NEDD8 modification of proteins is extensively studied in the recent years, and the ubiquitin-like molecule has been shown to be involved in numerous signalling pathways. In addition to its well-established roles, we showed that NEDD8 responds to various stress conditions, such as inhibition of the 26S proteasome, heat shock and oxidative stress. Modification of proteins with ubiquitin and ubiquitin-like molecules is involved in the regulation of almost every biological process. Historically, each conjugation pathway has its unique set of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes that lead to activation and conjugation of their cognate molecules. We also showed the unexpected finding that the ubiquitin E1 enzyme Ube1 activates the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8. The above-mentioned stress conditions cause a global increase in NEDDylation. Surprisingly, this does not depend on the NEDD8 E1 activating enzyme but rather on Ube1. A common event in the tested stress conditions is the depletion of “free” ubiquitin. A decrease in “free” ubiquitin levels in the absence of additional stress is sufficient to stimulate NEDDylation through Ube1. We also performed mass spectrometric analyses to investigate NEDD8 chain formation under stress. We found that NEDD8 forms chains with itself and with ubiquitin, and these chains are recognized by proteasome receptors and shuttle factors. Our studies revealed an unprecedented interplay between NEDD8 and ubiquitin pathways, operating in diverse cellular stress conditions. In a parallel project, we characterized the role of the deNEDDylating enzyme NEDP1 in response to DNA damage. The NEDP1 ortholog in C. elegans, Ulp-3 has been previously investigated in collaboration with Anton Gartner’s group. The enzyme has been found to be required for DNA damage-induced apoptosis in the worm germ line. Our results in human cell lines showed that the role of NEDP1 is conserved, since NEDP1 knockdown resulted in impaired effector caspase activation. Moreover, we showed that the nedp1 gene is induced upon ionizing irradiation. In the absence of the enzyme, we observed increased NEDDylation that was dependent on the NEDD8 E1 enzyme.

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a neurodegenerative disease associated with progressive dementia. This mini-review focuses on how the amyloid precursor protein (APP) plays a central role in AD and Down syndrome as the regulator of the APP-BP1/hUba3 activated neddylation pathway. It is argued that the physiological function of APP is to downregulate the level of β-catenin. However, this APP function is abnormally amplified in patients with familial AD (FAD) mutations in APP and presenilins, resulting in the hyperactivation of neddylation and the decrease of β-catenin below a threshold level. Evidence in the literature is summarized to show that dysfunction of APP in downregulating β-catenin may underlie the mechanism of neuronal death in AD and Down syndrome.

