Foi estudado o efeito de priming negativo associado à supressão do distrator palavra-cor de Stroop (Estudo 1), à supressão do local (Estudo 2) e à identidade do distrator (Estudos 3 e 4). No Estudo 1 constatou-se que a prática prévia em palavras-cor eliminou o efeito da ordem das condições experimentais sobre o índice de priming negativo. No Estudo 2, o efeito de priming negativo foi observado somente no hemicampo direito. A execução concorrente de uma tarefa verbal eliminou os efeitos de lateralidade, mas o efeito de priming negativo permaneceu significante. Estes achados são discutidos em termos de processamento interhemisférico sob condições que exigiriam maior controle da atenção. Os estudos 3 e 4 apresentam tarefas de comparação de pares de dígitos. A versão de papel e lápis da tarefa de comparação de dígitos permitiu avaliar de maneira simples e rápida o efeito de priming negativo. A versão computadorizada, revelou uma interação entre os componentes espacial e de identidade. Ambos os grupos de adultos jovens e idosos revelaram priming negativo nas tarefas de Stroop e de localização espacial. Nas tarefas de identificação do alvo somente os adultos jovens mostraram efeito de priming negativo. Os presentes achados são consistentes com a proposta de mecanismos inibitórios diferenciados na supressão da identidade e de localização espacial. / The development of sensitive and simple tests for the assessment of the negative priming effect has theoretical relevance to the elucidation of selective attention models, and also practical and potential clinical implications. The negative priming effect has been regarded as an index of inhibitory attentional processing and was proposed for the detection of syndromes that involve cognitive impairment. Diminished negative priming was reported in studies of individual differences, developmental stage, and clinical populations. However, evidences suggest that tasks requiring responses to the color feature, location or object identity of the stimuli may comprise distinct types of negative priming tasks. The following studies presents data for computerized and paper-and-pencil tasks to examine negative priming for Stroop color-word, location and identity distractors. All four studies take into account aging effects across the tasks. For comparisons between age-groups, proportional performance scores (ratio) were used. A first study employed a reading-sheet Stroop-color-word task, in which the participant is asked to name the colors of the ink in which words with incongruent color names have been printed. Color-word interference is indicated by increased time to complete the conflicting color-word condition compared with a nonconflicting condition with patches of color or strings of Xs. The greater strength of the interference, when the target ink-color of the present stimulus is the distracting color name of the previous stimulus, is attributed to the negative priming effect. A pilot experiment showed that the order of the list conditions containing unrelated and related stimuli affected the negative priming index. The analysis of data demonstrated that a practice trial in color naming of conflicting color-words before the color-word conditions eliminated the effect of the order of the lists. In addition, there was a reliable Stroop reverse interference after practice in color naming, as indicated by the fact that the incongruent color-ink affected post-test word-reading, whereas it had no effect in the pretest word-reading. With practice procedure, older and younger subjects did not differ in their proportional interference scores, whereas the negative priming and reverse effects were increased for older adults. Study 2 examined the negative-priming effect in a spatial localization task under single- and dual-task conditions. The task required the subject to detect the location of a target letter, ‘O’, while ignoring a distractor letter, ‘X’, when it was present. Significant negative-priming effects were observed under both task conditions, with increased response times for trials in which target location had matched the location of the distractor on the preceding. The magnitude of the negative priming effect was not different for older and younger adults. The performance in the single-task condition showed laterality effects with a right visual field advantage for control and target-alone trials, but not for related trials. In consequence, in the single-task condition, negative priming was observed only for targets displayed in the right hemifield. However, a concurrent digit span task, with a load level that had shown no affect on the dual-task coordination capacity, eliminated the laterality effects, but the negative priming effect remained. These results are considered as neuropsychological evidence that interhemispheric processes may operate under more controlled conditions. Studies 3 and 4 examined negative priming by using an identity-based task that required participants to select the greater of two-digits display or the digit that was paired with an asterisk. Study 3 presents data for a computerized version of the task. Negative-priming was expressed as a slowing in the time to name the digit that had been ignored in the preceding trial, compared to control trials with consecutive targets and distractors always different. Analysis of data revealed that negative priming was reliable only for younger adults, and only when target probe and