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[pt] Nas últimas décadas a demanda por elementos terras raras (ETRs) cresceu consideravelmente devido a sua importância estratégica. Os ETRs são amplamente utilizados em diferentes setores, tais como, medicina, engenharia química, eletrônica e fabricação de computadores. Entre os ETRs, está o Neodímio, que é um dos metais mais valiosos utilizados em ligas, componentes eletrônicos e filtros ópticos. A necessidade da alta pureza dessas espécies requer a separação seletiva, e entre os métodos disponíveis, a adsorção ganhou maior atenção devido à sua simplicidade, alta eficiência e baixo custo. Neste trabalho foi avaliado o argilomineral palygorskita como potencial sorvente para remoção de Nd (III) de soluções aquosas através de ensaios em batelada. Para este propósito, a amostra proveniente da região de Guadalupe (Piauí) foi beneficiada e estudada a composição química e mineralógica com o intuito de utilizar no processo adsortivo a amostra com maior grau de pureza. A composição química apresenta teores de óxidos, sendo os principais, SiO2, Al2O3 e MgO corroborando a presença de palygorskita na amostra. Os estudos de potencial zeta apontam que o argilomineral apresenta carga superficial negativa em toda faixa de pH, além disso, a elevada área superficial de 118 metros quadrados por grama justificam a aplicação como adsorvedor de cátions. Diferentes tipos de isotermas de adsorção e modelos cinéticos foram utilizados para descrever o comportamento do Nd (III) na adsorção e os resultados experimentais que melhor se ajustaram são referentes ao modelo de Langmuir, e a capacidade máxima de captação foi de 15,39 mg/L avaliada em pH 5. A cinética de adsorção para o Nd (III) foi modelada pela equação de pseudo segunda ordem. A adsorção foi encontrada e sugere-se que o processo é endotérmico e espontâneo (delta H igual 17,12 KJ/mol; delta G igual -26,3 KJ/mol) em relação aos parâmetros termodinâmicos obtidos. Os resultados gerais sugerem que este adsorvente demonstrou ser um potencial sorvente para separação de Nd(III) a partir de soluções aquosas. / [en] In recent decades, the rare-earth elements (REEs) demand has considerably grown because of its strategic importance. REEs are widely used in different high-tech sectors such as nuclear power, metallurgy, medicine, chemical engineering, electronics and computer manufacturing. Among REEs, is Neodymium, which is one of the most valuable metals used in alloys, electronic components and optical filters. The need for the high purity of these species requires selective separation, between the available methods, adsorption has earned greater attention due to its simplicity, high efficiency and low cost. The removal of metal ions is a complex task due to the high cost of treatment methods. Contributed to the intensification of research for low-cost adsorbent materials, reusable alternatives were added to the adsorption process. In this work was evaluated the clay mineral palygorskite as a sorbent potential for Nd (III) removal from aqueous solutions by batch trials. For this purpose, the sample from Guadalupe (Piauí) was benefited and the composition of the chemical and mineralogical was studied in order to use the sample with the highest purity in the adsorptive process. The samples were found to be essentially composed of palygorskite, kaolinite, quartz and diaspore. The chemical composition presents oxide contents, the main ones being SiO2, Al2O3 and MgO, corroborating the presence of palygorskite in the sample. Zeta Potential studies point out that the clay mineral has a negative surface charge in the whole pH range, in addition, the high surface area of 118.43 square meter per gram justifies the cation adsorber application. Different types of adsorption isotherms and kinetics models were used to describe the behavior of Nd (III) in adsorption and the best experimental results set refer to the Langmuir model and pseudo second order model, respectively, with the maximum uptake capacity was 15.39 mg/L evaluated at pH 5. Adsorption was found as an endothermic and spontaneous process ( delta H equal 17.12 KJ/mol; delta G equal -26.3 KJ/mol) in relation to thermodynamic parameters obtained. Overall results suggest that this adsorbent has been shown to be a potential sorbent for enrichment and separation of Nd (III) from aqueous solutions.

