes the alternative for the use of natural gas in sectors such as transportation, residential, commercial, large-sized industry and power generation in Peru. Moreover, it evaluates the impact of its penetration as a replacement for oil products and the possibility of production of electricity through cogeneration. For this, an analysis on the Peru's energy matrix was conducted. Also, the current reserves and infrastructure of the natural gas industry were shown and additionally as a tool for comparison were calculated energy indicators for sustainable development in the country. In addition, a review of existing and used methodologies for this type of study were performed, and the scope and scenarios of this work were defined. The moderate trend scenario would be more feasible and likely to occur in comparison to all the scenarios evaluated in this study. This scenario shows that the use of natural gas will increase from 3.280 Mm3 in 2008 to 6295 Mm3 in 2020, which will improve the distribution of it in the different sectors that were analyzed, and reduce its use in the power generation sector where natural gas is mainly being utilized as of today. The greater penetration of natural gas would reduce the use of oil products such as Diesel oil, residual oil, gasoline and LPG, and thereby reduce CO2 emissions. The results show the existence of reserves for further development in the domestic gas market in the short and medium term, but in the future it will be necessary to continue evaluating the reserves and consumption of the natural gas in order to guarantee its supply for the long term, the discovery of new reserves, and the development of new projects for its use / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

Orientador: Ennio Peres da Silva / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecânica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T23:54:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Pinto_CristianodaSilva_D.pdf: 3399884 bytes, checksum: 5b999382e246b0d2ebdb93de6389fb2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Diversas estratégias têm sido propostas para a introdução do hidrogênio na economia, especificamente no setor de transportes para se reduzir impactos ambientais em comparação com os combustíveis convencionais. Uma das estratégias implica na utilização de Hidrano (misturas de hidrogênio e Gás Natural Veicular), fazendo uso da infraestrutura de postos de GNV e dos veículos já existentes convertidos para uso de GNV. Dessa forma custos e prazos são reduzidos, tornando a introdução do hidrogênio mais promissora economicamente. Esta tese verifica se o hidrogênio pode ser imediatamente introduzido no mercado energético brasileiro através do Hidrano, com frações molares de hidrogênio de 10%, 20% e 30%. O hidrogênio será gerado através da eletrólise da água nos postos de GNV. Foram então determinados os custos do hidrogênio, os preços e a competitividade do Hidrano de forma a atender o perfil de vendas de um posto de porte médio nos Estados de São Paulo e Rio de Janeiro. O preço do Hidrano ao consumidor depende principalmente do preço de seu maior constituinte, o GNV, vendido na época a 1,308 R$/m3 no Estado de São Paulo e a 1,662 R$/m3 no Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O preço do Hidrano ao consumidor varia entre 1,474 R$/m3 e 2,047 R$/m3, dependendo de sua composição e da região. Em vista de sua competitividade em relação aos outros combustíveis automotivos, o Hidrano 10 apresenta bom potencial de introdução no mercado, inclusive do ponto de vista econômico. A