Demografisk udvikling peger i retning af en signifikant øgning i antallet af ældre og gamle mennesker. Dette skaber ifølge WHO en udfordring for regeringerne for at opstille en politik, der øger menneskers mulighed for at forblive aktive op i alderdommen. Opfattelsen er, at der bør være mere vægt på sundhedsfremme. Dette er en kvalitativ studie af, hvilken betydning naturen har for ældre (60+) menneskers oplevelse af velvære, og hvilket nærmiljø de foretrækker. Ved analyse af 12 semi-strukturerede interviews, viser fund, at naturens værdi er meget høj blandt informanterne, og at naturoplevelser medvirker til deres følelse af velvære. De opfatter deres nærmiljø som en del af naturen, og de foretrækker især deres have og terrasse. Et nyt fund i denne studie er, at informanterne specielt understreger lysets betydning for deres velvære. Perspektivet i studien er, at det bør overvejes at udnytte natur som en ressource i sundhedspolitik. / Demographic development points to a significant increase in elderly and old people, which according to WHO is creating challenges for governments to make policies, that increase the opportunities for people to stay active as they age. The point is that there should be more emphasis on health promotion. This is a qualitative study on what impact nature has on elderly (60+) peoples experience of well-being, and what kind of nearby environment they prefer. Analysing 12 semi-structured interviews, the findings are, that the value of nature is very high amongst the informants and that nature tributes to their well-being. To them, their nearby environment is part of nature, and they particularly prefer garden and terraces. New findings in this study are, that the informants emphasis especially how much nature’s light means to them. The perspectives of this study suggest that health policies consider nature as a resource in health promotion / <p>ISBN 91-7997-129-6</p>

Online dating and “People nearby applications” (PNA) has become more popular in today’s society. With PNA you can easily find people who are nearby you that you can socialize with and maybe even meet. In this paper we study the mobile application Badoo and explore how it is used for dating in clubs in Stockholm through observations that we participated in. We also had a group interview with five Badoo users about their usage of the application. It turned out that they mostly used Badoo during daytime to socialize with other people. Our observations in this study showed that Badoo is used by some people for dating when out in nightclubs but many people are more likely to use it when they are at home for other types of dates, such as meeting for sexual activities etc, at this time of the day.

<p>The study of ongoing mergers is vital to understanding how intense star bursts are triggered, and how luminous infrared galaxies and ultra luminous infrared galaxies are formed. The Antennae (NGC 4038/39), at a distance of only 24.9 Mpc, represents the nearest example of a major merger between two gas rich spirals and provides us with a unique laboratory for studying molecular gas and star formation. I have obtained two fully sampled observations of the Antennae using the Herschel SPIRE Fourier Transform Spectrometer which I have supplemented with JCMT CO J = 3 − 2 observations. I detect CO, CI and NII emission throughout both the overlap region and the nucleus of NGC 4038. I measured the integrated intensity of the CO J = 4−3 to 8−7 and find that the overlap region is brighter for all but the J = 4 − 3 line. I find that, in the nucleus of NGC 4038, the CO spectral line energy distribution peaks at the 4−3 transition, while in the overlap region it peaks at the 3−2 transition. I modelled the CO emission using the non-local thermal equilibrium radiative transfer code RADEX coupled with a Bayesian likelihood code. I find a warm (Tkin > 600K) lower density (nH2 ∼ 200cm−3) component of molecular gas in the nucleus of NGC 4038, and similarly in the overlap region (Tkin > 600 K, nH2 ∼ 300cm−3) and find widespread evidence for multiple components of molecular gas throughout the system. These warm components in both regions correspond to ~ 1% of the total molecular gas. I find no evidence of x-ray dominated regions, cosmic rays or turbulent heating being the primary source of heating throughout the galaxy, while photodissociation regions or supernova and stellar winds may be the primary source of heating throughout the galaxy.</p> / Master of Science (MSc)

