Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:43:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 06656.pdf: 6506694 bytes, checksum: 3c14b01777cb8c5084964ff054604f96 (MD5) / Tese (Doutoramento) / IPEN/T / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP

Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T12:51:25Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2014-10-09T14:08:53Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 11306.pdf: 5168610 bytes, checksum: bc65302ba021a7b116fa1e5360103483 (MD5) / Dissertacao (Mestrado Profissionalizante em Lasers em Odontologia) / IPEN/D-MPLO / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares, IPEN/CNEN-SP; Faculdade de Odontologia, Universidade de Sao Paulo

Submitted by Claudinei Pracidelli (cpracide@ipen.br) on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-23T10:59:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Lasers Raman são dispositivos que proporcionam uma maneira prática de transformar comprimentos de onda fundamentais em novas linhas espectrais via Espalhamento Raman Estimulado (Stimulated Raman Scattering - SRS). Quando combinados com outros processos de conversão não lineares, os lasers Raman fornecem acesso a comprimentos de onda na região do visível no espectro eletromagnético, que de outra maneira seriam de difícil acesso, como o laranja-amarelo, verde-limão e diversas linhas no azul. A grande vantagem dos lasers Raman é a possibilidade de geração de múltiplas frequências a partir de uma mesma combinação de cristais, tornando esse tipo de laser dispositivos baratos e compactos quando comparados a tecnologias como OPO. Neste trabalho um cristal de Nd:YVO4 foi bombeado por diodo, em configuração transversal, sendo o cristal o responsável pela emissão laser e pelo espalhamento Raman. Na primeira parte do trabalho, a cavidade utilizada apresentava alto fator de qualidade para o comprimento de onda fundamental (1064 nm) e foi estudada a operação laser do 1º Stokes (1176 nm) em regimes de operação quase contínua (q-cw) e contínua (cw). Foi explorada a configuração com uma dobra do feixe laser em ângulo rasante na superfície de bombeamento, bem como a configuração com duas dobras nesta mesma superfície (double beam mode controlling - DBMC). Na segunda parte do trabalho, um cristal LBO foi utilizado para a geração do segundo harmônico (SHG) em 588 nm, o que corresponde a um laser laranja-amarelo. Foi utilizada a configuração com uma dobra e operação cw,com a qual a cavidade apresentava alto fator de qualidade tanto para o 1064 nm quanto 1176 nm. Com a configuração de uma dobra, foi demonstrado que o laser Raman opera em multimodo, com uma variedade de modos de Hermite-Gauss que puderam ser selecionados através apenas do alinhamento da cavidade, incluindo o modo TEM00. Com configuração DBMC, o laser apresentou operação estável oscilando o modo TEM00. Em 1176 nm em regime q-cw, foi obtida a potência máxima de 8,2 W por pulso (multimodo) e 11,7% de eficiência óptica de conversão (diodo para o 1º Stokes), e operando em modo TEM00 a potência máxima de 3,7 W por pulso e eficiência de 5,4% foi obtida com a configuração de duas dobras, de maneira que a tecnologia DBMC se mostrou eficiente para geração de um laser robusto e estável operando com o modo TEM00. Em regime cw o melhor resultado em termos de potência e eficiência foi obtido com a configuração de uma dobra, correspondendo a 1,8 W e 7,3% de eficiência com o laser operando em multimodo. Com o laser laranja, foi demonstrada a operação do modo TEM00 para potências de bombeamento abaixo de 14,5 W. A potência máxima obtida em multimodo foi 820 mW correspondendo a 4% de eficiência óptica de conversão. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Maria Eneide de Souza Araujo (mearaujo@ipen.br) on 2015-10-07T12:39:18Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-07T12:39:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 / Neste trabalho foram realizados experimentos de soldagem de chapas de Tântalo e Monel 400 com 100 m de espessura. Foram realizadas soldas em um laser de Nd:YAG operando em modo pulsado e em um Laser de Fibra operando em modo contínuo. Em seguida a microestrutura das amostras foram analisadas através de microscopia ótica e foram realizados ensaio de microdureza Vickers. As amostras que apresentaram melhores resultados foram submetidas a ensaios de tração e a ensaios de corrosão. Após análise dos resultados observou-se que a soldagem a laser apresenta muitos benefícios em relação a outros processos convencionais para chapas finas. A soldagem no modo pulsado apresentou maior relação de aspecto se comparado a soldagem em modo contínuo. A soldagem em modo contínuo apresentou uma velocidade de soldagem muito superior ao modo pulsado. Os resultados indicaram