distractor prime appeared at the same location, suggesting that suppression for location of distractor was underpinning the negative priming effect. However, response latencies for the control trials were facilitated when the target probe and the distractor prime shared the same location. Thus, local suppression affected negative priming for attended distractors with a cost in the response latency for ignored-repetition trials and with a gain in response latency for control trials when the locus of target-probe and distractor-prime was the same. In contrast, older adults’ performance showed local suppression for both ignored-repetition and control trials. This may explain the lack of negative priming for older adults in the digit-comparison task. Study 4 presents data for a new paper-and-pencil version of the digit-comparison task to obtain a practical measure of negative priming that do not require cumbersome technical equipment. In that task, subjects were asked to circle digits that were paired with asterisks and the greater of two digits in a series of digit pairs listed on a sheet of paper. For younger participants, but not for older participants, the time to complete the sheet with related pairs was slower than for unrelated pairs. In addition, the reduced scores of negative priming in older adults were associated with the lowest sustained attention scores from Toulouse-Piéron test. These results suggest that older adults’ performance in the digit-comparison task were mainly related to flexibility and sustained attentional scores, and the lower sustained attentional coefficient seemed to be the best predictor of diminished or reversed negative priming in older adults. Younger adults showed reliable negative priming across all tasks. In contrast, older adults showed negative priming in Stroop and spatial tasks, when compared with younger subjects performance, but reduced negative priming in identity suppression tasks. The findings are consistent with neurophysiological and behavioural evidence that identity and location suppressing may rely on separate inhibitory mechanisms, and that not all of these processes are weakened by factors associated with age.

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Se ha estudiado la validez de constructo y la confiabilidad de la escala SPANAS en dos muestras de estudiantes universitarios de Lima. Mediante diversos análisis factoriales confirmatorios (AFC) se evaluó el ajuste de tres modelos competidores (un solo factor, dos factores correlacionados y dos factores ortogonales). Este procedimiento se replicó en las dos muestras de estudiantes universitarios. Luego de haber realizado los análisis de validez y confiabilidad, se encontró que el modelo de dos factores correlacionados era el que mejor representó a la escala en ambas muestras. Además, las escalas de afecto positivo y negativo demostraron ser confiables. De esta manera se tiene evidencia de la presencia de dos factores que representan al afecto positivo y negativo. / It was studied the construct validity and the reliability of the SPANAS scale in two samples of university students from Lima. Through many confirmatory factorial analyses (AFC) it was evaluated the adjustment of three competing models (one factor, two correlated factors and two orthogonal factors). This procedure was replicated in the two samples of universitary students. After the validity and reliability analysis were done, it was found that the two correlated factors model was better to represent the scale in both samples. Furthermore, the Positive and Negative Affect Scale proved to be reliable. In this way we have evidence of the presence of two factors which represent the positive and negative affection.

Orientador: Claudia Aparecida Rainho / Resumo: O carcinoma mamário é o tipo de câncer mais frequente entre as mulheres, com estimativas de aumento de sua incidência mundial nas próximas décadas. O câncer de mama triplo negativo (CMTN) é um subtipo definido pela falta de receptores para os hormônios estrógeno e progesterona e sem superexpressão de HER-2. Ocorre geralmente em mulheres com menos de 50 anos e está relacionado a uma alta taxa de recorrência e mortalidade. As terapias convencionais são hormônio-dependentes ou possuem a proteína HER2 como alvo, logo o CMTN não é responsivo a essas modalidades terapêuticas. Devido a biologia deste tumor, novas abordagens são necessárias para o seu tratamento. Plantas são importantes fontes de compostos antitumorais. Os sesquiterpenos α-humuleno (HUM) e β-cariofileno (CAR) geralmente estão presentes em conjunto no óleo essencial de diversas plantas. Um número limitado de estudos foi realizado sobre os seus efeitos em células derivadas de carcinomas mamários, porém um efeito imunomodulador foi descrito para diferentes sesquiterpenos em células derivadas de cânceres humano. A hipótese desse estudo é que os efeitos in vitro dos sesquiterpenos HUM e CAR nas linhas celulares derivadas de CMTP são mediados por alterações nos níveis de expressão de citocinas produzidas pelas células tumorais. Foram selecionadas quatro linhagens celulares triplo-negativas (BT-20, BT-549, MDA-MB-231 e MDA-MB-436). Inicialmente, os efeitos isolados ou combinados do HUM e CAR foram avaliados pelo ensaio de v... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: Breast cancer is the most common type of cancer amongst women. Worldwide, its incidence is estimated to increase in the coming decades. Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a subtype defined by the absence of receptors for estrogen and progesterone hormones and without HER-2 overexpression. It usually occurs in women under 50 years old and it is related to a high recurrence and mortality rates. As conventional therapies are hormone-dependent or target HER2, TNBC are not responsive to these therapeutic approaches. Due to the biology of this tumor, new targets are needed for its treatment. Plants are important sources of antitumor compounds, the sesquiterpenes α-humulene (HUM) and β-caryophyllene (CAR) are usually present together in the essential oil of several plants. Few studies have been conducted on their effect in breast cancer cells, but an immunomodulatory effect of different sesquiterpenes was described on human cancer cells. The hypothesis of this study is that the in vitro effects of sesquiterpenes HUM and CAR on cell lines derived from TNBC are mediated by changes in cytokine expression levels produced by tumor cells. For this, four triple-negative cell lines were selected (BT-20, BT-549, MDA-MB-231, and MDA-MB-436). Initially, the isolated or combined effects of HUM and CAR were evaluated by the MTT cell viability assay upon different concentrations (6.25, 12.5, 25, 50, and 100µM), after 24, 48, 72, and 96 hours of exposure. Based on the effect of the sesquiterp... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

INTRODUCCIÓN: Las anomalías congénitas constituyen un capítulo cada vez más importante tanto para la obstetricia como para la neonatología, la genética y la biología; debido a su relativa alta frecuencia, a la posibilidad de su diagnóstico prenatal y a los enormes progresos que se están realizando para comprender mejor su epidemiología, fisiopatología y sobre todo a la posibilidad de diagnóstico cada vez más precoz y en ocasiones, tratarlas. OBJETIVOS: Determinar el valor predictivo del diagnóstico ultrasonográfico en la detección de anomalias congénitas más frecuentes en gestantes de 11 a 14 semanas atendidas en la Unidad Básica de Atención Primaria de Barranco (UBAP). Lima. Enero- Marzo, 2013. DISEÑO Y METODOS: El presente estudio es de tipo descriptivo, de corte transversal, retrospectivo y cuantitativo. Se seleccionó 113 historias clínicas de pacientes gestantes, se recolectó la información en un formato de recolección de datos, ordenando las variables según Edad, Paridad y resultados de exámenes ecográficos, y en algunos casos el resultado de la amniocentesis (Prueba de Oro) para la comparación posterior con los resultados ecográficos. Los datos fueron pasados al software SPSS v.21, se ordenaron y etiquetaron las variables para su posterior análisis. RESULTADOS: La edad promedio de pacientes es 31,5 años; el 50% tiene 31 años o más; la varianza es de 50,7; las distancias promedio de cada edad con respecto a la media es de 7,1; el marcador ecográfico más frecuente encontrado fue: translucencia nucal aumentada 2,7% y ausencia de hueso nasal 0,9%. CONCLUSIONES: La evaluación de anomalías congénitas por ultrasonografía debe considerarse un método fiable como diagnostico precoz ya que presenta un valor predictivo mayor al 90%. El valor predictivo positivo y el valor predictivo negativo de la ultrasonografía en contraste a los casos confirmados mediante la amniocentesis (prueba de oro) es 96% y 100% respectivamente; La Sensibilidad y especificidad de la ultrasonografía es del 80% y 100% respectivamente. / INTRODUCTION: Congenital anomalies constitute an increasingly important for both obstetrics and neonatology for the chapter, genetics and biology; because of its relatively high frequency, the possibility of prenatal diagnosis and the tremendous progress being made to better understand the epidemiology, pathophysiology and especially the possibility of increasing early diagnosis and sometimes treat them. OBJECTIVES: To determine the predictive value of ultrasound diagnosis in detecting most common congenital anomalies in pregnant women between 11 and 14 weeks served in the Basic Unit of Primary Care Barranco (UBAP). Lima. January-March, 2013. DESIGN AND METHODS: This study is descriptive, cross-sectional, retrospective and quantitative nature. 113 medical records of pregnant patients were selected, information was collected in a data collection form, ordering the variables as age, parity and results of ultrasound examinations, and in some cases the result of amniocentesis (Test de Oro) for the subsequent comparison with ultrasound results. Data were passed to SPSS v.21 software; they were sorted and labeled variables for further analysis. RESULTS: The mean age of patients was 31.5 years; 50% have 31 years or more; the variance is 50.7; the average distances of age with respect to each average is 7.1; the most frequent ultrasound marker was found: 2.7% increased nuchal translucency and nasal bone absence of 0.9%. CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation of congenital anomalies by ultrasound should be considered a reliable method as early diagnosis because it has a higher predictive value 90%. The positive predictive value and negative predictive value of ultrasonography in contrast to cases confirmed by amniocentesis (gold standard) is 96% and 100% respectively; the sensitivity and specificity of ultrasonography is 80% and 100% respectively. KEYWORDS: conventional ultrasound, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, congenital anomaly.

