As the first major study of the portrait artist Bernard Fleetwood-Walker (1893-1965), this thesis locates the artist in his social, political and economic context, arguing that his portraiture can be seen as an exemplar of modernity. The portraits are shown to be responses to modern life, revealed not in formally avant-garde depictions, but in the subject-matter. Industrial growth, the increasing population, expanding suburbs, and a renewed interest in the outdoor life and popular entertainment are reflected in Fleetwood-Walker’s artistic output. The role played by exhibition culture in the creation of the portraits is analysed: developing retail theory affected gallery design and exhibition layout and in turn impacted on the size, subject matter and style of Fleetwood-Walker’s portraits. Emerging, and soon dominant, tabloid newspapers shaped content and language to attract readers, influencing the articulation of the reception of the artist’s work. This thesis also makes a contribution to the regional perspective, demonstrating the temporary co-existence of multiple, heterogeneous, modern art worlds. Throughout the thesis the relevance of economic factors is emphasised, reappraising the Marxist theory of modern art and concluding that a more complex economic description is required to provide a sensitive and insightful analysis of art history.

Bagpipes and pipers, as cultural identifiers, are embedded within their national culture, charged with symbolisms. British authors have often viewed bagpipes as cultural icons, endowing them with connotations from devilish to virtuous, from rural to military. By analysing literary and artistic references one can perceive how the attitude towards the bagpipe changes with the evolution of Britain’s internal dynamics. Jacobitism contributed in casting a particular light on the bagpipe: it was the ‘voice of the rebellion’. In Scotland this constituted a reason for national pride, while in England the ‘common denominator’ of the Scot-enemy charged the bagpipe with the worst connotations. After Jacobitism stopped being seen as a threat, authors and artists came to view the bagpipe in a different light: the once negative icon was now imbued with ancestral values. The Scot – and the bagpipe by synecdoche – was romanticised: as James Boswell wrote, “The very Highland names, or the sound of a bagpipe, will stir my blood, and fill me with [...] a crowd of sensations with which sober rationality has nothing to do” (1785). The words of many Romantic authors contributed in characterising the instrument, endowing it with implications the influence of which is still relevant today.

Ce manuscrit est divisé en trois parties distinctes. les deux<br />premières parties sont axées sur l'étude de quelques mécanismes<br />intrinsèques de l'effet Hall anormal. Nous montrons notamment que la<br />diffusion des porteurs de charge par des impuretés ou des défauts<br />donne une contribution intrinsèque non négligeable à l'effet Hall<br />anormal. Nous proposons ensuite une expérience, basée sur un réseau de<br />nanocylindres magnétiques, placé au dessus d'un gaz d'électrons<br />bidimensionnel, dans laquelle les contributions intrinsèques de<br />l'effet Hall anormal sont clairement identifiables et contrôlables.<br />Enfin, nous abordons le problème du mécanisme de chiralité de spin<br />proposé pour expliquer l'effet Hall dans le composé pyrochlore<br />Nd$_2$Mo$_2$O$_7$. En utilisant un modèle de gaz sur réseau ainsi<br />qu'une configuration magnétique non colinéaire (chirale), nous<br />montrons que la conductivité transverse a une dépendance complexe par<br />rapport à la chiralité de spin.<br /><br />La dernière partie de ce manuscrit est dédiée à l'étude de quelques<br />propriétés des gaz d'électrons soumis à un champ magnétique<br />inhomogène. Après un bref rappel sur la dynamique d'électron en<br />présence d'un gradient de champ magnétique constant, nous abordons le<br />problème d'un champ magnétique périodique spatialement. En calculant<br />quelques états de Bloch aux points de haute symétrie, nous montrons qu'il<br />existe des états pour lesquels les électrons sont localisés au<br />voisinage des lignes de champ nul. Le calcul des courants de<br />probabilité montre que ces états sont porteurs de courants permanents<br />dont l'origine est liée aux inhomogénéités du champ magnétique au<br />voisinages des lignes de champ nul.