que a soldagem no modo pulsado apresenta maior aplicabilidade para chapas finas, devido à necessidade um controle preciso sobre a intensidade aplicada. / Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear) / IPEN/D / Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-07-03T12:17:09Z No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-08-08T12:56:20Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-08-08T12:56:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 lyanemarisemoreirarochacosta.pdf: 51851328 bytes, checksum: 854badfa61c4e99a9ec4048be7579bd9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-01 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Materiais laser dopados com Nd são muito atraentes e extensivamente estudados para uma ampla variedade de aplicações por causa de seu fácil modo de operação em 4 níveis laser e geralmente altas seções de choque de emissão. A busca de novas matrizes laser de estado sólido dopadas com Nd tendo propriedades térmicas, mecânicas e ópticas especificas ainda é muito atrativa. A fim de minimizar relaxações não radiativas multifônon e otimizar a eficiência quântica da emissão 4F3/2→ 4I11/2 do Nd, é apropriado trabalhar com matrizes dopadas com Nd de baixas frequências máximas de fônon e baixos teores de impurezas OH. O vidro de Te02-ZnO, combina boa estabilidade mecânica, durabilidade química, altos índices de refração lineares e não lineares, juntos a baixas energias baixas fônon (~750cm-1), uma janela de transmissão ampla (0,4-6µm) e uma alta solubilidade de terras raras. Os grandes índices de refração lineares (1.8<n<2.3) dos vidros telurito implicam grande seções de choque de emissão estimulada. Suas altas propriedades ópticas não-lineares podem ser usadas vantajosamente para o desenvolvimento de lasers pulsados subpicosegundo modo travados por lente Kerr. As características do vidro misto de telurito e oxido de zinco (Te02-ZnO) motivaram a pesquisa apresentada neste trabalho, em que foram estudadas as características ópticas não lineares, espectroscópicas e de emissão estimulada para vidros Te02-ZnO dopados com Nd somente e codopado com nanopartículas de prata. Os parâmetros obtidos pelos espectros de absorção foram analisados de acordo com a teoria de Judd-Offelt. Também foram realizados experimentos de fotoluminescência e fotoluminescência resolvida no tempo. De onde foram obtidas as bandas de emissão das amostras e o tempo de vida da transição 4F3/2→4I11/2. Os altos parâmetros não lineares foram mensurados através da varredura em Z. Por fim, as amostras foram submetidas a testes em cavidade ressonante com eficiência de emissão em regime contínuo de até 21%. Os resultados obtidos foram encorajadores. Fato que mostra que o Te02- ZnO:Nd merece maiores investigações e mesmo melhorias como cobertura antirreflexiva. / Nd-doped laser Materials are very attractive and extensively studied for a wide variety of applications because of its easy operation in 4 level mode and generally high gain cross sections. The search of new solid-state laser hosts doped with Nd having specific thermal, optical and mechanical properties is still very attractive. In order to minimize nonradiative multiphonon relaxations and optimizing quantum efficiency of the Nd transition 4F3/2→4I11/2, is suitable to work with hosts with low maximum phonon frequencies and low levels of OH impurities. The Te02-ZnO glass, combines good mechanical stability, chemical durability, high linear and nonlinear refraction, together with low phonon energies (~750cm- 1), a wide transmission window (0.4-6µm) and a high solubility of rare earth ions. The large linear refractive indices (1.8 < n < 2.3) of tellurite glasses involve large cross sections of stimulated emission. Their high nonlinear optical properties can be used advantageously for the development of subpicosecond mode-locked pulsed lasers through Kerr lens effect. The characteristics of the mixed tellurite glass and zinc oxide (Te02-ZnO) motivated the research presented in this work, in which the nonlinear optical and spectroscopic characteristics, the stimulated emission properties for Te02-ZnO glasses doped with Nd only and codoped with silver nanoparticles were studied. The absorption spectra results were analyzed according to the Judd-Offelt framework. Photoluminescence and lifetime experiments were also carried out. From these, the emission bands were identified and the lifetime of the transition 4F3/2→ 4l11/2 for each sample. The high nonlinear parameters were measured with the aid of z-scan experiments. Finally, the samples were subjected to resonant cavity tests with CW laser action efficiency up to 21%. The results were encouraging. This shows that the TeO2-ZnO:Nd deserve further investigation and even improvements like anti reflective cover.