O tratamento do câncer de próstata com o implante permanente das sementes de iodo-125 cresceu expressivamente nos Estados Unidos da América nos últimos anos. A técnica também vem sendo utilizada por hospitais e clínicas particulares no Brasil. As sementes utilizadas são importadas a custos elevados, o que as tornam proibitivas para uso em hospitais públicos, pois um implante requer, pelos menos, 80 sementes. Para minimizar custos financeiros e possibilitar a distribuição para entidades de saúde pública, iniciou-se o desenvolvimento da técnica de produção das sementes no País. A soldagem a laser é uma das técnicas de selagem da semente de iodo-125, que é feita nas duas extremidades do tubo de titânio, de modo a permitir a classificação da semente como fonte selada, atendendo aos rigorosos testes estabelecidos nas normas ISO 2919 e ISO 9978. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar e desenvolver um sistema alternativo de soldagem a laser Nd:YAG para sementes de iodo-125, com o propósito de fornecer dados de projeto e parâmetros operacionais para implantação de uma produção rotineira automatizada no IPEN-CNEN/SP. O desenvolvimento do trabalho apresentou as seguintes fases: corte e limpeza do material (tubo de titânio), projeto, fabricação e montagem de um sistema completo automatizado para a soldagem dos tubos de titânio, determinação dos parâmetros de soldagem (feixe de laser, gás de assistência e focalização), ensaios dos corpos de prova soldados e avaliação da repetitibilidade e eficiência do sistema. O sistema de soldagem a laser desenvolvido mostrou-se eficaz em virtude do eficiente processo de automação utilizado, capaz de produzir sementes de iodo-125 com soldas de qualidade que atendem aos critérios dos severos ensaios determinados nas normas ISO 2919 e ISO 9978. / The treatment for prostate cancer by permanent implant of iodine-125 seeds has increased significantly in the United States of America in recent years. This technique has also been used by hospitals and private clinics in Brazil. The seeds used are imported at a high cost, which makes them prohibitive for use in public hospitals, since an implant requires, at least, 80 seeds. In order to reduce the financial costs and enable the distribution to public health institutions, the technique for the seeds production in the country has been developed. The laser welding is one of the possible procedures to seal the iodine-125 seeds and it will be performed in both ends of the titanium tube: this will allow the seed classification as a sealed source, meeting the rigorous assays established by the ISO 2919 and the ISO 9978 standards. The objective of this research was to study and develop an alternative Nd:YAG laser welding system for iodine-125 seeds, with the purpose of providing project data and operational parameters for the implementation of an automated routine production at IPEN-CNEN/SP. The development of this work presented the following phases: the material (titanium tube) cutting and cleaning, the project, manufacture and assembly of a complete automated system to weld the titanium tubes. The determination of the welding parameters (laser beam, shield gas and focus), the assays of the welded specimens and the evaluation of repeatability and system efficiency have, also, been carried out. The laser welding system developed showed to be efficient for the automation process used and capable of producing seeds of iodine-125 with high quality weldings, meeting the criteria for the severe assays determined by the ISO 2919 and the ISO 9978.

Securing rare earth elements (REE) for a stable supply require sustainable management strategies in Europe due to a missing local primary production and a dependence on China as the main producer of REE. These elements, like neodymium (Nd) and dysprosium (Dy), are contained in permanent magnets (PM) (mostly NdFeB-magnets) in wind turbines. Addressing the question whether PM-material, Nd- and Dy-contents from wind turbines could help to meet future demands of REE in Europe while reducing simultaneously the import dependence, the purpose of the present work was to analyze the urban mining opportunities, recovery - and recycling potentials for REE from end-of-life (EoL) wind turbines. This thesis aimed to identify current and upcoming stocks as well as material flows of the PM and their containing REE in the wind energy sector. Two European countries, Germany and Denmark, were chosen as case studies to be compared based on created future scenarios and the modeling of the theoretical recycling potential of Nd and Dy in both countries. It could have been identified that the German anthropogenic stock contains greater amounts of NdFeB-magnets and REE compared to the Danish stock. Overall it could be concluded that the countries’ demand could partly be met by using secondary Nd and Dy from the EoL-wind turbines. Although future scenarios were used, the results realistically illustrate the German and Danish anthropogenic stock until 2035 by relying on data of already installed turbines up to 2018, which makes an evaluation of capacities and EoL-turbines, which need to be decommissioned by 2035, achievable. The provided information is valuable for further investigations regarding recovery strategies, feasibility analysis, and future decision-making processes. / För att säkra tillgången på jordartsmetaller (REE) i Europa krävs hållbara beslutsstrategier. Detta