Desde o início da história da aviação, a cada novo projeto de aeronave, modificações são realizadas para se obter melhorias nas características aerodinâmicas como, por exemplo, diminuição do arrasto, aumento de sustentação, melhora na manobrabilidade em elevados ângulos de ataque, entre outras. Essas modificações podem ser feitas em diversas partes de uma aeronave como, por exemplo, no perfil aerodinâmico e enflechamento da asa, nas superfícies de controle e até em novas posições da entrada de ar do motor intake. Embora os conceitos de aeronaves com asas de enflechamento negativo, Canard e intake dorsal não sejam novos, ainda não existe uma aeronave que apresente essas três características juntas. Portanto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar uma aeronave não convencional com essas características. Para isso, testes foram realizados no túnel de vento do Laboratório de Aerodinâmica (LAE), do Departamento de Engenharia Aeronáutica da Escola de Engenharia de São Carlos, da Universidade de São Paulo. Três estudos foram realizados para diferentes ângulos de ataque da aeronave e diferentes ângulos de incidência de três pares de Canard projetados, que foram colocados em duas posições diferentes em relação à asa. No primeiro estudo, as forças aerodinâmicas atuantes na aeronave foram medidas por meio de uma balança aerodinâmica para se obter relações entre seus coeficientes e a eficiência conforme a troca dos pares de Canard. Posteriormente, o estudo do escoamento na entrada do intake dorsal englobou a relação entre a velocidade local no intake, a velocidade do escoamento livre e a recuperação de pressão total no mesmo. Por fim, um mapeamento da vorticidade no campo da asa foi realizado para se analisar a influência do Canard no escoamento raiz da asa. O modelo estudado obteve uma maior eficiência e menor arrasto em elevados ângulos de ataque para ângulos de incidência negativos de Canard. O Canard que se destacou nos dois primeiros estudos foi utilizado no estudo de mapeamento, porém, não apresentou uma influência no escoamento da raiz da asa como desejado. / Since the beginning of aviation history, in each new aircraft design, modifications are made to obtain improvements in aerodynamic characteristics such as drag reduction, increase of lift, improvement in maneuverability at high angles of attack. These modifications can be made in different parts of an aircraft, such as, aerodynamic profile, on the control surfaces and even in new intake positions. Although the concepts of aircraft with forward swept wing, Canard and dorsal intake are not new, there is still no aircraft that presents these three characteristics together. Therefore, the present work had as objective to study an unconventional aircraft with these characteristics. Wind tunnel tests were carried out in order to analyze the aerodynamic characteristics at the Aerodynamics Laboratory of the Department of Aeronautical Engineering of EESC-USP. Three studies were carried out for different angles of attack of the aircraft and different angles of incidence of three pairs of Canard, which were placed in two different positions in relation to the wing. In the first study, the aerodynamic forces acting on the aircraft were measured by an aerodynamic balance to obtain relations between their coefficients and the efficiency according to the change of the Canard pairs. Subsequently, the study of flow at the entrance of the dorsal intake included the relation between the local velocity at the intake and the velocity of the free flow and the total pressure recovery. Finally, a mapping of vorticity in the wing field was performed to analyze the influence of Canard on the boundary layer at the root of the wing. The model studied obtained higher efficiency and lower drag at high angles of attack at negative Canard angles of incidence. The Canard that stood out in the first two studies was used in the mapping study, however, it did not present an influence on the root of the wing as desired.