Résumé confidentiel / Résumé confidentiel

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’apporter de nouvelles contraintes sur l’hydrologie de l’Atlantique Nord-Est et de la Méditerranée occidentale depuis la dernière période glaciaire à partir de l’analyse de la composition isotopique du Nd (εNd) dans des échantillons d’eau de mer ainsi que des coraux profonds et des foraminifères, prélevés dans des carottes sédimentaires marines. Les changements de l’hydrologie des masses d’eau intermédiaire (LIW, MSW, AAIW et masses d’eau intermédiaire des gyres subtropical et subpolaire) ont été plus particulièrement étudiés car leur rôle sur les transferts de sels en Atlantique Nord et in fine sur l’AMOC est actuellement mal contraint. Ce travail a été mené au cours des périodes de changements hydrologiques majeurs et abrupts de l’océan qui se sont produits lors des variations climatiques rapides de la dernière période glaciaire (événements d’Heinrich et cycles de Dansgaard-Oeschger) et lors du dépôt du Sapropel S1 en Méditerranée orientale. Dans un premier volet, nous avons amélioré la couverture spatiale des valeurs d’εNd des masses d’eau de l’Atlantique Nord-Est et de la mer d’Alboran, préalable indispensable pour restituer l’hydrologie passée de ces régions avec le traceur εNd. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence un changement majeur du schéma de circulation de la Méditerranée occidentale durant la période de dépôt du sapropel S1, marquée par une forte réduction des masses d’eau de la Méditerranée orientale (LIW) au sud de la Sardaigne au profit de celles provenant du Golfe du Lion (WIW). Ce changement hydrologique ainsi que ceux qui s’opèrent en Méditerranée depuis la dernière période glaciaire ne sont pas associés à de fortes modifications des valeurs d’εNd de la LIW de la mer d’Alboran et de la mer des Baléares, suggérant une stabilité de la signature isotopique en Nd de la MOW au cours du temps. Ceci a permis, à partir d’un enregistrement d’εNd obtenus sur des coraux profonds du Golfe de Cadix, de mettre en évidence une contribution plus importante de l’AAIW plus radiogénique et donc une pénétration plus marquée en Atlantique Nord de cette masse d’eau lors des périodes de fortes réductions de l’AMOC, liées à la déstabilisation des calottes de glace de l’Hémisphère Nord. / : The purpose of this thesis is to constrain the hydrology of the North-East Atlantic and western Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period from neodymium isotopic composition (εNd) measured on seawater, cold water corals and foraminifera. In particular, hydrological changes of intermediate water masses (LIW, AAIW, MSW, mid-subtropical and subpolar gyre water) have been studied as their role on salt budget in North Atlantic and ultimately on AMOC are currently poorly constrained. This work has been conducted at times of major and abrupt hydrological changes that occurred during rapid climatic variations of the last glacial period (Heinrich and Dansgaard-Oeschger events) and during the last sapropel deposit (S1) in eastern Mediterranean Sea. In a first step, we have improved the spatial distribution of water masses εNd values in North-east Atlantic and Alboran Sea, what is an absolute prerequisite in order to track past hydrological changes in these areas with εNd proxy. Next, we have highlighted a major change of the western Mediterranean circulation pattern during the sapropel S1 deposit, which is marked south of Sardinia by a strong reduction of eastern-sourced water masses (LIW) in favor of western-sourced water masses (WIW). This hydrological change as well as those occurring in Mediterranean Sea since the last glacial period was not associated with strong modifications of εNd values in Alboran and Balearic Sea, suggesting a stability of Nd isotopic signature of MOW over the time. This has highlighted, from an εNd record obtained on cold water corals in the Gulf of Cadiz, an enhanced contribution of more radiogenic AAIW and therefore a stronger northward penetration in North Atlantic at times of reduced AMOC linked to iceberg discharges from Northern Hemisphere ice sheets.