competitividade entre os combustíveis no Estado de São Paulo é de 0,280 R$/km para a gasolina, 0,259 R$/km para o etanol, 0,111 R$/km para o GNV, 0,129 R$/km para o Hidrano 10 com tarifação do Grupo B3 e 0,125 R$/km para o Hidrano 10 com tarifação do Grupo A4 Convencional. No Estado do Rio de Janeiro a competitividade é de 0,300 R$/km para a gasolina, 0,311 R$/km para o etanol, 0,141 R$/km para o GNV, 0,161 R$/km para o Hidrano 10 com tarifação do Grupo B3 e 0,157 R$/km para o Hidrano 10 com tarifação do A4 Convencional. Também foram estimados os impactos dessa proposta em termos energéticos e ambientais. Há redução de emissões de CO2 e CO. As emissões de THC serão possivelmente reduzidas e as de NOx aumentadas. A proposta do Hidrano permite às concessionárias de energia elétrica entrarem no mercado de combustíveis veiculares e aumentar suas vendas. Ao mesmo tempo as concessionárias de gás natural terão reduzidas as vendas de GNV no curto prazo, o que deverá ser revertido no médio e longo prazos com os ganhos de rendimento trazidos pelo Hidrano aos veículos / Abstract: Several strategies have been proposed to introduce hydrogen in the economy specifically in the transport sector in order to reduce environmental impacts of conventional fuels. One of the strategies implies in adding hydrogen to compressed natural gas (HCNG), making use of the existing refueling stations and natural gas fleet. Thus the costs and time for the introduction of hydrogen in the economy will be reduced. This thesis verifies whether hydrogen can be immediately introduced into the Brazilian energy market by means of HCNG, containing mole fractions of 10%, 20% and 30% of hydrogen, employed as fuel for conventional vehicles adapted to CNG. Hydrogen will be generated by water electrolysis in the CNG station. Then the cost of hydrogen and the prices and competitiveness of HCNG were determined to meet the sales profile of a midsize gas station in the states of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro. The final price of HCNG depends mainly on the price of its major constituent, CNG, sold at that time for 1,308 R$/m3 in the State of São Paulo and for 1,662 R$/m3 in the State of Rio de Janeiro. The price of HCNG to the consumer varies between 1,474 R$/m3 e 2,047 R$/m3, depending on its composition and the region. In view of its competitiveness compared to other automotive fuels, HCNG 10 (CNG with 10% molar fraction of hydrogen) shows good potential for marketing. The competitiveness among fuels in the State of Sao Paulo is 0,280 R$/km for gasoline, 0,259 R$/km for ethanol, 0,111 R$/km for CNG, 0,129 R$/km for HCNG 10 with power tariff B3 and 0,125 R$/km for HCNG 10 with power tariff A4 Conventional. In the State of Rio de Janeiro the competitiveness is 0,300 R$/km for gasoline, 0,311 R$/km for ethanol, 0,141 R$/km for CNG, 0,161 R$/km for HCNG 10 with power tariff B3 and 0,157 R$/km for HCNG 10 with power tariff A4 Conventional. The energy and environmental impacts of this proposal were also estimated. There is a reduction of CO2 and CO emissions. THC emissions are likely to be reduced and NOx are likely to increase. The proposal of introducing HCNG allows electric utilities to enter the market for vehicular fuels and increase their sales. At the same time, natural gas utilities will have the sales of CNG reduced in the short term, although this trend may be reversed in the medium and long terms with performance gains brought by HCNG to vehicles / Doutorado / Planejamento de Sistemas Energeticos / Doutor em Planejamento de Sistemas Energéticos