This work examines the Method of Nearby Problems as a way to generate analytical exact solutions to problems governed by partial differential equations (PDEs). The method involves generating a numerical solution to the original problem of interest, curve fitting the solution, and generating source terms by operating the governing PDEs upon the curve fit. Adding these source terms to the right-hand-side of the governing PDEs defines the nearby problem. In addition to its use for generating exact solutions the MNP can be extended for use as an error estimator. The nearby problem can be solved numerically on the same grid as the original problem. The nearby problem discretization error is calculated as the difference between its numerical solution and exact solution (curve fit). This is an estimate of the discretization error in the original problem of interest. The accuracy of the curve fits is quite important to this work. A method of curve fitting that takes local least squares fits and combines them together with weighting functions is used. This results in a piecewise fit with continuity at interface boundaries. A one-dimensional Burgers' equation case shows this to be a better approach then global curve fits. Six two-dimensional cases are investigated including solutions to the time-varying Burgers' equation and to the 2D steady Euler equations. The results show that the Method of Nearby Problems can be used to create realistic, analytical exact solutions to problems governed by PDEs. The resulting discretization error estimates are also shown to be reasonable for several cases examined. / Master of Science

In my PHD work I explored the links between the physical properties of interstellar dust and other components of nearby spiral galaxies especially their stellar content. I worked on 46 disk galaxies from KINGFISH with IRAC/MIPS/PACS/SPIRE maps (3.6 - 500 microns). A bias is usually introduced in estimating disk orientations by using only a single surface brightness isophote. Thus I devised different surface brightness levels separated by constant steps in surface brightness and extracted isophotes at these levels in all FIR maps as well as in all IRAC 4.5 microns maps. To further assess the coherence of the shapes of isophotes across galactic disks, I built a quantitative indicator of the difference in shape between two ellipses with same center and same semi-major axis.I defined an acceptable level of difference between isophote shapes, by comparing disk orientations found in litterature. Using this level, I found regions inside the galactic disks where the isophotal shapes are similar. From these, I extracted one disk orientation per wavelength band. I found in the vast majority of the disk galaxy maps, be it dominated by stellar or dust emission, that a large fraction of the isophotes I extracted are coherent with the idea of an underlying disk. Comparing, for each galaxy, disk orientations extracted at all wavelengths, I found evidence in 20 galaxies out of 46, that on radial ranges as large as 1/3 of the visible disk (as measured by R25), the shapes of isophotes are morphologically similar. Thus for these 20 galaxies I devised consistent disk orientations both for the stellar and dust content. These 20 galaxies are less luminous, less emitting in the IR w.r.t. the optical, less barred, and characterized by later stage types than average. I also found that the disk orientations devised by my photometric method yield results more similar to H-alpha kinematic orientations than other photometric studies based on a single isophote level.Using the orientations I found and H-alpha dynamics disk orientations, I averaged azimuthally surface brightnesses to produce radial spectral energy distributions (SED) profiles. Once fitted with a cosmic dust emission model, they resulted in radial profiles of dust and stellar content properties. I found the dust intercepted power to be proportionnal to the product of the total dust mass and the average ISRF shining on dust. This former quantity is better correlated with the bolometric stellar luminosity than any of the dust mass or the dust heating ISRF separately. Thus the old stellar populations may be an important heating source for dust. The power intercepted by dust is also very well correlated with the total infrared power. The dust intercepts a larger quantity of power coming from stars in more actively star forming galaxies.Dust exhibit radial mass surface density profiles less well described by Sersic functions than stellar ones. When both profiles are well fitted by Sersic functions, stellar density profiles have smaller half mass radii than the isophotal optical radius (R25) separately in later type galaxies, but also in more quiescent galaxies. Sersic index and half mass radius distributions have larger widths for dust than for stellar surface density profiles.I also found that the ratio of dust over stellar surface density is an important factor to explain the variations with galactic morphological type of the ratio of dust intercepted power over the power emitted by old stellar populations. This later link could be intertwined with spiral structure strength in stage types later than 2.