Les cellules sont constamment exposées à des stress « protéotoxiques » qui altèrent leurs protéines. Si les protéines endommagées ne sont pas réparées ou éliminées, elles peuvent former des agrégats toxiques pouvant conduire à l’émergence de plusieurs maladies, telle que les maladies neurodégénératives et le cancer. Pour éviter cette toxicité, les cellules ont développé plusieurs stratégies qui collaborent et communiquent afin d'assurer le contrôle de qualité des protéines et maintenir l’intégrité du protéome cellulaire. L’ensemble de ces stratégies forment le réseau de l’homéostasie protéique ou « protéostasie ». Ce réseau inclus les chaperonnes moléculaires, les systèmes protéolytiques (lysosomes, protéasomes) et des systèmes de séquestration des protéines endommagées. L’Ubiquitine et les protéines apparentées à l’Ubiquitine telle que SUMO et NEDD8, sont des effecteurs essentiels de ce réseau. Ces molécules modifient leurs substrats de façon covalente, grâce à l’action d’une cascade d’enzymes E1, E2 et E3. En principe, on considérait que chacune de ces voies employait sa propre cascade enzymatique pour la modification post-traductionnelle de ses substrats. L’Ubiquitination joue un rôle essentiel dans la réponse au stress cellulaire, surtout en assurant la dégradation protéasomique des protéines mal repliées. Récemment, notre laboratoire a trouvé que plusieurs stress protéotoxiques telle que l’inhibition du protéasome, un choc thermique et un stress oxydatif, causent une augmentation de NEDDylation. De manière remarquable, cette augmentation ne dépend pas de l’enzyme d’activation de NEDD8 NAE, mais plutôt de celle de l’Ubiquitine Ube1. De plus, elle se caractérise par la formation des chaînes poly-NEDD8 et des chaînes mixtes entre NEDD8 et Ubiquitine. Ce processus est réversible et une restauration cellulaire est obtenue une fois le stress atténué. Le but de notre projet est de caractériser la réponse de NEDD8 au stress cellulaire ou ce qu’on appelle « la NEDDylation atypique » en vue de comprendre son effet biologique pendant ces conditions. Nos résultats montrent que la NEDDylation atypique dépend des protéines de stress Hsp70/90 et qu’elle cible principalement les protéines nouvellement synthétisées et mal repliées. On montre que, suite à leur modification par NEDD8/Ubiquitin, ces protéines sont transloquées du cytosol au noyau, où elles sont dégradées par le protéasome. Cependant, des conditions de stress prolongé causent une atténuation de l’activité nucléaire des protéasomes 26S, ce qui provoque alors l’accumulation des protéines endommagées sous forme d’inclusions nucléaires. Ces dernières sont réversibles et peuvent être éliminées par le protéasome une fois le stress atténué. Afin d’identifier les cibles de NEDD8 dans des conditions de stress, nous avons développé une approche protéomique basée sur une stratégie de mutation ponctuelle (NEDD8R74K). Cette stratégie permet l’identification des sites spécifiques de NEDDylation au sein des protéines cibles. Cette approche en combinaison avec le SILAC a permis l’identification de NEDD8, Ubiquitine, SUMO-2 et les protéines ribosomiques en tant que principales cibles de NEDD8 en réponse au stress. Ce qui était plus intéressant est que, en appliquant l’étude protéomique SILAC, on a pu constater que le rôle essentiel de la NEDDylation atypique est d’induire l’agrégation/séquestration d’un ensemble spécifique de protéines au sein des inclusions nucléaires. De plus, nous avons montré que l’agrégation induite par NEDD8 protège les protéasomes nucléaires d’une sévère déficience et permet une meilleure survie cellulaire pendant le stress. Notre étude présente NEDD8 comme un nouvel effecteur dans le réseau de protéostasie, elle identifie une nouvelle inclusion nucléaire cytoprotectrice et montre que la NEDDylation atypique est essentielle pour la réponse cellulaire au stress. / Cells are continuously endangered by a variety of proteotoxic stresses that cause protein misfolding and accumulation. Defects in repair or elimination of protein damage can lead to the formation of toxic aggregates that have been associated with diseases, such as neurodegenerative disorders and cancer. To prevent this toxicity, cells have evolved multiple quality control processes that interact and cooperate to maintain protein homeostasis leading to cellular fitness. These processes form “the proteostasis network”, and include molecular chaperones, proteolytic machineries (lysosomes, proteasomes) and pathways for protein damage sequestration. One of the main effectors of this network is the Ubiquitin and the Ubiquitin-like molecules, such as SUMO and NEDD8. These molecules covalently modify proteins through the action of E1, E2 and E3 enzymes. Historically, it was believed that each pathway employed its own and unique set of enzymes to post-translationally modify its substrates. Ubiquitination is essential for the cellular response to stress, especially by targeting misfolded proteins for proteasomal degradation. However, we recently discovered that proteotoxic stresses including proteasome inhibition, heat shock and oxidative stress induce a global increase in protein NEDDylation. Surprisingly, this increase does not depend on the NEDD8 activating enzyme NAE, but rather on the Ubiquitin activating enzyme Ube1, and is characterized by the formation of poly-NEDD8 chains and mixed chains between NEDD8 and Ubiquitin. Importantly, this process is reversible and cell recovery is accomplished once stress is alleviated. In this study, we focused on characterizing the NEDD8 response to stress or “atypical NEDDylation” in order to understand its biological relevance under these conditions.Our results showed that atypical NEDDylation depends on Hsp70/90 and targets mainly newly synthesized damaged proteins. We showed that, after their NEDDylation/Ubiquitination, misfolded proteins are progressively translocated from the cytosol into the nucleus for proteasomal degradation. However, upon prolonged stress conditions, the activity of nuclear 26S proteasome is compromised, resulting in the accumulation of these conjugates into nuclear inclusions. These inclusions are reversible and eliminated by nuclear proteasomes once stress is alleviated. In order to identify NEDD8 targets upon these conditions, we developed a proteomic approach based on a point mutation strategy (NEDD8R74K) that enables a site-specific analysis of NEDDylated proteins. This approach in combination with SILAC allowed the identification of NEDD8, Ubiquitin, SUMO-2, and ribosomal proteins as the major NEDD8 targets upon stress. Interestingly, by SILAC proteomics we found that the main function of atypical NEDDylation is to induce the aggregation/sequestration of a specific subset of proteins within the nuclear inclusions. We showed that this NEDD8-induced aggregation protects nuclear proteasomes from a severe impairment and allows a better cell survival upon proteotoxic stress.Our study defines NEDD8 as a new effector in the proteostasis network, identifies a new cytoprotective nuclear inclusion and shows that atypical NEDDylation is essential for the cellular response to stress.