"Grupo de peneiras moleculares micro e mesoporosas" / Orientadores: Heloise de Oliveira Pastore, Marco Andre Fraga / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-04T13:56:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Ruiz_JuanAlbertoChavez_D.pdf: 9318678 bytes, checksum: 0b11ace77679aab815eebe6b5abaed29 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005 / Doutorado / Quimica Inorganica / Doutor em Quimica

Air pollutants and greenhouse gases are two groups of important trace components in the earth’s atmosphere that can affect local air quality, be detrimental to the human health and ecosystem, and cause climate change. Human activities, especially the energy use and energy production processes, are responsible for a significant share of air pollutants and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere. In this work, I specifically focused on characterizing air pollutants and greenhouse gas emissions from the on-road gasoline and diesel vehicles, which is an important energy use process that largely contributes to the urban air pollutions, and from the natural gas production systems, which is a major energy production process that has increased dramatically in recent years and is expected to have a long-lasting impact in the future. We conducted multi-seasonal measurements in the Fort Pitt Tunnel in Pittsburgh, PA to update the on-road vehicle emission factors, to measure the size distribution of vehicle emitted particulate matter (PM), and to quantify the volatility distributions of the vehicle emitter primary organic aerosol (POA). We also conducted mobile measurements in the Denver-Julesburg Basin, the Uintah Basin, and the Marcellus Shale to quantify facility-level VOC emission from natural gas production facilities, and I constructed a gridded (0.1° × 0.1°) methane emission inventory of natural gas production and distribution over the contiguous US. I found that the stricter emission standards were effective on regulating NOx and PM emissions of diesel vehicles and the NOx, CO and organic carbon (OC) emissions of gasoline vehicles, while the elemental carbon (EC) emissions of gasoline vehicles did not change too much over the past three decades. Vehicle-emitted particles may be largely externally mixed, and a large fraction of vehicle-emitted particles may be purely composed of volatile component. Vehicle-emitted smaller particles (10– 60 nm) are dominantly (over 75%) composed of volatile component. The size-resolved particles and particles emission factors for both gasoline and diesel vehicles are also reported in this work. I also found that the POA volatility distribution measured in the dynamometer studies can be applied to describe gas-particle partitioning of ambient POA emissions. The POA volatility distribution measured in the tunnel does not have significant diurnal or seasonal variations, which indicate that a single volatility distribution is adequate to describe the gas-particle partitioning of vehicle emitted POA in the urban environment. The facility-level VOC emission rates measured at gas production facilities in all three gas production fields are highly variable and cross a range of ~2-3 order of magnitudes. It suggests that a single VOC emission profile may not be able to characterize VOC emissions from all natural gas production facilities. My gridded methane emission inventory over the contiguous US show higher methane emissions over major natural gas production fields compared with the Environmental Protection Agency Inventory of US Greenhouse Gas Emission and Sinks (EPA GHGI) and the Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research, version 4.2 (Edgar v4.2). The total methane emissions of the natural gas production and distribution sector estimated by my inventory are 74% and 20% higher than the Edgar v4.2 and EPA GHGI, respectively. I also run the GEOS-Chem methane simulation with my inventory and EPA GHGI and compare with the GOSAT satellite data, and results show that my inventory can improve the model and satellite comparison, but the improvement is very limited. The size-resolved emission factors of vehicle emitted particles and POA volatility distribution reported in this work can be applied by the chemical transport models to better quantify the contribution of vehicle emissions to the PM in the atmosphere. Since our measurement of VOC emissions of natural gas production facilities were conducted before EPA started to regulate VOC emissions from the O&NG production facilities in 2016, the facility-level VOC emission rates reported in this work can serve as the basis for future studies to test the effectiveness of the regulatory policies. The spatially resolved methane emission inventory of natural gas production and distribution constructed in this work can be applied to update the current default methane emission inventory of GEOS-Chem, and the updated methane emission inventory can be used as a better a priori emission field for top-down studies that inversely estimate methane emissions from atmospheric methane observation.