O presente trabalho teve como objetivo investigar se padrões variáveis de respostas podem ser instalados e mantidos por reforçamento negativo intermitente em um procedimento de esquiva em tentativas discretas. Seis ratos machos Wistar foram submetidos à modelagem e fortalecimento da resposta de pressão à barra com reforçamento positivo em uma caixa de condicionamento operante com duas barras (direita, D, e esquerda, E). Em seguida, essa resposta passou a ser reforçada negativamente em um procedimento de esquiva em tentativas discretas no qual um estímulo elétrico (US) de 0,5 s e 0,5 mA (em média) podia ocorrer ao final de um período de luz (CS). A emissão da resposta de pressão à barra durante o CS produzia o seu desligamento e um tom de 0,5 s e 10 Hz, cancelando o próximo US programado e iniciando um período de blackout sem qualquer contingência programada, após o qual um novo CS era apresentado. Duzentos US foram programados a cada sessão. O procedimento de esquiva se iniciou com reforçamento em FR 1 e FR 2 (com alternação das barras a cada 50 US programados). Posteriormente, sequências de três respostas foram reforçadas (com as duas barras disponíveis). Inicialmente, o reforçamento era contingente à variabilidade na emissão das sequências, avaliada pela disposição das respostas que as compõem entre as barras D e E: DDD, EED, DED etc. O variar foi reforçado de acordo com uma contingência Lag n, na qual apenas as sequências que diferiam das n anteriormente emitidas pelo sujeito evitavam o US, sendo o valor de n igual a 1, 2 ou 3. Uma vez que o desempenho se mostrou estável nessas fases, os sujeitos foram expostos ao procedimento Aco, no qual a distribuição de reforços foi acoplada àquela obtida na última sessão de Lag n, porém sem exigência de variação. Alguns sujeitos foram reexpostos à contingência Lag n após essa fase. Os resultados mostraram que todos os sujeitos apresentaram esquiva e altos índices variabilidade na emissão de sequências nas fases Lag n (medida pelo valor U), havendo queda sistemática desses índices sob o procedimento Aco. Os sujeitos reexpostos à Lag n mostraram recuperação dos altos índices de variação. Esses resultados sugerem que a variabilidade comportamental foi controlada pelo reforçamento negativo na contingência de esquiva proposta / This study aimed to investigate if variable patterns of responses can be acquired and maintained by intermittent negative reinforcement under a discrete-trial avoidance contingency. Six male Wistar rats were submitted to a lever-press response shaping session in an operant conditioning chamber with two levers (right, R, and left, L). Then, that response was negatively reinforced in a discrete-trial avoidance procedure in which a 0.5 s and 0.5 mA (average) shock (US) could occur after a light period (CS). Lever-press response emission during CS presentation turned off the CS, produced a 0.5 s and 10 Hz tone, canceled the next programmed US, and initiated a blackout period with no programmed contingency, after which a new CS was presented. Two hundred US were programmed per session. Initially, negative reinforcement occurred under FR 1 and FR 2 schedules (with levers alternation each 50 programmed US). Following, three response sequences were reinforced (with the two levers available). Reinforcement was contingent to behavioral variability, which was examined by comparing three-response sequences across R and L levers: RRR, LLR, RLR etc. Varying was reinforced according to a Lag contingency, in which only sequences that differed from n previous sequences avoided US (n was equal to 1, 2 or 3). After steady states were obtained in those contingencies, subjects were submitted to a yoke procedure, in which reinforcer distribution was yoked to the last Lag session, but without varying exigency. Some subjects were re-exposed to the Lag contingency after yoke procedure. Results showed that all the subjects avoided shocks and presented high levels of behavioral variability under the Lag contingency (measured by U value). During the yoke procedure, behavioral variability decreased systematically. Subjects that were re-exposed to the Lag contingency after yoke procedure recovered high levels of variation. These results suggest that behavioral variability was controlled by negative reinforcement under the proposed avoidance contingency

