Submitted by Sandra Pereira (srpereira@ufrrj.br) on 2016-08-03T11:52:14Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Gabriela Bueno B. Silva.pdf: 16499028 bytes, checksum: f77bf195f420f4227c29b60a75895d0d (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T11:52:14Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2011 - Gabriela Bueno B. Silva.pdf: 16499028 bytes, checksum: f77bf195f420f4227c29b60a75895d0d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-04-15 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior, CAPES, Brasil. / BITTENCOURT-SILVA, Gabriela Bueno. Insular Anuran (Amphibia) Communities of the Southeast Coast of Brazil: Taxonomic Composition and Relationship to the History of the Islands. 2011. 72p. Dissertation (Master of Science in Animal Biology). Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. A data set containing a list of the known species of frogs that occur near shore and on eight islands of the south coast of the State of Rio de Janeiro and north of the State of S?o Paulo was produced. For that, I compiled data from the literature and conducted inventories of a few of the islands. This list included 67 anuran species belonging to 11 families for eight islands and 117 species and 14 families for two localities on the mainland. The pattern of richness between islands was analyzed in respect to the island area and the composition of habitats used by the anurans for reproduction. Insular structural complexity was also evaluated in this regard. The results of correlation analyses of area vs. species richness and species richness vs. number of reproductive habitats were highly significant indicating that species richness prediction in fragmented environments depends on both factors. Nestedness analyses using the metric NODF was performed in an attempt to investigate whether shared species absences among the islands are the result of a random process or represents a pattern indicative of ordered loss of species. The predicted pattern was confirmed ? that is, that species loss is nonrandom and that this was possibly caused by habitat loss. The role played by climatic events at the beginning of the Holocene and of the availability of reproductive habitats in the islands upon species loss is discussed. Furthermore, it is discussed how these results can help to guide conservation strategies of anuran species. / BITTENCOURT-SILVA, Gabriela Bueno. Comunidades de Anf?bios Anuros Insulares do Litoral Sudeste do Brasil: Composi??o Taxon?mica e Rela??es com a Hist?ria de Forma??o das Ilhas. 2011. 72p. Disserta??o (Mestrado em Biologia Animal). Instituto de Biologia, Departamento de Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Serop?dica, RJ, 2011. Atrav?s de invent?rios e compila??o de dados da literatura levantou-se a composi??o de esp?cies de anf?bios anuros de oito ilhas, sendo seis da Costa Verde do Estado do Rio de Janeiro e duas do litoral norte do Estado de S?o Paulo. Al?m das ilhas, foram tamb?m compilados da literatura os invent?rios de duas comunidades representativas do litoral dos dois Estados. Adicionalmente, foram registradas 67 esp?cies, pertencentes a 11 fam?lias de anuros nas ilhas e 117 esp?cies e 14 fam?lias para o continente. O padr?o de distribui??o de riqueza das ilhas foi avaliado em rela??o ? ?rea das ilhas, ? composi??o de ambientes usados pelos anuros para reprodu??o e ? complexidade estrutural das ilhas. As an?lises de correla??o da riqueza de esp?cies vs. ?rea e riqueza de esp?cies vs. n?mero de ambientes reprodutivos apresentam resultados significativos, que s?o indicativos que a riqueza de esp?cies em ambientes fragmentados depende da intera??o de ambos os fatores. A fim de avaliar se as aus?ncias compartilhadas de esp?cies entre as ilhas ocorrem ao acaso ou encontram-se estruturadas, realizou-se uma an?lise de aninhamento com o aux?lio da m?trica NODF. O padr?o previsto foi confirmado e a perda de diversidade ? discutida em rela??o ? eventos clim?ticos do in?cio do Holoceno e ? disponibilidade de ambientes reprodutivos nas ilhas. Discute-se ainda como os resultados desse estudo podem servir para orientar programas de conserva??o de esp?cies de anf?bios anuros