The exploitation of natural resources lays the foundation for the economic and social development, but also is the root cause of various environmental issues. The study aims to analyze the process of natural resource exploitation, to optimize the extraction and utilization processes, maximizing their economic and social values while reducing the accompanied negative environmental impacts. This dissertation focuses on the impacts of exploitation of mineral and hydrocarbon resources in emerging countries on global warming effect, economy and society. Chapter 2 of the dissertation analyzes the life cycle GHG emissions associated with iron ore mining and processing in China. With rapid economic development and nationwide urbanization, the iron ore demand grows while the ore grade declines significantly, leading to the increasing GHG emissions from iron ore production. Results of the research show that the mean life-cycle GHG emissions for Chinese iron ore production are 270 kg CO2e/tonne, with a 90% confidence interval of 210 to 380 kg CO2e/tonne. The two largest contributors to overall GHG emissions are agglomeration (60%) and ore processing (23%). Iron content (ore grade) varies from 15% to 60% and is the largest contributor (40%) to the uncertainty of the results. Chapter 3 explores the impact of China’s outsourcing of iron resources on the global warming effect. This chapter applies the same life cycle assessment framework of Chinese iron ore in Chapter 2 to Australian and Brazilian ore production, and compares the LCA results of Australian and Brazilian ore to Chinese iron ore. Results show that among the three iron ore sources, Australian iron ore is the optimal choice for reducing GHG emissions. The mean life cycle GHG emissions of Australian iron ore fines is 60% less than that of Chinese iron ore fines (42 kg CO2e/tonne versus 110 kg CO2e/tonne). There is no significant difference between the imported iron ores sourced from Brazil versus the China’s domestic supplied iron ores, but if Chinese ore grade falls below 20% in the future, Brazilian iron ores would be preferred. The largest source of GHG emissions for Australian and Brazilian iron ores comes from ocean shipping (accounts for 58% and 75% of the overall GHG emissions respectively). Chapter 4 studies the impacts of the exploitation of pre-salt natural gas in Brazil. Natural gas production and its associated downstream industries are currently underdeveloped in Brazil, while the on-going exploitation of deep-sea pre-salt reservoir would potentially change the current situation. This study analyzes the impacts of the increasing pre-salt gas production and potential natural gas use pathways in downstream industries. Results reveal that GHG emissions associated with pre-salt gas production vary according to the stage of reservoir exploitation. At the early stage, the estimate of GHG emissions is 5.4 (90%CI: 4.5~6.4) gCO2e/MJ, and the value becomes 7.1 (90% CI: 6.3~8.0) gCO2e/MJ for the intermediate stage. All six natural gas use pathways analyzed in the study emit less GHG on average than their current corresponding incumbent pathways. The mean GHG emissions reduction from natural gas use for power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production, as the reducing agent for steel making, ethylene-based polymer production, heavy-duty vehicle fueling are estimated to be 0.83, 2.3, 0.38, 35, 2.6 and 0.078 million tonnes CO2 equivalent per year, respectively. The specific economic profits of the six pathways are affected by the prices of natural gas and traditional fuel. Under current fuel prices, the net annual profits for the six pathways are -270, 87, 92, 1700, 190 and -1500 million dollars, respectively. The job creation potential from the pathways of power generation, nitrogen fertilizer production, methanol production and as reducing agent for steel production are estimated to be 28, 17, 5 and 36 thousand, respectively.

Capital investment in natural resource extraction has fuelled an unprecedented rush to secure hydrocarbon and mining concessions and contracts throughout the Andes-Amazon-Chaco region leading to increased tensions and conflict with lowland indigenous groups residing in the areas that contain subsoil resources. This thesis explores resource extraction and conflict through an ethnography of state-society interactions over proposed hydrocarbon extraction in Bolivia. It asks, how does a “post-neoliberal state” combine commitments to indigenous people, the environment and the redistributive development of natural resource wealth, and how do social movements and other actors respond? In answering this question, the thesis examines how hydrocarbon expansion has affected the country’s most important gas producing region (the Department of Tarija), indigenous Guaraní society and indigenous Weenhayek society, both in their internal relationships and in their historically uneasy negotiations with the central state. By paying particular attention to the Guaraní and Weenhayek it also asks how far a national “government of social movements” has favoured or not the concerns and political projects of indigenous groups that are generally not well represented in the social movements that undergird this new state. In this vein, this research seeks to shed light on a series of contradictions and incongruities that characterise extractive-led economies with an end to contributing to debates about the possibility of combining more socially and environmentally sound modes of production, new forms of democracy, self governance and popular participation.