Este trabalho tem como proposta discutir a restauração sonora de filmes no Brasil. Através de entrevistas realizadas com profissionais da área de som que já participaram de diversos projetos com este objetivo, da pesquisa de textos sobre o assunto e da experiência do seu autor nessa área, o texto busca oferecer um panorama acerca das questões técnicas e dos procedimentos de trabalho envolvidos nas etapas da restauração sonora, bem como um histórico de alguns dos trabalhos já realizados e das principais dificuldades encontradas pelos profissionais que atuam nesse campo. Como resultado, o presente trabalho busca apresentar as diferentes filosofias de trabalho que tendem a ser assumidas para o processo de restauração sonora e como cada escolha pode afetar a originalidade e o conceito da obra. Assim, mais do que na discussão teórica sobre a restauração, o viés desse trabalho incide na relação entre técnica e postura conceitual do restaurador, bem como no modo como essa relação afeta o resultado da restauração descrito pelas experiências práticas destes profissionais. / This work aims at discussing movie audio restoration in Brazil. By means of interviews with audio professionals who have previously worked on such projects, research on writings about the subject, and the author\'s own experience in the field of sound restoration, this work tries to offer a panorama of the technical questions and operating procedures involved in sound restoration. It also offers a history of previously performed work and expounds the main difficulties faced by professionals working in this area. As a result, this study presents the different work philosophies that are most commonly adopted during the sound restoration process, and how each choice can affect the originality and conception of the work. Thus, more than a theoretical discussion on restoration, this work concentrates on the relationship between the technique and the conceptual posture of the restorer, as well as the way this relationship influences the restoration results as described by these professionals practical experience.

O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi avaliar o metabolismo e a resposta imune celular no sangue de vacas leiteiras no período de transição. Foram utilizadas 13 vacas Holandesas, de 2ª a 4ª parição, avaliadas nas semanas M-2, M-1 (pré-parto), M0 (dia da parição), M1, M2 e M3 (pós-parto). Foram realizadas análises das seguintes variáveis: produção leiteira, escore de condição corporal (ECC), mensuração sérica do beta-hidroxibutirato (BHB), ácidos graxos não esterificados (NEFA), IGF-1 (Fator de Crescimento Semelhante à Insulina Tipo 1), glicose (GLIC), colesterol (COL), triglicerídeos, proteína total (PT), albumina (ALB), globulina (GLOB), AST (Aspartato transaminase), GGT (Gamaglutamiltransferase) e cálcio total e cálcio ionizável. Além disso, a resposta imune celular das vacas forma avaliadas pelas interpretações do leucograma e imunofenotipagem dos linfócitos. Foram encontradas medianas do ECC equivalentes a 4,0; 3,8; 3,5; 3,0; 3,5 e 3,5 dos momentos M-2 ao M3. Em relação aos indicadores energéticos, observou-se aumento da concentração de NEFA e BHB no parto e pós-parto, ao contrário, os teores de triglicerídeos, colesterol e IGF- 1 diminuíram. Além disso, foi possível observar concentração máxima de glicose no momento da parição. Em relação ao metabolismo proteico e hepático, observam-se menores concentrações de proteína total e globulina no momento do parto; os teores de albumina diminuíram no pós-parto. A atividade sérica da AST aumentou a partir da parição, porém não foi possível detectar variações para a GGT. As concentrações de cálcio sério total e ionizado foram menores a partir da parição. A análise do leucograma das vacas no período de transição revelou leucocitose por linfocitose no momento do parto, apesar de não ter sido observada variações no número absoluto e relativo dos linfócitos durante o período de transição, foi possível observar que os linfócitos sanguíneos apresentaram-se elevados durante todo o período de estudo. O aumento no número de linfócitos decorreu da elevação dos linfócitos B (CD21+). A partir desse resultado realizou-se exame sorológico para o vírus da Leucose Enzootica Bovina, detectando 12/13 (92,30%) vacas soropositivas. O linfócito T (CD3+) e suas