Ce travail décrit un criblage systématique du système ubiquitine-protéasome (UPS) basé sur une organisation en cascade. Nous avons évalué l’effet de l’inhibition par ARN interférent de composants individuels d’UPS sur la viabilité de cellules cancéreuses de la prostate, avec un accent particulier sur les cellules TMPRSS:ERG-positive (VCaP), comme un modèle de phénotype prévalent du cancer. Sept gènes ont été identifiés comme étant particulièrement importants pour le fonctionnement des cellules cancéreuses de la prostate. Parmi eux, le gène-candidat le plus prometteur était UBE2U. Cette thèse met en évidence l’implication d’UBE2U dans la carcinogénèse de la prostate et décrit les premières caractérisations d’UBE2U comme une cible thérapeutique potentielle.La prévalence des composants de la voie CRL/NEDD8 parmi les hits (4 sur 7) suggère que la neddylation est importante dans la biologie des cellules cancéreuses de la prostate. Deux de ces gènes, CUL2 et RBX1, n’ont des effets spécifiques que dans des cellules TMPRSS2:ERG-positives, et, donc, sont potentiellement ERG-dépendantes. Nous avons également révélé un rôle crucial du facteur d’échange de CRL (CAND1), en particulier lorsque la neddylation est compromise. L’inhibition de CAND1 induit l’apoptose dans des cellules VCaP, qui est renforcé par l’inhibiteur spécifique de la neddylation MLN4924. CAND1 est donc une nouvelle cible thérapeutique potentielle. Par ailleurs, nous avons démontré que l’inhibition de la voie CRL/NEDD8 dans les cellules cancéreuses de prostate a des conséquences qui dépendent fortement du contexte cellulaire. L’inhibiteur MLN4924 induit l’apoptose dans toutes les lignées cellulaires testées, bien que les cellules TMPRSS2:ERG-positives se soient révélées significativement plus résistantes. Nous avons démontré que la résistance accrue des cellules VCaP reflète la plasticité des cellules cancéreuses régulée par un réseau d’interactions ERG:NF-kB:c-Myc:Wnt/β-cat:AR. L’inhibition partielle de la neddylation enclenche une reprogrammation transcriptionnelle de cellules VCaP, amenant à la quiescence des cellules et à l’inhibition de l’apoptose dépendant de la prolifération. Cet effet est le résultat de la réactivation du programme AR. Nous avons conclus que la voie CRL/NEDD8 régule le réseau transcriptionnel qui contrôle la plasticité des cellules cancéreuses. Ces résultats peuvent aider à trouver des traitements plus efficaces de cancers TMPRSS2:ERG-positifs.Finalement, nous avons observé que l’inhibition de la neddylation modifie les propriétés de la membrane et la morphologie des cellules VCaP. Cet effet est accompagné par des changements du taux et de la localisation de plusieurs protéines associées à la membrane, y compris l’occludine, la N-cadherine, la paxilline and FAK. Nous en avons conclus que la voie CRL/NEDD8 pourrait être impliquée dans le tri/trafic des protéines membranaires. Cette partie du projet nécessite de plus amples études, étant donné que la compréhension des mécanismes sous-jacents est importante et peut mettre à jour un nouveau rôle de la voie CRL/NEDD8 dans la régulation des fonctions cellulaires.Conclusion générales :1. Nous avons caractérisé l’implication de tous les composants E1-E2 d’UPS dans la régulation de la viabilité des cellules cancéreuses de prostate (avec cinq différentes lignées cellulaires).2. Nos travaux ont mise en évidence de nouvelles cibles thérapeutiques potentielles pour le traitement du cancer, telles qu’UBE2U et CAND1.3. Nous avons démontré le rôle de la voie CRL/NEDD8 dans la régulation de la plasticité et de la morphologie des cellules cancéreuses. / In this work we describe a systematic approach for screening of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) based on cascade organization. We have evaluated the effect of RNAi knockdown of individual UPS components on viability of PCa cells with major focus on TMPRSS:ERG-positive cell line, VCaP, as a model of prevalent phenotype of prostate cancer. Seven genes have been identified to be particularly important for the functioning of PCa cells. Among them, UBE2U was the strongest hit. This thesis provides the first evidence for UBE2U involvement in prostate carcinogenesis and describes initial characterization of UBE2U as a potential drug-target.The prevalence of the components of CRL/NEDD8 pathway in the hits (four out of seven) suggested the importance of neddylation for PCa biology. Two of these hits, CUL2 and RBX1, being specific to TMPRSS2:ERG-positive cells, are potentially ERG-dependent. We have also revealed the crucial role of CRL-exchange factor CAND1, in particular, when the neddylation is compromised. Knockdown of CAND1 induces apoptosis in VCaP cells that is further potentiated by neddylation-specific inhibitor MLN4924. CAND1 is, therefore, a novel potential drug target. Furthermore, we have demonstrated that the inhibition of CRL/NEDD8 pathway in prostate cancer cells has a complex outcome that strongly depends on cellular context. MLN4924 inhibitor induced apoptosis in all tested cell lines, though TMPRSS2:ERG positive cells were significantly more resistant. We have demonstrated that the increased resistance of VCaP cells reflects the plasticity of cancer cells ensured by sophisticated interaction network ERG:NF-kB:c-Myc:Wnt/β-cat:AR. We found that partial inhibition of neddylation triggered transcriptional reprogramming of VCaP cells leading to cell quiescence and inhibition of proliferation-dependent apoptosis. This was a result of re-activation of AR program and induction of differentiation-like state. We conclude that CRL/NEDD8 pathway regulates cancer transcriptional network that underlies cancer cells plasticity. This knowledge would help to find better treatments for TMPRSS2:ERG-positive cancers.Finally, we observed that neddylation inhibition changed membrane properties and morphology of VCaP cells. This was accompanied by dose-dependent changes in the level and the localization of several membrane-associated proteins, including occludin, N-cadherin, paxillin and FAK. We thus conclude that CRL/NEDD8 pathway might be involved in sorting/trafficking of membrane proteins. This part of the work requires further investigation, as understanding of the underlying mechanisms is of general importance and may uncover a new role of CRL/NEDD8 pathway in regulation of cellular functions.General conclusions:1. We have obtained a comprehensive dataset on the involvement of all human E1-E2 UPS components in the regulation of viability of PCa cells, represented by five different cell lines.2. Our work has revealed new potential drug targets for PCa treatment: UBE2U and CAND1.3. We have demonstrated the role of CRL/NEDD8 pathway in the regulation of cancer cell plasticity and morphology.