på grund av avsaknaden av en inhemsk primärproduktion samt ett beroende av Kina som en huvudprodu-cent av REE. Jordartsmetaller som neodymium (Nd) och dysprosium (Dy), finns kvar i permanenta magneter (PM) (mestadels NdFeB-magneter) i vindturbiner. För att ta itu med frågan om huruvida Nd- och Dy-innehållet i PM-material, från vindturbiner skulle kunna bidra till att uppfylla framtida efter-frågan på REE i Europa samtidigt som importberoendet skulle minskas, var syftet med detta arbete att analysera möjligheterna till urban utvininng, återvinning och materialutnyttjande av REE från vindtur-biner i uttjänt tillstånd (EoL).Syftet med denna uppsats var att identifiera nuvarande och kommande tillgångar samt materialflöden av PM och därav följande REE inom vindkraftsektorn. Två europeiska länder, Tyskland och Danmark, valdes ut som fallstudier och jämfördes i framtida scenarier och mo-dellering av Nd -och Dy teoretiska återvinningspotential i båda länderna. Det kunde konstaterats att det tyska antropogena beståndet innehåller större mängder NdFeB-magneter och REE än det danska beståndet. Sammanfattningsvis kan man dra slutsatsen att ländernas efterfrågan delvis kunde tillgodo-ses genom att man använde sekundär Nd och Dy från EoL-vindturbiner. Även om framtida scenarier användes illustreras resultatet på ett realistiskt sätt det det antropogena lagret i Tyskland och Danmark fram till 2035 genom att man förlitar sig på uppgifter om redan installerade turbiner fram till 2018, vilket gör det möjligt att göra en utvärdering av kapaciteten och antal EoL-turbiner, som måste av-vecklas senast 2035. Informationen är värdefull för ytterligare utredningar om återvinningsstrategier, genomförbarhetsanalys och framtida beslutsprocesser.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:49:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:01:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 09988.pdf: 6876378 bytes, checksum: 2340a8ae19e74e0088633e68ecefaec3 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

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A safe storage of radioactive waste in repositories is an important task to protect humans and the environment from radio- and chemotoxicity. Long-term safety assessments predict the behavior of potential environmental contaminants like the actinides plutonium, uranium, or neptunium, in the near and far field of repositories. For such safety assessments, it is necessary to know the migration behavior of the contaminants in the environment, which is mainly dependent on the aquatic speciation, the solubility product of relevant solid phases, and the retardation due to sorption on surrounding minerals. Thus, an investigation of sorption processes of contaminants onto different minerals as well as the derivation of mineral specific surface complexation model (SCM) parameters is of great importance. Feldspar and mica are widely distributed in nature. They occur as components of granite, which is considered as a potential host rock for a repository in Germany, and in numerous other rocks, and thus also in the far field of nearly all repositories. However, their sorption behavior with actinides has only been scarcely investigated until now. In order to better characterize these systems and subsequently to integrate these minerals into the long-term safety assessments, this work focuses on the investigation of the sorption behavior of U(VI), Np(V), and Nd(III) as analogue for An(III) onto the minerals orthoclase and muscovite, representing feldspars and mica, respectively. All investigations were performed under conditions relevant to the far field of a repository. In addition to the extensive characterization of the minerals, batch sorption experiments, spectroscopic investigations, and surface complexation modeling were performed to elucidate the uptake and speciation of actinides on the mineral surfaces. In addition, the influence of microorganisms naturally occurring on the mineral surfaces and the effect of Ca2+ on U(VI) uptake on the minerals was studied. The obtained sorption curves exhibit a similar characteristic for orthoclase and muscovite. As expected Nd(III) shows the highest amount of sorption followed by U(VI) and finally Np(V). With spectroscopic investigations of the aquatic U(VI) solution in presence of Ca2+, the Ca2UO2(CO3)3 complex could be identified. Furthermore, with spectroscopic methods the U(VI) surface species onto orthoclase could be characterized, of which a novel uranium-carbonate surface species was observed. Based on the results of batch experiments and spectroscopic methods new SCM parameters for the sorption of U(VI), Np(V), and Nd(III) onto orthoclase and for Np(V) and Nd(III) onto muscovite could be derived. SCM parameters for U(VI) sorption onto muscovite confirmed earlier investigations. The obtained SCM parameters increase the amount of data available for sorption processes onto feldspar and mica. With this the relevance of feldspars for the sorption of actinides and lanthanides could be shown. Thus, this work contributes to a better understanding of interactions of actinides and lanthanides, in particular U(VI), Np(V), and Nd(III), with mineral phases ubiquitous in the environment. This in turn adds confidence to long-term safety assessments essential for the protection of humans and the environment from the hazards of radioactive waste.

No description available.