subpopulções auxiliar (CD3+CD4+) e citotóxica (CD3+CD8+) apresentaram ligeiras oscilações durante o período de estudo. Com base nos resultados obtidos pode-se concluir que: a) As vacas Holandesas apresentaram variações nos parâmetros do perfil energético indicadoras de balanço energético negativo e mobilização lipídica, caracterizados especialmente pela diminuição do ECC e elevações nos teores séricos de NEFA e BHB; b) os teores de PT e GLOB apresentaram variações em decorrência da colostrogênese e infecções uterinas pós-parto. A albumina apresentou diminuição no pós-parto, decorrente do aumento da demanda nutricional para a produção de leite e uso de aminoácidos como precursor energético no processo de gliconeogênese; c) os valores de IGF-I apresentaram acentuada redução no momento do parto, sinalizando para mobilização lipídica e desacoplamento do eixo somatotrópico a partir da parição; d) as vacas apresentaram hipocalcemia, especialmente na parição e primeira semana pós-parto; e) a infecção pelo Vírus da Leucose Enzoótica Bovina influenciou na resposta imune observada no período de transição, caracterizada por linfocitose e aumento da população de linfócitos B (CD21+). / The general aim of this research was to evaluate the metabolism and cellular immune response in blood of dairy cows in transition period. Was evaluated 13 Holstein cows, from 2nd to 4th parturitions in the weeks M-2, M-1 (pre-partum), M0 (parturition day), M1, M2 and M3 (post-partum). Paremeter analysis were performed: milk production, body condition score (BCS), beta-hydroxybutyrate (BHB), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), IGF-1 (growth factor Insulin-like similar to insulin type 1), glucose (GLUC), cholesterol (CHOL), triglycerides, total protein (TP), albumin, globulin (GLOB), AST (aspartate transaminase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase), total calcium and ionized calcium. Furthermore, cows cellular immune response was evaluated by WBC and lymphocyte immunophenotyping. Was find for BCS median 4.0; 3.8; 3.5; 3.0; 3.5 and 3.5 between the moments M-2 to M3. Regarding to energy indicators, an increase of NEFA and BHB in parturition and postpartum was observed, in contrast, the values of triglycerides, cholesterol and IGF-1 decreased. Moreover, it was possible to obtain maximum glucose concentration at parturition time. Regarding to protein and hepatic metabolic was find lower values of total protein and globulin was observed in pre-partum and parturition in relation to postpartum; values of albumin decreased in post-partum. The Aspartate aminotransferase activity increased from calving, but it was not possible to detect GGT variations. The concentration of total and ionized calcium serum were lower from calving. The analysis of cows leukogram in the transition period revealed leukocytosis by lymphocytosis at delivery, although no variation in the absolute and relative number of lymphocytes was observed during the transition period. The increase of lymphocytes number occurred due to the increase of B lymphocytes (CD21 +). From this result, serological test for the Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus was developed, detecting 12/13 (92,30%) of seropositive cows. T lymphocytes (CD3 +) and subpopulations T helper (CD3+ CD4+) and T cytotoxic (CD3+ CD8+) showed slight fluctuations during period. Based on the results, we can conclude the following: a) Holstein cows showed variations in the parameters of the energy profile indicator of negative energy balance and lipid mobilization, characterized especially by the decreasing of BCS and elevations in serum NEFA and BHB; b) the levels of TP and GLOB showed variations due to colostrogenesis and postpartum uterine infections. The albumin decreased in postpartum, due to increased nutrient requeriment for milk production and use of amino acids as energy precursor in the gluconeogenesis; c) the amounts of IGF-I showed significant reduction at delivery, signaling lipid mobilization and uncoupling of the somatotropic axis after calving; d) cows showed hypocalcemia, especially in calving and first week post-partum; e) Infection with Enzootic Bovine Leukosis Virus influenced the immune response observed in the transition period, characterized by lymphocytosis and the increase of B lymphocytes (CD21 +) population.

