This dissertation will present the four manuscripts I published or am ready to publish on the study of the pathophysiology of migraine headache. The first chapter will discuss the background of the current understanding of migraine pathophysiology. Chapter 2 is focused on studying how Transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 (TRPV4) might play a role in migraine headache. Chapter 3 is the study of a novel cell type: dural fibroblasts might also play an active role in migraine headache. Chapter 4 is discussing Norepinephrine's role in headache pathophysiology. Chapter 5 is studying the combined effect of Acid and ATP in the pathophysiology of migraine headache. The dissertation will end in a conclusion in Chapter 6.

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Šiame darbe pateikiami standartiniai modeliai bei priemonės, kurios plačiai taikomos ne gyvybės draudime. Vėliau, šių modelių bei priemonių pagalba atliekama žalų atėjimo momentų ir žalų dydžių statistinė analizė realiems ne gyvybės draudimo duomenims. Rezultatas – žalų skaičiaus procesą aprašantis Puasono proceso modelis su intensyvumo parametro pasikeitimu bei žalų dydžius apibūdinanti pasiskirstymo funkcija. Intensyvumo parametro pasikeitimo taškas rastas [2] darbe pateiktu algoritmu. / The subject of the research is statistical analysis of claim arrival times and claim sizes in non-life insurance. First, I present some standard models and tools of non-life insurance mathematics. Also, I introduce the statistical tools for analysing the claim number and size processes, such as QQ plots, Mean excess plots, etc. Second, the statistical analysis of claim arrival times and claim sizes for the 4 years real car insurance data are done. Results show that homogeneous Poisson process is a suitable model for the arrivals for shorter periods of time (such as one year). In addition, claim sizes data reveals heavy-tailedness and skewedness to the right. Finally, the change point problem in the rate parameter of the Poisson process was studied. The change point was detected using algorithm given in [2].

In the European Convention and the EU charter the principle ne bis in idem is provided, which implies that a person can not be tried or punished twice for the same offense. Since the European Convention was incorporated into Swedish law in 1995 the principles application has been discussed in tax law. Several cases have been examined by the European Court and the Supreme Court (HD) in order to determine whether dual punishment has occurred in the national rules concerning tax surcharge, tax crime and accounting fraud. The judicial trials have brought different assessments concerning the matter, which have resulted in a lack of clarity on the application of the principle in Swedish law. The thesis purpose is to clarify whether the principle ne bis in idem is applicable on the relationship between tax surcharge and tax crime, and the relationship between tax surcharge and accounting fraud. The authors' conclusion is that the principle ne bis in idem is applicable on the relationship between tax surcharge and tax crime because both sanctions are considered criminal in nature and concern the same crime, since they are based on substantially the same circumstances. Furthermore, the principle ne bis in idem is considered applicable on the relationship tax surcharge and accounting fraud, because both sanctions are criminal in nature and their circumstances have a connection, therefore they are considered as the same crime. / I Europakonventionen och EU:s stadga föreskrivs principen ne bis in idem som innebär att en person inte kan bli dömd eller straffad två gånger för samma gärning. Sedan Europakonventionen inkorporerades i svensk rätt år 1995 har principens tillämpningsområde på det skatterättsliga området blivit omdiskuterad. Flera fall har prövats av både Europadomstolen och Högsta Domstolen (HD), i strävan att avgöra huruvida dubbelbestraffning har förekommit vid tillämpning av de svenska skatterättsliga bestämmelserna om skattetillägg, skattebrott och bokföringsbrott. Rättsinstansernas prövningar har resulterat i olika bedömningar, varpå rättsläget för principens tillämpningsområde i svensk rätt anses oklart. Uppsatsens syfte är att klargöra om ne bis in idem är tillämplig på förhållandet mellan skattetillägg och skattebrott samt förhållandet mellan skattetillägg och bokföringsbrott. Författarnas slutsats är att principen ne bis in idem är tillämplig på förhållandet mellan skattetillägg och skattebrott för att båda sanktionerna skattetillägg och skattebrott har straffrättslig karaktär samt att sanktionerna vid en jämförelse av omständigheterna är väsentligen samma och därför avser samma brott. Avseende förhållandet mellan skattetillägg och bokföringsbrott, som prövas av HD för tillfället, är författarnas bedömning att båda sanktionerna har straffrättslig karaktär och baseras på samma omständigheter för att en anknytning mellan omständigheterna för sanktionerna föreligger och därför utgör de samma gärning. Principen ne bis in idem ska därför vara tillämplig även på förhållandet mellan skattetillägg och bokföringsbrott.