L'objectif principal de cette thèse est l'étude de l'impact des variations de la mousson sud-est asiatique sur l'enregistrement sédimentaire en mer de Chine du Sud (MCS) au cours des 2 derniers Ma. La fraction terrigène de 3 sites ODP (Leg 184, sites 1144, 1145 et 1146) localisés dans la partie nord de la MCS, a servi de base à une approche pluridisciplinaire alliant sédimentologie, minéralogie et géochimie. L'utilisation combinée de la diffraction des rayons X et de la géochimie isotopique (systèmes Rb/Sr et Sm/Nd) a permis d'identifier les sources du sédiment. Le matériel fin (<2µm), provient majoritairement de la rivière des Perles avec toutefois, lorsque l'intensité de la mousson d'été augmente (cycles de 23ka), des apports importants de smectite se faisant depuis l'arc volcanique de Luzon (3 à 15% de la fraction <2µm). L'étude granulométrique a permis de caractériser la dynamique sédimentaire en individualisant 3 populations granulométriques évoluant différemment au cours du temps et en montrant des augmentations de tailles de grains nettes lors des épisodes glaciaires. Ces variations sont attribuées au remaniement de la plate-forme lors des changements du niveau marin, remettant en question les précédentes hypothèses associant ces variations à des apports éoliens plus important lors de l'augmentation de la mousson d'hiver. Au cours des 2 derniers Ma, l'intensité de la mousson d'été présente trois grandes phases de variations : 2-1,2 Ma : oscillation de faible amplitude en relation avec l'insolation aux hautes latitudes (41ka). 1,2-0,9 Ma : intensification liée au ralentissement de la circulation océanique mondiale et à la fermeture des seuils indonésiens. 0,9-0 Ma : diminution progressive associée au refroidissement global.

Le présent travail regroupe un ensemble de quatre parties distinctes, qui ont pour point commun l'analyse géochimique. La première partie présente, sous la forme d'un recueil d'articles, la méthode de dilution isotopique et ses applications. En particulier, il y est traité de la théorie de la dilution isotopique, avec le détail des calculs impliqués, des avantages de cette méthode "absolue" sur les mesures comparatives, et de la puissance de la combinaison séparation chimique – dilution isotopique pour le dosage très précis des éléments en trace dans les échantillons géologiques. La seconde partie est consacrée à la séparation chimique des Lanthanides et du Hf en vue des analyses isotopiques des deux systèmes élément radioactif – élément radiogénique Sm-Nd et Lu-Hf. Trois méthodes nouvelles de séparations sont décrites et comparées. Les protocoles analytiques utilisés dans le cas de mesures par MC-ICP-MS sont détaillés, et les différents pièges analytiques rencontrés ont été clairement identifiés, et une solution a été proposée à chaque fois. La troisième partie décrit et caractérise divers dispositifs d'introduction de l'échantillon pour les appareils à source plasma, essentiellement axés sur la désolvatation cryogénique et l'introduction à micro-débit, et montre un exemple d'application avec un appareil MC-ICP-MS. La quatrième et dernière partie présente quelques unes des données géochronologiques Sm-Nd et Lu-Hf obtenues sur différents environnement métamorphiques de haut grade (granulites hercynienne en xénolites du Maroc, granulites hercynienne d'Europe Centrale (Autriche, Pologne), et éclogites de la zone de Sesia (Alpes)). Nous y montrons que la géochronologie comparée fait face, dans le cas des roches crustales, à une complexité du comportement des géochronomètres beaucoup plus importante que ce qui est généralement admis.

Global climate is controlled by two factors, the amount of heat energy received from the sun (solar insolation) and the way that heat is distributed Earth's surface. Solar insolation varies on timescales of 10s to 100s of thousands of years due to changes in the path of Earth's orbit about the sun (Milankovitch cycles). Earth's internal boundary conditions, such as paleogeography, the presence/absence of polar icecaps, atmospheric/oceanic chemistry and sea level, provide distribution and feedback mechanisms for the incoming heat. Variations in these internal boundary conditions may happen abruptly or, as in the case of plate tectonics, take millions of years. We use geochemical and sedimentological techniques to investigate the response of ocean chemistry, regional aridity and atmospheric and oceanic circulation patterns to climate change during both greenhouse and icehouse climates. To explore the connection between orbitally-forced changes in solar insolation, continental aridity and wind, we generated a high-resolution dust record for ~58 Myr old deep-sea sediments from Shatsky Rise. Our data provide the first evidence of a correlation between dust flux to the deep sea and orbital cycles during the Early Paleogene, indicating dust supply (regional aridity) responded to orbital forcing during the last major interval of greenhouse climate. The change in dust flux was comparable to that during icehouse climates implying subtle variations in solar insolation have a similar impact on climate during intervals of over-all warmth as they do during glacial-interglacial states. The Carboniferous Period (359-299 Ma) marks a critical time in Earth's history when a series of tectonic and biological events caused a shift in the mean climate state from a global "greenhouse" to an "icehouse". Geochemical records extracted from sedimentary rocks deposited in shallow epicontinental seaways are increasingly being used to infer relationships between tectonism, carbon cycling and climate and therefore are assumed to reflect global ocean processes. We analyzed radiogenic isotopes in biogenic apatite along a North American transect to constrain the degree of geochemical coupling between the epicontinental seas and the open ocean. Our results argue strongly for decoupling of North American seaways from the open ocean by latest Mississippian time.