<p>Patterns of site occupancy among boreal stream insects were studied in central Sweden with focus on sparsely distributed species and the role of dispersal and niche limitations.</p><p>In the study of dispersal limitation, I found that effects of an extraordinarily harsh winter in small to medium-sized streams were strongest in sites located in small streams and far from lake outlets. Species richness and the total abundance of macroinvertebrates and trout returned to pre-disturbance levels after three years. However, some species showed slow recolonization and the proportion of holoaquatic taxa was still reduced after three years. In a second study, I found a positive correlation between site occupancy in stream caddisflies and morphological traits associated with fast and energy-efficient flight, whereas specialized spring caddisflies showed a negative correlation to these traits compared to stream species. This suggested that streams, but not springs, select for strong dispersal ability in caddisflies. In a survey of springs in central Sweden, hydrogeology was found to be a useful predictor of the occurrence of spring specialists. Two of these, <i>Crunoecia irrorata</i> Curtis and <i>Parachiona picicornis</i> (Pictet), were found exclusively in glaciofluvial springs, characterized by a stable discharge and temperature. Less specialized members of the spring fauna (i.e. species also occurring in streams, ponds or lakes) also occurred in moraine and limestone springs characterized by more unstable conditions. </p><p>Niche limitations were studied by contrasting large-scale distributions of closely related rare and common stoneflies. Differences in temperature requirements in the juvenile stages and life cycles suggested that the rare species, <i>Isogenus nubecula</i> Newman, was restricted by a limited tolerance to low stream temperatures, whereas the two common species, <i>Isoperla grammatica</i> (Poda) and <i>Diura nanseni</i> (Kempny), appeared to have a broader tolerance to climatic conditions in the study area. In a second study of niche limitations, macroinvertebrate assemblages in 88 streams in Central Sweden showed a nested distribution pattern. Most species deviating from expected distributions occurred in small streams, indicating competitive exclusion from species-rich sites, predator avoidance, or specialization to unique habitat features of small streams. In the last paper, the longitudinal distribution of filter-feeding caddisflies in a lake-outlet stream demonstrated patterns concordant to feeding specialization. </p>

Patterns of site occupancy among boreal stream insects were studied in central Sweden with focus on sparsely distributed species and the role of dispersal and niche limitations. In the study of dispersal limitation, I found that effects of an extraordinarily harsh winter in small to medium-sized streams were strongest in sites located in small streams and far from lake outlets. Species richness and the total abundance of macroinvertebrates and trout returned to pre-disturbance levels after three years. However, some species showed slow recolonization and the proportion of holoaquatic taxa was still reduced after three years. In a second study, I found a positive correlation between site occupancy in stream caddisflies and morphological traits associated with fast and energy-efficient flight, whereas specialized spring caddisflies showed a negative correlation to these traits compared to stream species. This suggested that streams, but not springs, select for strong dispersal ability in caddisflies. In a survey of springs in central Sweden, hydrogeology was found to be a useful predictor of the occurrence of spring specialists. Two of these, Crunoecia irrorata Curtis and Parachiona picicornis (Pictet), were found exclusively in glaciofluvial springs, characterized by a stable discharge and temperature. Less specialized members of the spring fauna (i.e. species also occurring in streams, ponds or lakes) also occurred in moraine and limestone springs characterized by more unstable conditions. Niche limitations were studied by contrasting large-scale distributions of closely related rare and common stoneflies. Differences in temperature requirements in the juvenile stages and life cycles suggested that the rare species, Isogenus nubecula Newman, was restricted by a limited tolerance to low stream temperatures, whereas the two common species, Isoperla grammatica (Poda) and Diura nanseni (Kempny), appeared to have a broader tolerance to climatic conditions in the study area. In a second study of niche limitations, macroinvertebrate assemblages in 88 streams in Central Sweden showed a nested distribution pattern. Most species deviating from expected distributions occurred in small streams, indicating competitive exclusion from species-rich sites, predator avoidance, or specialization to unique habitat features of small streams. In the last paper, the longitudinal distribution of filter-feeding caddisflies in a lake-outlet stream demonstrated patterns concordant to feeding specialization.