Vers la fin des années 1990, l’utilisation des supernovae de type Ia (SNe Ia) comme indicateurs de distance a permis de mettre en évidence l’expansion accélérée de l’univers. Depuis lors, des campagnes d’observations de grandes envergures ont permis d’augmenter de façon significative le nombre de SNe Ia observées, mais les incertitudes systématiques liées à la qualité des échantillons de SNe Ia proches restent un facteur limitant sur la précision des mesures actuelles. C’est dans le but de réduire ces incertitudes que le projet the Nearby Supernova Factory (SNfactory), à l’aide d’un instrument spectro-photométrique dédié à l’observation des SNe Ia (the Supernova Integral Field Spectrograph), a collecté depuis 2004 plus de 3000 spectres de près de 200 SNe Ia proches. Une des limitations actuelles de leur utilisation, outre les aspects liés aux problèmes d’inter-calibration entre les différentes expériences, est celle du mélange des différentes composantes de leurs variabilités lors de la standardisation empirique de leur module de distance. Une meilleure séparation de ces composantes, ainsi que la découverte de nouveaux indicateurs de distance, font partie des améliorations que peut apporter un échantillon spectral de SNe Ia proches tel que celui de la collaboration SNfactory. Cette thèse de doctorat, effectuée à l’Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon et au Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, s’inscrit directement dans cette problématique, en se concentrant sur la mesure d’indicateurs spectraux sur l’échantillon spectral de la collaboration Snfactory. Le plan de cette thèse est le suivant : La première partie présente le contexte scientifique ainsi que l’échantillon de SNe Ia de la collaboration SNfactory utilisé dans les analyses. La deuxième partie se concentre sur la méthode de mesure d’indicateurs spectraux appliquée à l’échantillon spectrale présenté, ainsi que sur une étude de leur sensibilité à l’extinction par le milieu interstellaire. La troisième partie est une étude des corrélations des indicateurs spectraux et de leur utilisation pour la standardisation des Sne Ia. Dans la dernière partie, une utilisation de ces indicateurs spectraux pour la détermination d’une loi d’extinction moyenne est présentée / One of the current limitations of type Ia supernovae used as distance indicators is themixing of their different sources of variabilitiy during the empirical standardization of their distance modulus. Using the nearby SNe Ia spectral sample observed by the Nearby Supernovae Collaboration with the instrument SNIFS (Supernovae Intergral Field Sperctrograph), this thesis mainly focuses on this problematic using spectral indicators measurements. The first part of the thesis presents the scientific context as well as the sample used in the analysis. The second part focus on the spectral indicators measurement and their properties in the presence of interstellar dust extinction. The third part is a study of spectral indicators correlations and their use as standardization parameters. In the last part, we use these spectral indicators to construct a mean extinction law for type Ia supernovae