Submitted by ANDREA MARCIA SANT'ANA null (deia01.santana@gmail.com) on 2016-03-24T19:32:58Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tese final.pdf: 1716877 bytes, checksum: 1a040d34d104ca71515b94bcc17ea749 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Paula Grisoto (grisotoana@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2016-03-24T20:36:53Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_am_dr_mar.pdf: 1716877 bytes, checksum: 1a040d34d104ca71515b94bcc17ea749 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-03-24T20:36:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 santana_am_dr_mar.pdf: 1716877 bytes, checksum: 1a040d34d104ca71515b94bcc17ea749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-02-29 / O objetivo desta tese é reconstituir o debate sobre Ensino Médio veiculado na Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos (RBEP), no período de 1962 a 1972, identificando as finalidades atribuídas a esse nível de ensino de ensino e o lugar assumido por ele nas políticas públicas. A Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos (RBEP) se mostrou fonte riquíssima por apresentar, em suas publicações, debates sobre as políticas educacionais direcionadas ao Ensino Médio, questões relativas ao funcionamento das escolas e sua administração, formação de professores, currículo, metodologia, articulação do Ensino Médio com o Ensino Primário e Ensino Superior. Também estavam presentes: debates em torno das relações entre educação e planejamento, educação e trabalho, educação e desenvolvimento econômico, educação e mobilidade social. Após treze anos de debates, no Congresso Nacional, o Brasil promulga sua primeira Lei de Diretrizes e Bases para a educação, sob um regime democrático (a lei entra em vigor em 1962). Para o Ensino Médio, a nova lei propunha maior flexibilidade dos currículos e articulação dos diversos graus e ramos de ensino, além de maior autonomia para os estados organizarem os seus sistemas de ensino. Os intelectuais que escreveram na RBEP, sobretudo aqueles ligados ao INEP, mostraram uma preocupação em organizar e planejar um sistema de ensino que tinha como objetivo maior permitir que todos tivessem acesso à educação. Ao problematizarem a educação foram de certa forma interpretes da massa. Com relação ao Ensino Médio ao mesmo tempo que defenderam o fim do modelo dualista, debateram sobre como conciliar as três principais finalidades do grau médio: formativa, profissionalizante e preparatória. Com o golpe militar em 1964 e a instauração da ditadura, as políticas educacionais para o ensino básico sofrem modificações que se consolidam com a promulgação da Constituição de 1967 e da Lei Federal 5.692/71; que implantou o ensino de 1º e 2º graus. Essa reestruturação trouxe modificações no funcionamento das escolas e na organização didática pedagógica do Ensino Básico brasileiro. Ao sabor da descontinuidade e arbitrariedade das políticas públicas, o ensino de grau médio não conseguiu eficazmente cumprir suas finalidades essenciais de: formar, profissionalizar e preparar para o nível superior. / This thesis aims at reconstituting the debate about Ensino Médio (High School level education) that took place between 1962 and 1972 and which was published in the Brazilian Magazine of Pedagogical Studies (Revista Brasileira de Estudos Pedagógicos - RBEP). It did so by identifying both the goals assigned to that level of education and the place it was given in public policies. The Brazilian Journal of Pedagogical Studies (RBEP) showed to be a prolific source because its issues present debates about the educational policies regarding Ensino Médio, questions about the functioning and administration of schools, teacher training, curricula, methodology, and the coordination between Ensino Médio (High school), Ensino Primário (Elementary and Middle school) and Higher Education. The journal also featured: debates around the relationships between education and planning, education and work, education and economic development, education and social mobility. After 13 years of debates, Brazil passes its first Lei de Diretrizes e Bases (Guidelines and Foundations Act) for education under a democratic regime (the act came into effect in 1962). For Ensino Médio, the new law proposed more flexibility of curricula and coordination between the many levels and branches of education, as well as more autonomy for the states to organize their educational systems. The intellectuals who wrote in RBEP, especially those related to INEP showed a concern to organize and plan an education system that had the most objective to allow everyone to have access to education. To problematize education were somewhat interpreters mass. Regarding the high school at the same time defended the end of the two-tier model, debated how to reconcile the three main medium degree purposes: training, vocational and preparatory. With the military coup in 1964 and the implementation of the dictatorial regime, the educational policies for basic education underwent changes due to the enactment of the 1967 Constitution and of Federal Law 5.692/71, which implemented “1º e 2º graus” (Elementary, Middle and High School). This restructuring brought about changes in the functioning of schools and in the didactic and pedagogical organization of Brazil’s Basic Education. Dictated by the arbitrariness and the lack of continuity of public policies, High School level education did not succeed at attaining its essential goals of educating, professionalizing and preparing individuals for higher education.