Marking proteins for degradation by the proteasome is a classical function of ubiquitination. This process of covalent attachment of a chain of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins is governed by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and the ubiquitin ligase (E3). The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor protein forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase, ECV (Elongins BC/Cul2/VHL), which targets the alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction under normal oxygen tension. Tumour hypoxia promotes accumulation of HIFalpha, whose expression is associated with cancer progression, poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies, thus establishing HIF as a therapeutic target. Notably, VHL is functionally inactivated in VHL disease, a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by the formation of tumours in multiple organs, as well as in the majority of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC) and haemangioblastomas. Recently, certain VHL mutations have been shown to cause the congenital disorder Chuvash polycythemia. Work contained in this thesis describes the temporally coordinated activation of the ECV, whereby oxygen-dependent recognition of HIFalpha by VHL triggers Cul2 modification by the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8, which enhances ECV ubiquitin ligase activity by recruiting the E2. In addition, the feasibility of ‘bio-tailored’ enzymes in the treatment of cancer is introduced by creating a bioengineered VHL capable of targeting HIFalpha for degradation irrespective of oxygen tension, which leads to the dramatic inhibition of CCRCC tumour growth and angiogenesis in a xenograft model. Furthermore, a ubiquitin ligase composed of two F-box proteins, VHL and suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1), was identified and shown to be paramount for the negative regulation of erythropoiesis by targeting phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. The malfunction of this ubiquitin ligase explains the excessive erythrocytosis observed in Chuvash polycythemia patients and reveals a novel genetic link between the seemingly distinct genes VHL and JAK2 in the development of polycythemia.

Ubiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are polypeptides that can be covalently conjugated to a variety of “target” molecules to modulate their turnover rate, localization and/or function. The full range of Ubl functions is only beginning to be understood. The Raught lab is using mass spectrometry and high throughput screening methods, along with standard cell biology and biochemistry approaches, to better understand Ubl function. Here, I describe the role of a Ubl called small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in the budding yeast alcohol stress response. We identified a regulatory mechanism of the SUMO system, involving modulation of the localization of a SUMO protease. Secondly, using mass spectrometry (MS), I assisted in identifying several yeast and mammalian Ubl “chain” linkages. Finally, I propose an integrated MS methodology designed to complement standard database software for the confident identification of Ub/Ubl conjugation sites.