À la fin des années 90, deux équipes indépendantes ont montré l’expansion accélérée de notre Univers, à partir des mesures de distances de supernovas de type Ia (SNIa). Depuis, une des priorités de la cosmologie moderne est de caractériser ce phénomène et d’en comprendre ses fondements. L’amélioration des mesures de distance réalisées à partir des SNIa est une technique majeure permettant de mieux caractériser l’accélération et donc de déterminer la nature physique de ce phénomène. Ce document développe un nouveau modèle de distribution spectrale en énergie de SNIa nommé le Supernova Useful Generator And Reconstructor (SUGAR) permettant d’améliorer les mesures des distances. Ce modèle est construit à partir des propriétés spectrales des SNIa et des données spectrophotométriques de la collaboration The Nearby Supernova Factory. L’avancée principale, proposée dans SUGAR, réside dans l’ajout de deux paramètres supplémentaires pour caractériser la variabilité des SNIa. Le premier dépend des propriétés des vitesses des éjectas des SNIa, le deuxième dépend de leurs raies du calcium. L’ajout de ces paramètres, ainsi que la grande qualité des données de la collaboration the Nearby Supernova Factory font de SUGAR le meilleur modèle qui existe pour décrire la distribution spectrale en énergie des SNIa et améliore les mesures des distances de l’ordre de 15% par rapport à la méthode usuelle. Les performances de ce modèle en font un excellent candidat pour préparer les expériences futures comme LSST ou WFIRST. Par ailleurs, ce document présente une analyse sur l’effet de l’appartenance d’une SNIa à un amas de galaxies sur sa mesure de distance. Les galaxies d’un amas possèdent une vitesse propre largement supérieure à la valeur supposée lors de la mesure des distances avec les SNIa. Ceci a pour conséquence d’introduire une source d’erreur systématique sur la mesure de distance. Le fait de ne pas prendre en compte cet effet peut dégrader la mesure de distance de l’ordre de 2,5% pour les SNIa appartenant à un amas. Cette analyse à été réalisée en utilisant les données de la collaboration the Nearby Supernova Factory et des catalogues public d’amas de galaxies. / At the end of the 90s, two independent teams showed, based on distance measurements of type Ia supernovæ (SNIa), that expansion of our Universe is accelerating. Since then, one of the priorities of modern cosmology is to characterize this phenomenon and to understand its nature. The improvement of distance measurements of SNIa is one technique to improve the constraints on acceleration and to determine the physical nature of it. This document develops a new SNIa spectral energy distribution model, called the Supernova Useful Generator and Reconstructor (SUGAR), which improves distance measurement. This model is constructed from SNIa spectral properties and spectrophotometric data from The Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration. The main advancement proposed in SUGAR is the addition of two additional parameters to characterize the SNIa variability. The first depends on the properties of SNIa ejecta velocity, the second depends on their calcium lines. The addition of these parameters as well as the high quality of the data of The Nearby Supernova Factory collaboration make SUGAR the best model available to describe the spectral energy distribution of SNIa and improves distances measurements of the order of 15 % relative to the usual method. The performance of this model makes it an excellent candidate for preparing future experiments like LSST or WFIRST. In addition, this document presents an analysis of the effect of SNIa belonging to a galaxy cluster on its distance measurement. Galaxies of a cluster have a peculiar velocity much higher than the assumed value when measuring distances with SNIa. This has the effect of introducing a systematic error into the distance measurement. Failure to take into account this effect may degrade the distance measurement by 2.5% for SNIa belonging to a cluster. This analysis was carried out using data from the collaboration of the Nearby Supernova Factory and public catalogs of galaxy cluster.