This thesis investigates the relationship between media and identities in contemporary Greece. Acknowledging the diversity of Greek society, the study follows the circulation of discourses about the nation and belonging and contrasts the articulation of identities at a local level with the discourses about the nation in the national media. Through a series of case studies I examine how people of Greek, Cypriot and Turkish origins living in Athens articulate their identities through everyday practices and media use. At the same time I investigate the television news discourse which is nationalized, largely projecting an essentialist representation of identity that does not reflect the complexity of the society it claims to describe. The study follows the shifts in peoples' discourses according to context and observes that it is in their encounters with the news media, compared to other contexts, that some of the informants express a more closed discourse about difference and belonging. This points to the power of the media, through a number of practices, to raise the boundaries for inclusion and exclusion in public life. Hence, while for the majority of the Greek speakers the news is a common point of reference, for the Turkish speakers it is often a reminder of their `second class citizenship' and exclusion from public life. Public discourse, much dominated by the media in the case of Greece, is a complex web of power relations, subject to constant negotiation. This is an interdisciplinary study that draws upon a number of theories and approaches by means' of a theoretical and methodological triangulation. The thesis aims to contribute primarily to two literatures, namely media and audience studies —particularly the developments towards a theory of mediation — and the literature that addresses the relationship between media and identity. In the light of the analysis of the empirical findings the study argues that neither of the hitherto dominant paradigms in theorising the relationship between media and identity (namely, strong media/weak identities and weak media/powerful identities) is adequate to describe what emerges as a multifaceted process. What is proposed is an approach that takes into account both a top-down and a bottom-up perspective. Media and identities should be understood in a dialectical fashion where neither is foregrounded from the start. The concepts of culture and the nation are understood through a historical perspective that recognises their constructedness and diversity. Identity is conceptualised as relational and performative rather than fixed and stable.

Multilingual theatre offers aesthetic and socio-political outlets for theatre-makers to interrogate linguistic conventions in performance as well as to challenge social identity constructions based on language. However, a polyglossic play text poses particular challenges to translators whose goal exceeds the literary exchange of words in one language for those in another. In performance, the semantic value of speaking in an "other" language is carried in language itself; this is a translation problem if the target culture does not understand the socio-political conditions that determine the value of a speaker's language choice. This subject is here addressed via an interrogation of the meaning of language itself. An analysis of code-switching theory, paired with an examination of post-colonial and theatrical translation theories, provide the necessary framework for an analysis of how Martin Kevan translated Ne blmez jamais les Bdouins in an effort which is sensitive to the cultural context of its performance.

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The private and public domains are usually regarded as a dichotomy: what is in one is not in the other. There can be many reasons for intrusions by the news media into the private lives of people. This thesis assesses the extent to which celebrity is a useful conduit for understanding why the media intrudes into people’s private lives and the extent to which celebrity affects any public interest justification for doing so. In essence: does celebrity make a difference in press intrusions into the private lives of others, or is it just one of many factors. The private lives of celebrities have been subject to invasion by the press for many years, while the conceptual definition of privacy has been fiercely debated by academics and lawyers. In 2011, as a direct consequence of the revelation that the News of the World had illegally accessed murder victim Milly Dowler’s voicemail during an active police investigation into her disappearance, the first part of the Leveson Inquiry was launched in order to examine the relationship between the British press and the public, the police and politicians. The significance of the Leveson Inquiry on public life and the media and political spheres means that an analysis of press intrusions into the private lives of both celebrities and those, like the Dowler family, who were unlucky enough to fall under scrutiny due to tragic events, is essential in understanding the relationship between celebrity, privacy and the press in twenty-first century England. This thesis utilises an observation study of the Leveson Inquiry public hearings from the Royal Courts of Justice, and the resulting evidence, to investigate the impact of celebrity on the nature and extent of press intrusion into the privacy of celebrities, and how it differs in the cases of noncelebrities who become of interest to the media. The thesis concludes that the element of celebrity has a major impact on press intrusion into the private lives of individuals regardless of their personal status, as ordinary individuals are targeted due to their proximity to a celebrity, or as a result of being caught up in extraordinary circumstances. However, social media platforms are threatening the role of the press in revealing private information about individuals to the general public, as both traditional celebrities and ‘internet micro-celebrities’ communicate directly with global audiences.

This study focuses on digital transition in the Chinese newspaper industry and on associated changes in management and business practice at newspaper publishers. Drawing on a case study analysis of two leading metropolitan newspaper companies – the Qianjiang News Chain and the Nandu News Chain, it sets out to investigate how newspaper publishers are adjusting their management strategies and production practices to adapt to technological changes and ensure their survival. It also examines to what extent the changes are in line with the relevant government policies. Looking specifically at electronic retailing and online marketing operated by the two publishers respectively, this dissertation will address three questions. How the strategic management of newspaper companies in China is changing to facilitate the operation of new businesses in the Internet era. How content production related to the new businesses is changing in response to digital transition and the integration of editorial and commercial activities. To what extent the altered practices of newspaper companies are either consistent or conflicting with the requirement of related government policies. Findings of the empirical analysis are in three aspects. Firstly, in order to facilitate the operation of new businesses, the strategic management of QNC and NNC are changing in three aspects: corporate expansion, organisational re-structuring and cultural adaption. Secondly, the production activities of QNC and NNC are simultaneously affected by the practices of digitisation and commercialisation, which is reflected by the special content products – promotional articles. Lastly, with the changes of organisational activities, the industry practices of QNC and NNC are consistent to the inclination of certain state policies on the one hand, and conflict with some established government regulations on the other. In summary, the practice of new business in QNC and NNC is the miniature of the transition in the Chinese newspaper industry, which inherits the features formed in the decade of evolvement. Meanwhile, as the two publishers are pioneers in the Chinese newspaper industry, their practices lead the trend of novel exploration in the future.