<p>This essay aims to study how national tests in the ninth grade are being viewed upon in the Swedish school system. What are the affected people’s thoughts regarding its field of application? For further information about this matter, three different sub studies have taken place. In the first sub study, literature from The Swedish National Agency for Education (SNAE) has been studied and compared to other researches. In the second sub study, pupils who took part in the national tests during the previous year answered a survey about their experiences working with the tests. The third sub study includes interviews with 12 teachers who all work with national tests in the ninth grade. These teachers were asked questions about their experiences working with the national tests. Results from the three sub studies are discussed thoroughly and are being brought together through a neo-rationalistic perspective in the discussion part of the essay. The major conclusion made is that there is a difference between the guidelines given by SNAE and how the affected people within the schools look upon the test system.</p>

This essay aims to study how national tests in the ninth grade are being viewed upon in the Swedish school system. What are the affected people’s thoughts regarding its field of application? For further information about this matter, three different sub studies have taken place. In the first sub study, literature from The Swedish National Agency for Education (SNAE) has been studied and compared to other researches. In the second sub study, pupils who took part in the national tests during the previous year answered a survey about their experiences working with the tests. The third sub study includes interviews with 12 teachers who all work with national tests in the ninth grade. These teachers were asked questions about their experiences working with the national tests. Results from the three sub studies are discussed thoroughly and are being brought together through a neo-rationalistic perspective in the discussion part of the essay. The major conclusion made is that there is a difference between the guidelines given by SNAE and how the affected people within the schools look upon the test system.

Le design urbain, dimension de la pratique urbanistique, consiste principalement en la manipulation de la forme urbaine selon une démarche ciblée et encadrée. Les approches sont aussi nombreuses que diversifiées. On peut néanmoins les classer en deux catégories : les approches visant la forme urbaine en tant qu‟objet qui contient l‟organisation formelle de la ville et celles qui visent le travail sur la forme urbaine afin d‟organiser la dynamique urbaine humaine. Les deux types d‟approches soutiennent différentes démarches d‟aménagement qui contribuent à développer la forme urbaine et la dynamique des lieux. Parmi celles-ci se trouve la vision de type empirique, laquelle vise l‟expérience urbaine à l‟échelle du piéton. Les écrits et les théories à ce sujet sont variés et pertinents. La présente recherche porte sur la transposition des prescriptions empiriques dans la planification d‟un projet qui intègre une démarche de design urbain. Au moyen d‟une étude de cas, la Cité multimédia à Montréal, il s‟agit de comprendre plus spécifiquement comment le canevas maître du design urbain, soit l‟espace public, est étudié et reformulé et ce, en accordant une attention particulière pour la dimension empirique du futur aménagement. Quelles sont les balises ou les composantes qui permettent à la dimension empirique de se déployer dans la conception d‟un projet urbain qui vise une reformulation de la forme urbaine? / Urban design, a dimension of urbanistic practice, principaly consists in urban forms manipulations according to a formal and targeted approach. Approaches are numerous and diversified, altought they can be classified in two categories: those who consider the urban form as an object including the city's formal organisation and those who consider the work on the urban form as a way to organise the city's humane dynamics. Both of them support specific planning approaches that contribute to the urban form and location dynamcs developpement. Among these, the empirical type vision targets the pedestrian scale urban experience. Litterature and theories are various and pertinent. The present research concerns transposition of empirical prescriptions in the planning of a project that includes an urban design approach. Threw a case study, Montreal's Cité du Multimédia, the goal is to understand more specificaly how the public space, urban design's master grid, is studied considering the empiric dimension of the developpement. What are the markers or components allowing the empirical dimension to develop in the planning of a project that includes reformulation of the urban form?

Le design urbain, dimension de la pratique urbanistique, consiste principalement en la manipulation de la forme urbaine selon une démarche ciblée et encadrée. Les approches sont aussi nombreuses que diversifiées. On peut néanmoins les classer en deux catégories : les approches visant la forme urbaine en tant qu‟objet qui contient l‟organisation formelle de la ville et celles qui visent le travail sur la forme urbaine afin d‟organiser la dynamique urbaine humaine. Les deux types d‟approches soutiennent différentes démarches d‟aménagement qui contribuent à développer la forme urbaine et la dynamique des lieux. Parmi celles-ci se trouve la vision de type empirique, laquelle vise l‟expérience urbaine à l‟échelle du piéton. Les écrits et les théories à ce sujet sont variés et pertinents. La présente recherche porte sur la transposition des prescriptions empiriques dans la planification d‟un projet qui intègre une démarche de design urbain. Au moyen d‟une étude de cas, la Cité multimédia à Montréal, il s‟agit de comprendre plus spécifiquement comment le canevas maître du design urbain, soit l‟espace public, est étudié et reformulé et ce, en accordant une attention particulière pour la dimension empirique du futur aménagement. Quelles sont les balises ou les composantes qui permettent à la dimension empirique de se déployer dans la conception d‟un projet urbain qui vise une reformulation de la forme urbaine? / Urban design, a dimension of urbanistic practice, principaly consists in urban forms manipulations according to a formal and targeted approach. Approaches are numerous and diversified, altought they can be classified in two categories: those who consider the urban form as an object including the city's formal organisation and those who consider the work on the urban form as a way to organise the city's humane dynamics. Both of them support specific planning approaches that contribute to the urban form and location dynamcs developpement. Among these, the empirical type vision targets the pedestrian scale urban experience. Litterature and theories are various and pertinent. The present research concerns transposition of empirical prescriptions in the planning of a project that includes an urban design approach. Threw a case study, Montreal's Cité du Multimédia, the goal is to understand more specificaly how the public space, urban design's master grid, is studied considering the empiric dimension of the developpement. What are the markers or components allowing the empirical dimension to develop in the planning of a project that includes reformulation of the urban form?