Internationaliseringen har blivit en av de största och viktigaste trenderna för detaljhandeln idag. Vanligtvis börjar företag först expandera till länder som ligger nära både geografiskt och kulturellt. Det kan dock bli problematiskt att träda in på en närliggande marknad om företaget inte är förberedd på de skillnader som finns och underskattar den marknaden.      Syftet med denna studie var att skapa förståelse för de utmaningar svenska detaljhandelsföretag kan stöta på vid etablering till närliggande marknader samt hur dessa kan hanteras.     För att kunna besvara studiens syfte har sex semistrukturerade intervjuer utförts. Två av dessa utfördes med respondenter från detaljhandelsföretagen Stadium och Jula. De resterande intervjuerna gjordes med experter från Business Sweden som arbetar bland annat med att hjälpa svenska företag med sin internationalisering.        De utmaningar som visade sig finnas på de närliggande marknaderna för de intervjuade företagen var exempelvis kulturella, politiska och ekonomiska skillnader som påverkade modebilden, konsumtionsmönstret, prisbilden, sortimentet, ledarskapet, konkurrensen, marknadsföringen, hyresnivåerna och etableringen på marknaderna.      De olika marknaderna och sortimenten bidrog med olika utmaningar, dessutom upplevdes vissa utmaningar vara större än andra för företagen. De intervjuade företagen hanterade utmaningarna på olika sätt men framförallt genom konsulter, konkurrenter, marknadsundersökningar, kunskap, lärande över tid samt genom anpassning till de närliggande marknaderna. / Internationalization has become one of the largest and most important trends for retail trade today. Usually, companies start expanding to countries that are both geographically and culturally close. However, it may become problematic to enter a nearby market if the company is not prepared for the differences that exist and if the company underestimates the market.      The aim of this essay was to investigate the challenges that may occur for Swedish retail companies when establishing to nearby markets and how these challenges can be handled.       In order to respond to the aim of this study, six semi-structured interviews have been held. Two of these were held with respondents from Stadium and Jula. The remaining interviews were held with experts from Business Sweden who, among other things, works to help Swedish companies with their internationalization.      The challenges that were found in the nearby markets of the companies interviewed were for example cultural, political and economic differences affecting the fashion image, consumer pattern, price range, assortment, leadership, competition, marketing, rental levels and the establishment in the markets.      The different markets and assortment contributed to different challenges, in addition, some challenges were experienced to be greater than others for the companies. The interviewed companies handled the challenges in different ways especially through consultants, competitors, market research, knowledge, learning by time and through adaptation in the nearby markets.

Mémoire numérisé par la Direction des bibliothèques de l'Université de Montréal.

Dans cette thèse, on étude le complexe des cycles proches d'un faisceau l-adique sur un schéma au-dessus d'un trait en utilisant la théorie de ramification d'Abbes et Saito. La première partie est consacrée à une nouvelle preuve d'une formule de Deligne et Kato qui calcule la dimension du complexe des cycles proches d'un faisceau l-adique sur une courbe relative lisse au-dessus d'un trait strictement local. Deligne a considéré le cas où le faisceau n'a pas de ramification verticale, et Kato a traité le cas général. Notre approche est basée sur une notion locale de cycle caractéristiquedéfinie grâce au conducteur de Swan raffiné d'Abbes et Saito. Dans la deuxième partie, on démontre une formule qui calcule le conducteur de Swan de la cohomologie du complexe des cycles proches d'un faisceau l-adique sur une variété lisse au-dessus d'un trait d'égale caractéristique, vérifiant une certaine condition de ramification. Tsushima a introduit la classe caractéristique raffinée du faisceau et il a démontré qu'elle calcule le conducteur de Swan de la cohomologie du complexe de ses cycles proches par une formule du type Lefschetz-Verdier. On calcule la classe caractéristique raffinée comme un produit d'intersection sur le fibré cotangent logarithmique de la variété faisant apparaître le cycle caractéristique du faisceau défini par Abbes et Saito et la section nulle. / In this thesis, we study the nearby cycle complex of an l-adic sheaf on a scheme over a trait, using ramification theory of Abbes and Saito. The first part is devoted to a new proof of a formula of Deligne and Kato that computes the dimension of the stalks of the nearby cycle complex of an l-adic sheaf on a smooth relative curve over a strictly local trait. Deligne considered the case where the sheaf has no vertical ramification and Kato extended the formula to the general case. Our approach is based on a local notion of characteristic cycle defined using the refined Swan conductor of Abbes and Saito. In the second part, we prove a formula that computes the Swan conductor of the cohomology of the nearby cycle complex of an l-adic sheaf on a smooth variety over a trait of equal characteristic, satisfying a certain ramification condition. Tsushima introduced the refined characteristic class of the sheaf and he proved that it computes the Swan conductor of the cohomology of its nearby cycle complex by a Lefschetz-Verdier type formula.We compute the refined characteristic class as an intersection product on the logarithmic cotangent bundle of the variety, involving the characteristic cycle of the sheaf defined by Abbes and Saito and the zero section.