La lithosphère continentale est physiquement et chimiquement segmentée. La cartographie des isotopes radiogéniques de roches plutoniques acides, représentatives de la croûte continentale, et de laves basiques, représentatives du manteau, possède des similarités avec la cartographie sismique de la lithosphère sous-jacente. Ces similitudes permettent d’interpréter les observations sismiques en étudiant leurs caractéristiques chimiques et leur âge. Les isotopes du plomb permettent de dater et d’identifier l’empilement de segments crustaux qui forment la croûte. L’écart des âges modèles du plomb avec d’autres systèmes identifie le recyclage crustal et le réchauffement de la croûte au dessus de la température du système plomb-plomb. Le système plomb-plomb donne également accès au sous-étudié rapport Th/U qui contraint la profondeur de la source des roches continentales. Certains échantillons de l’ouest U.S.A. proviennent de la croute inférieure, et se sont formés par l’extension crustale ou par un flux de matériel au sein de la croûte. Les isotopes du néodyme et de l’hafnium marquent la fusion du manteau lithosphérique enrichis sous le Colorado Plateau, une région où est observée le détachement du manteau lithosphérique sub-continental. Ce manteau fond par décompression adiabatique, par extension localisée ou remontée asthénosphérique engendrée par la convection locale. Au final, l’association des systèmes isotopiques du plomb, du néodyme, et de l’hafnium avec la sismologie est une approche puissante pour étudier la formation et la déformation de la lithosphère continentale. / Continental lithosphere is physically and chemically segmented. The mapping at a continent size scale of radiogenic isotopes from plutonic acid rocks, sampling the continental crust, and from mafic lavas, sampling the mantle, has similarities with the seismic mapping of the underlying lithosphere. These similarities allow to interpret the seismic observations by studying their chemical characteristics and age. Lead isotopes are used to date and identify the stacking of crustal segments that form the crust. The deviation of Lead model ages with other system is used to identify crustal recycling and the heating of the crust above the Lead-Lead system closing temperature. The Lead-Lead system also give access to the under-studied Th/U ratio that constrains the depth of the continental rock sources. Somes samples from the Western U.S. are coming from the lower crust, formed by crustal extension or crustal flowing within the crust. Neodymium and Hafnium isotopes identify the fusion of an enriched lithospheric mantle under the Colorado Plateau, a place where lithospheric delamination has been observed. This mantle melts by adiabatic decompression due to localized expansion or asthenospheric upwelling caused by secondary convection. At the end, the merging of Lead, Neodymium, and Hafnium isotopic systems with seismology is a powerful tool to study the formation and deformation of the continental lithosphere.