In the recent years, the shale gas discourse has become central to discussions about future energy supply in South Africa. In particular, the Permian black shales of the Lower Ecca Group formations in the Karoo Basin are considered potential source rocks for shale gas. The research presented in this thesis advances the understanding of the shale gas potential of mainly the Prince Albert, Whitehill and Tierberg/Collingham Formations. These shale sequences were sampled from eight deep boreholes spread across the main Karoo Basin and geochemically analysed at the GFZ - Helmholtz Centre Potsdam, Germany. Three key questions guided the study, these are: (i) what is the lithology of the sequence; (ii) where in the basin do the shale sequences attain maximum thickness at optimum depth i.e. beneath 1000-1500m; and (iii) and their shale characteristics. To evaluate these, borehole core logging, petrology and organic geochemistry were used extensively. Petrology involved the use of thin section, scanned electron and transmission electron microscopy for mineralogy as well as the identification of sedimentary features, organic matter and nano-scale porosity. These were coupled with standard organic geochemistry techniques such as Rock Eval. analysis, open pyrolysis gas chromatography and thermovaporisation to quantify the free gas, total organic carbon (TOC), present-day gas generative potential and kerogen type. The results show that the Whitehill Formation, away from the CFB and not intruded by dolerite, has the most potential for shale gas. Microscopic studies of this pyritic black shale reveal the occurrence of porous amorphous matter, indicating thermal maturity within the gas generation zone (i.e. > 1.1 percent Ro, 120ºC). The TOC content is consistently high within the Whitehill (exceeding industry requirement of 2 percent), attaining maximum of 7.3 percent. The highest yields of free and desorbed gas, especially methane, were emitted within this formation (S1 and nC1 peaks); mostly within its dolomitic units. In addition, dissolution porosity within dolomite units of the Whitehill Formation was identified as the predominant type of porosity. Thus, it is deduced that the dolomitic units of Whitehill Formation potentially contain the greatest volumes of free gas. HI values attain maximum of 25 mg HC/g TOC, whereas the OI values 26 mg CO2/g TOC. Such low HI and OI values are typically attributed to the dominance of Type IV kerogen, and consistent with overmaturity. Open pyrolysis (GC) show the main the chemical compound of the organic matter to be m-p-xylene, consistent with a mix of Type III, Type I/II and Type IV kerogen. Lithologically, the Whitehill Formation is composed of ~ 35 quartz, 13 percent feldspar, 26 percent illite and ~ 23 percent dolomite with variable amounts of pyrite. The dominance of quartz is directly proportional to the brittleness of the rock. Thus it can be deduced that the Whitehill Formation is relatively brittle and therefore fraccable. Burial trends indicate increasing depth (from ground level) to the top of the Whitehill Formation towards the south and south-eastern portion of the basin. It is in the southern region where thicknesses of this black shale exceeding 50m occur at depths more than 1500m; 1000m beneath fresh water aquifers. It therefore concluded that Whitehill Formation in the southern portion of Karoo Basin, but away from the thermo-tectonic overprint of the Cape Orogeny, is the most probable shale gas reservoir in South Africa.

Diploma thesis focuses on energy security of EU with special attention paid to oil and natural gas and their perspectives. Specifics of these resources are discussed as well as countries with biggest proven reserves. Further on it analyses present and projected transport infrastructure for oil and natural gas. Primary energy mix is discussed with detailed sections on both resources and their specifics in EU. Recommendations for diversification both in suppliers and sources are made in the final section.

The European Union is becoming increasingly dependent on energy imports. Especially oil and natural gas imports are rising as their production in Europe declines. The most important energy partner of the EU is Russia, which delivers the biggest volumes of oil and natural gas to european countries. The highest rate of energy dependency on Russia can be observed in eastern and central Europe, where diverzification of energy supplies is one of key issues. It is necessary to reduce the energy dependency on russian gas, but at the same time, it is important to build a stable partnership with Russia, which is striving to become a leader at the global energy market, where demand for fossil fuels is rapidly rising. Apart from searching alternative suppliers to russian natural gas in order to achieve higher energy independence, an important role could play alternative energy sources, energy savings or rebirth of nuclear energy.

Diploma thesis describes situation of Russian federation as an energy power. It is concerned with relationships of EU and Russia, especially with the distribution of russian energy resources to Europe. It describes projected gas pipelines, which do not cross the territory of Ukraine. Thesis analyses European union dependence on energy supplies (especially gas supplies) from Russia and is concerned with the question of Energy security. In the thesis there are introduced both relationships of Russia and EU (one subchapter is devoted also to relationships of Russia and Czech republic) and relationships of Russia and China -- rising and rapidly growing economy which needs a lot of energy resources to its growth, therefore China increases its energy demand and turns its interest to Russia. The main contribution of the thesis is conducted analysis of the situation of Russia as energy power and analysis of russian relationships with Europe (and china) and mentioned solutions of EU-Russia dependence on gas supplies.