<div> <div> <div> <p>Microfluidics is a new and emerging field that has applications in a myriad of microfluidic industrial applications such as biochemical engineering, analytical processing, biomedical engineering and separation of cells. Microfluidics operations are carried out in microfluidic chips, and the traditional method of fabrication is carried out in a cleanroom. However, this fabrication method is very costly and also requires professional trained personnel. In this thesis, a low-cost fabrication platform was developed based on soft-lithography technique developed to fabricate the microfluidic devices with resolution at microscale. This fabrication method is advantageous and novel because it is able to achieve the microscale fabrication capability with simple steps and lower-level laboratory configuration. In the developed fabrication platform, an array of ultraviolet light was illuminated onto a photoresist film that has a negative photomask with a microfluidic design on it. The photoresist film is then developed, and a silicon polymer of polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is chosen to be the material for the device. In this work, the performance and resolution of the fabrication system was evaluated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), polymer resolution test and light intensity analysis. </p> <p>Based on the success of the development of microfluidics fabrication platform, various experiment of mixing and separation was conducted and studied because the utilization of the microfluidic device for mixing and separation is very valuable in biomedical and chemical engineering. Although there are a lot of applications reported, the precise separation and mixing at microscale still meet some difficulties. Mixing in micromixers is extremely time-consuming and requires very long microchannels due to laminar flow and low Reynolds number. Particle separation is also hard to be achieved because the size of micron bioparticles is very small and thus the force is not strong enough to manipulate their motion. The integration of magnetic field is an active method to strengthen both mixing and separation that has been widely applied in the biomedical industry overcome these difficulties because of its compatibility with organic particles. However, most magnetic mixing and separation use bulky permanent magnets that leave a large footprint or electromagnets that generate harmful Joule heat to organic and bio-particles. In this work, microscale magnet made of a mixture of neodymium powder and polydimethylsiloxane was developed and integrated into microfluidic system to achieve both rapid mixing of ferrofluids and separation of microparticles. Systematic experiments were conducted to discuss the effect of various parameters on the performance of magnetic mixing and separation of microparticles. It was found that channel geometry, flow filed, and magnetic properties will affect the transport phenomena of ferrofluid and microparticles, and thus mixing and separation efficiency. These findings are of great significance for the high throughput sorting of cancer cells and its mixing between drug for therapy treatment.</p></div></div></div>

The magnetocaloric effect (MCE) is the temperature change in a magnetic material due to a change in an applied magnetic field. How the MCE behaves in different magnetic materials and at different phase transitions is fundamental to understand. The driver of the MCE is a change in entropy which has multiple contributions: magnetic, lattice, and electron. In this thesis the MCE is studied in a simple antiferromagnetic (AFM) model andin a realistic noncollinear spin glass Neodymium model using Monte Carlo and Atomistic Spin Dynamics simulations. For the simple AFM system, no clear results were achieved, indicating that MCE in AFM materials is not due to a change solely in the magnetic entropy. For the complex magnetic material Nd, a more clear result is seen, indicating that frustration in the system might be important to the MCE in noncollinear materials. Nd results also signify more phase transitions than previously reported.

<p> Surface probes are producing a huge variety of spatially resolved images of materials during phase transitions. These images have complex pattern formation present across a variety of length scales. Here, I apply image cluster scaling analysis and machine learning to several such images. First, I apply cluster analysis techniques to charge stripe orientations in Bi2−zPbzSr2−yLayCuO6+x. Our experimental collaborators observe stripes with period 4a0 in Bi2−zPbzSr2−yLayCuO6+x. [1] The local orientation of these stripes forms complex patterns from which we extract relationships involving cluster sizes. We compare these experimental exponents to those computed at a phase transition in the following models: 2D percolation and the 2D and 3D clean and random field Ising models. We find that only the 3D clean and random field Ising models are consistent with the data. Combined with the stability of these exponents across the superconducting region, we conclude that the system is in the random field Ising model universality class. We apply these same cluster techniques to period-4 antiferromagnet order in NdNiO3. [2] Our experimental collaborators observed the intensity for 2 of 8 possible directions for period-4 antiferromagnetic order in NdNiO3 and find complex pattern formation that remains after a temperature cycle past the hysteresis loop. We threshold this experimental data and extract cluster exponents for this system. We then compare these models to the 4-state clean and random field clock models. This exponent comparison shows that the 4-state random field clock model is a match for the experimental data. We then train a convolutional neural network to distinguish the 4-state clean and random field clock models. The fit neural net is capable of labeling our entire testing dataset of 16000 images with 100% accuracy. This gives us a 95% confidence interval of (0.9998, 1) by the rule of three. [3] We then split the field of view into 52 sliding windows of the original experimental data which we feed into the trained model. The model classifies every input window as a 2D random field clock model which gives us a 95% confidence interval of (0.94, 1). The observed hysteresis in the experimental data, the cluster analysis and the machine learning prediction clearly show the observed patterns are in the random field 4-state clock model universality class. </p>