Nos estudos do desamparo aprendido em humanos os resultados experimentais tem sido inconsistentes. Isso provavelmente devido a ocorrencia, na sessao de incontrolabilidade, entre outras variaveis, de contiguidades sistematicas entre o termino do estimulo aversivo e a resposta imediatamente precedente, mimetizando uma condicao de controle, embora acidental. Com o objetivo geral de estabelecer um procedimento que permitisse controle experimental suficiente para que fosse analisado o efeito de uma historia de incontrolabilidade sobre a aprendizagem de uma nova resposta operante em sujeitos humanos, bem como a prevencao (imunizacao) desse efeito, foram realizados tres experimentos. O primeiro deles demonstrou o controle operante sob tres contingencias de reforcamento negativo (sequencias variaveis, labirinto e discriminacao de formas geometricas), o que permitiu verificar o efeito da ausencia de controle sobre uma nova aprendizagem operante (Experimento 2 desamparo aprendido) e o efeito da ausencia de controle, apos historia de controle, sobre uma nova aprendizagem operante (Experimento 3 imunizacao). No Experimento 2, dois grupos de participantes foram expostos a sons aversivos (Grupos C e I) e um nao foi manipulado (Grupo N). Para os participantes do Grupo C, a interrupcao de um som agudo era contingente a emissao de sequencias variaveis; para os participantes do Grupo I, a duracao do som era independente das respostas emitidas. Os sujeitos do Grupo Incontrolavel foram divididos em dois subgrupos de acordo com a presenca ou a ausencia de indicacoes na tela (Ip e I). Na sessao de incontrolabilidade foram manipuladas algumas variaveis a fim de evitar a selecao acidental da resposta mensurada (duracao do estimulo; numero de tentativas; custo da resposta e instrucao inicial). Apos essa fase, todos os participantes foram submetidos a uma contingencia de resolucao de um labirinto associado a um som. No Experimento 3, um Grupo Precontrole (P) foi acrescido a triade do Experimento 2. A contingencia de fuga discriminação foi realizada na fase pre-tratamento sendo associada a um som. Na fase de teste os participantes dos Grupos C, N e P apresentaram menor latencia e maior numero de respostas corretas em comparacao aos grupos incontrolaveis. Entre esses ultimos, foi verificada uma correlacao negativa entre a frequencia de contiguidades no tratamento e o desempenho no teste. Os participantes do Grupo I apresentaram baixa frequencia de contiguidades no tratamento e latencias e falhas mais elevadas no teste; os do Grupo Ip mostraram padrao intermediario. Esses resultados replicam o desamparo aprendido e a imunizacao desse efeito em humanos, sugerindo que os pocedimentos estabelecidos foram adequados para o estudo desses dois efeitos e demonstram o papel da selecao acidental, durante a sessao de incontrolabilidade, como impeditivo da verificacao do efeito no teste (Grupo Ip). O papel das indicacoes na tela, os parametros utilizados e a presenca de contiguidades sistematicas foram discutidos / The results of learned helplessness studies with humans have been inconsistent. This is probably due to the systematic contiguity between the end of the aversive stimulus and the immediately preceding response during the uncontrollability session, which mimics an accidental control condition. Three experiments were conducted to establish a procedure with adequate experimental control to analyze the effects of an uncontrollability history upon learning of a new operant response in humans, as well as the prevention (immunization) of this effect. The first experiment demonstrated operant control under three negative reinforcement contingencies (variable sequences, maze, and discrimination of geometric forms), which allowed verifying the effect of the absence of control upon learning of a new operant response (Experiment 2 learned helplessness) and the effect of the absence of control, after a history of controllability, upon learning of a new operant response (Experiment 3 immunization). During the uncontrollability session, a number of variables were manipulated to avoid the accidental selection of the response being measured (duration of the stimulus, number of trials, response cost, and initial instructions). In Experiment 2, two groups were exposed to aversive tones (groups C and U) and one group was not (group N). For group C, the interruption of a high-pitch tone was contingent on the emission of variable sequences; for group U, the duration of the tone was response independent. Group U was further divided into two subgroups, according to the presence or absence of a hint on the screen (Up and U). After this manipulation, all participants had to solve a maze that was presented along with a tone. In Experiment 3, a pre-control group (P) was added to the ones in Experiment 2. The escape contingency for discriminating geometric forms was presented in the pre-treatment phase along with a tone. The results of the test phase indicated shorter latencies and a greater number of responses for groups C, N, and P, in comparison to the uncontrollable groups. For the latter groups, there was a negative correlation between the frequency of contiguities in the treatment phase and performance during the test phase. There was a low frequency of contiguities during treatment, and longer latencies and more errors during the test for Group U; an intermediate pattern was observed for Group Up. These results replicate the learned helplessness and immunization effects in humans, and suggest that this procedure is adequate to study these phenomena. The results also indicate that accidental selection during the uncontrollability session may eliminate the learned helplessness effect during the test (Group Up). The effects of the hints on the screen, the schedule parameters, and the presence of systematic contiguities are further discussed