Cette étude vise à caractériser des fragments clés d’une interface de subduction fossile affleurant dans la Ceinture Métamorphique du Sud-Tianshan (Chine). Nous étudions les processus de subduction au travers de la profondeur critique de ~80 km, au-delà de laquelle la géophysique et les modèles prévoient un changement du couplage mécanique, et les roches océaniques ne sont normalement pas exhumées. Ce travail s’intéresse au Complexe Métamorphique Akeyazi (AMC), un épais empilement de roches métavolcanoclastiques enveloppant des écailles éclogitiques, exposé sur ~30 km dans la vallée de Kebuerte, et préservant de nombreuses reliques de coésites. L’étude structurale révèle que l’AMC est un dôme métamorphique consistant de plusieurs nappes cohérentes d’ampleur kilométrique avec des histoire P-T-t-d distinctes. 4 unités sur 6, i.e. UH (2.75 GPa/480-560°C), EB (2.1/505), MU (1.45/485) et GT (>0.7-1.0/470-520) ont été subduites à des profondeurs de ~85, 65, 45 et 30 km respectivement. La déformation rétrograde des unités, liée à leur exhumation, est caractérisée par des bandes de cisaillement top vers le Nord au faciès schiste bleu. Le pic d’enfouissement de ces unités a eu lieu à 320±1, 332±2, 359±2 et 280-310 Ma pour les unités UH, EB, MU et schiste vert, indiquant plusieurs courts épisodes de détachement de matériel de la plaque plongeante. L’évolution tectono-métamorphique de ~12 à 5-7°C/km au cours du temps peut refléter le refroidissement progressif de la subduction. La juxtaposition et l’exhumation à 1-3 mm/an de ces 4 unités à des profondeurs crustales a eu lieu autour de 290-300 Ma. / This study attempts to characterize key fossil fragments of material equilibrated along subduction plate boundary, now exposed in Chinese SW-Tianshan Metamorphic Belt (STMB). We herein elucidate some subduction zone processes across a critical depth range of ~80km, beyond which geophysicist and modeler infer a change in mechanical coupling and oceanic rocks are usually not recovered. It focuses on an unusually thick pile of HP/UHP metavolcanoclastics, wrapping eclogite slices and preserving pervasive coesite relics, along a ~30km-long transect across the Akeyazi metamorphic complex (AMC) in the Kebuerte valley. Structural studies reveal the current geometry of the AMC is a metamorphic dome with evidence of internal nappe stacking and should be subdivided into several coherent, km-scale tectonic units with distinct P-T-time-deformation histories. At least 4 of 6 sub-units identified here, i.e., the UH (2.75 GPa/480-560°C), EB (2.1/505), MU (1.45/485) and GT units (>0.7-1.0/470-520) were subducted and buried to depths of ~85, 65, 45 and 30 km respectively. Deformation following EC/BS-EC peak burial is marked by pervasive BS facies exhumation-related shear senses with a top to North component. Radiometric constraints yield peak burial ages of 320±1, 332±2, 359±2 and 280-310 Ma, respectively, for the UH, EB, MU and GS facies units, indicating several short-lived detachment episodes of material from the downgoing plate. The tectono-metamorphic evolution from ~12 to 5-7°C/km with time may reflect progressive cooling of the subduction system. Juxtaposition & exhumation of those 4 units to mid-crustal depth, at rates on the order of 1-3 mm/yr, was accomplished around 290-300Ma.

Background: Standardized staging procedures and presentation of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients in multidisciplinary tumor boards (MDTB) before treatment and utilization of elective neck dissection (ND) are expected to improve the outcome, especially in local advanced LAOSCC (UICC stages III–IVB). As standardized diagnostics but also increased heterogeneity in treatment applied so far have not been demonstrated to improve outcome in LAOSCC, a retrospective study was initiated. Methods: As MDTB was introduced into clinical routine in 2007, 316 LAOSCC patients treated during 1991-2017 in our hospital were stratified into cohort 1 treated before (n=104) and cohort 2 since 2007 (n=212). Clinical characteristics, diagnostic procedures and treatment modality of patients were compared using Chi-square tests and outcome analyzed applying Kaplan-Meier plots and log-rank tests as well as Cox proportional hazard regression. Propensity scores (PS) were used to elucidate predictors for impaired distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) in PS-matched patients. Results: Most patient characteristics and treatment modalities applied showed insignificant alteration. Surgical treatment included significantly more often resection of the primary tumor plus neck dissection, tracheostomy and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy tube use. Cisplatin-based chemo-radiotherapy was the most frequent. Only insignificant improved disease- (DFS), progression- (PFS) and event-free (EFS) as well as tumor-specific (TSS) and overall survival (OS) were found after 2006 as local (LC) and locoregional control (LRC) were significantly improved but DMFS significantly impaired. Cox regression applied to PS-matched patients elucidated N3, belonging to cohort 2 and cisplatin-based chemo-radiotherapy as independent predictors for shortened DMFS. The along chemo-radiotherapy increased dexamethasone use in cohort 2 correlates with increased DM. Conclusions: Despite standardized diagnostic procedures, decision-making considering clear indications and improved therapy algorithms leading to improved LC and LRC, shortened DMFS hypothetically linked to increased dexamethasone use had a detrimental effect on TSS and OS.