Ubiquitin (Ub) and the ubiquitin-like proteins (Ubls) are polypeptides that can be covalently conjugated to a variety of “target” molecules to modulate their turnover rate, localization and/or function. The full range of Ubl functions is only beginning to be understood. The Raught lab is using mass spectrometry and high throughput screening methods, along with standard cell biology and biochemistry approaches, to better understand Ubl function. Here, I describe the role of a Ubl called small ubiquitin-related modifier (SUMO) in the budding yeast alcohol stress response. We identified a regulatory mechanism of the SUMO system, involving modulation of the localization of a SUMO protease. Secondly, using mass spectrometry (MS), I assisted in identifying several yeast and mammalian Ubl “chain” linkages. Finally, I propose an integrated MS methodology designed to complement standard database software for the confident identification of Ub/Ubl conjugation sites.

Marking proteins for degradation by the proteasome is a classical function of ubiquitination. This process of covalent attachment of a chain of ubiquitin molecules to target proteins is governed by the ubiquitin-activating enzyme (E1), the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme (E2) and the ubiquitin ligase (E3). The von Hippel-Lindau (VHL) tumour suppressor protein forms an E3 ubiquitin ligase, ECV (Elongins BC/Cul2/VHL), which targets the alpha subunit of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction under normal oxygen tension. Tumour hypoxia promotes accumulation of HIFalpha, whose expression is associated with cancer progression, poor prognosis and resistance to conventional therapies, thus establishing HIF as a therapeutic target. Notably, VHL is functionally inactivated in VHL disease, a hereditary cancer syndrome characterized by the formation of tumours in multiple organs, as well as in the majority of sporadic clear-cell renal cell carcinomas (CCRCC) and haemangioblastomas. Recently, certain VHL mutations have been shown to cause the congenital disorder Chuvash polycythemia. Work contained in this thesis describes the temporally coordinated activation of the ECV, whereby oxygen-dependent recognition of HIFalpha by VHL triggers Cul2 modification by the ubiquitin-like molecule NEDD8, which enhances ECV ubiquitin ligase activity by recruiting the E2. In addition, the feasibility of ‘bio-tailored’ enzymes in the treatment of cancer is introduced by creating a bioengineered VHL capable of targeting HIFalpha for degradation irrespective of oxygen tension, which leads to the dramatic inhibition of CCRCC tumour growth and angiogenesis in a xenograft model. Furthermore, a ubiquitin ligase composed of two F-box proteins, VHL and suppressor of cytokine signalling 1 (SOCS1), was identified and shown to be paramount for the negative regulation of erythropoiesis by targeting phosphorylated Janus kinase 2 (JAK2) for ubiquitin-mediated destruction. The malfunction of this ubiquitin ligase explains the excessive erythrocytosis observed in Chuvash polycythemia patients and reveals a novel genetic link between the seemingly distinct genes VHL and JAK2 in the development of polycythemia.

No description available.

Maintaining genome integrity is indispensible for cells to prevent and limit accruement of deleterious mutations and to promote viable cell growth and proliferation. Cells possess a myriad of mechanisms to detect, prevent and repair incurred cellular damage. Here we discuss various proteins and their accompanying cellular pathways that promote genome stability. We first investigate the NEDD8 protein and its role in promoting homologous recombination repair via multiple Cullin E3 ubiquitin ligases. We provide specific mechanisms through which, UBE2M, an E2 conjugating enzyme, neddylates various Cullin ligases to render them catalytically active to degrade their substrates by the proteasome. We show that CUL1, CUL2 and CUL4 are important in regulating various steps in the DNA damage response. Our data indicates that UBE2M and the neddylation pathway are important for genome stability. Our second topic discusses the role of the USP1- UAF1 deubiquitinating enzyme in promoting homologous recombination. We show that USP1-UAF1 interact with and stabilize RAD51AP1 (RAD51- Associated Protein 1). RAD51AP1 has previously been reported to promote homologous recombination by facilitating recombinase activity of RAD51, an essential protein involved in homologous recombination repair. We show that USP1, UAF1 and RAD51AP1 depletion leads to genome instability. Our data demonstrates the importance of these proteins in promoting genome integrity via homologous recombination.