Ακολουθώντας μακροικολογική προσέγγιση, στόχος της διατριβής είναι η μελέτη των προτύπων συγκρότησης των νησιωτικών βιοκοινοτήτων. Συγκεκριμένα, στόχος είναι η διερεύνηση των προτύπων συνεμφάνισης ειδών, των προτύπων ανομοιότητας στη σύνθεση ειδών και της επίδρασης περιβαλλοντικών παραγόντων σε αυτά, καθώς και των προτύπων εγκιβωτισμού σε νησιωτικές βιοκοινότητες. Για το σκοπό αυτό, συνέλεξα μεγάλο αριθμό δεδομένων από διάφορα νησιωτικά συστήματα του κόσμου, καταρτίζοντας πίνακες παρουσίας-απουσίας ειδών για κάθε νησιωτικό σύστημα. Στη συνέχεια προσπάθησα να αναδείξω γενικά προτύπα συγκρότησης των νησιωτικών βιοκοινοτήτων. Αρχικά, αξιολόγησα δύο δείκτες («φυσικός» δείκτης και δείκτης CS), οι οποίοι εξετάζουν τα πρότυπα συνεμφάνισης σε επίπεδο ζευγών ειδών, ως προς την καταλληλότητα τους για τη διερεύνηση των προτύπων συνεμφάνισης ειδών. Τα αποτελέσματα καταδεικνύουν ότι και οι δύο δείκτες είναι κατάλληλοι ως δείκτες διερεύνησης των προτύπων συνεμφάνισης των ειδών. Mε τη χρήση αυτών των δύο δεικτών ανιχνεύονται σημαντικά πρότυπα συνεμφάνισης ειδών σε πολύ λιγότερες περιπτώσεις σε σύγκριση με τον δείκτη C-score που εξετάζει τα πρότυπα συνεμφάνισης σε επίπεδο ολόκληρου πίνακα παρουσίας-απουσίας ειδών. Γενικά, τα περισσότερα πρότυπα συνεμφάνισης ανιχνεύονται στις νησιωτικές κοινότητες των σπονδυλωτών και των φυτών. Ακολούθως, διερεύνησα τα προτύπα ανομοιότητας στη σύνθεση ειδών διάφορων ομάδων οργανισμών σε ωκεάνια και ηπειρωτικά νησιωτικά συστήματα, σε μερικές περιπτώσεις υπό το πρίσμα των διαφορετικών ικανοτήτων διασποράς των τάξων. Τα αποτελέσματα έδειξαν ότι η ανομοιότητα στη σύνθεση ειδών μεταξύ νησιών επηρεάζεται από την ομάδα οργανισμών που μελετάται. Τάξα με μεγάλη ικανότητα διασποράς τείνουν να έχουν χαμηλότερο βαθμό ανομοιότητας μεταξύ νησιών σε σύγκριση με άλλα τάξα με μικρότερη ικανότητα διασποράς. Η ανομοιότητα στη σύνθεση ειδών μεταξύ νησιών επηρεάζεται επίσης από τον τύπο νησιωτικού συστήματος. Τα ωκεάνια νησιωτικά συστήματα τείνουν να έχουν υψηλότερο βαθμό ανομοιότητας στη σύνθεση ειδών μεταξύ νησιών από ότι τα ηπειρωτικά νησιωτικά συστήματα (αποδείχθηκε για τις κοινότητες σαυρών). Οι διαφορές στην έκταση και η απόσταση μεταξύ των νησιών επηρεάζουν σημαντικά την ανομοιότητα στη σύνθεση ειδών μεταξύ νησιών. Οι διαφορές στο υψόμετρο επηρεάζουν σε μικρότερο βαθμό την ανομοιότητα στη σύνθεση ειδών και κυρίως φαίνεται να επιδρούν στα ωκεάνια νησιά και στις κοινότητες των τάξων με μεγάλη ικανότητα διασποράς, όπως είναι τα πτηνά και οι νυκτερίδες. Τέλος, διερεύνησα τον βαθμό εγκιβωτισμού των νησιωτικών βιοκοινοτήτων χρησιμοποιώντας τον δείκτη εγκιβωτισμού NODF. Σε συνδυασμό με ένα μηδενικό μοντέλο που διατηρεί σταθερό το άθροισμα των στηλών και των σειρών του πίνακα παρουσίας-απουσίας ειδών, ανιχνεύονται αρκετές «αντι-εγκιβωτισμένες» νησιωτικές βιοκοινότητες. Οι περισσότερες από αυτές επιδεικνύουν σημαντικό πρότυπο συνεμφάνισης ειδών. Αρκετές «αντι-εγκιβωτισμένες» βιοκοινότητες έχουν πολύ υψηλό βαθμό αντι-εγκιβωτισμού δηλαδή έχουν αρκετά νησιά τα οποία δεν έχουν κανένα κοινό είδος. Αυτό μπορεί να οφείλεται είτε στην ύπαρξη διαφορετικών δεξαμενών ειδών για τα νησιά του ίδιου νησιωτικού συστήματος είτε στη μειωμένη ικανότητα διασποράς των ειδών και κατά συνέπεια στη διαμόρφωση ξεχωριστών βιοκοινοτήτων στα νησιά. / Following a macroecological approach the aim of this thesis is the study of the assembly patterns of insular communities. In particular, the aim is to investigate species co-occurrence patterns, compositional dissimilarity patterns as well as the effect of environmental factors on those patterns and also to investigate nestedness patterns of insular communities. I collected a large number of data from various insular systems of the world, compiling species presence-absence matrices for each insular system and Ι attempted to describe general assembly patterns of insular communities. First, I evaluated the statistical properties of two metrics ("natural" and CS), that are used to examine co-occurrence patterns at the species-pair level, to determine if they can be used in the investigation of species co-occurrence patterns. The results show that both metrics can be used in the investigation of these patterns. Using the "natural" and the CS metrics, significant species co-occurrence patterns are identified in very few cases. On the contrary, using the CS metric, significant species co-occurrence patterns are identified in many cases. The majority of the significant species co-occurrence patterns are identified in the communities of vertebrates and plants. Also, I investigated compositional dissimilarity patterns of various taxa in oceanic and continental shelf insular systems, in some cases taking into account the differences in the dispersal ability among taxa. The results showed that compositional dissimilarity patterns are dependent on the taxon. Taxa with good dispersal abilities tend to have level lower levels of between-island compositional dissimilarity than taxa with poor dispersal abilities. Compositional dissimilarity patterns are also dependent on island type. Oceanic insular systems tend to have a higher level of compositional dissimilarity than continental shelf insular systems (clearly demonstrated for lizards). Inter-island distance, as well as area differences between islands, have an important effect on compositional dissimilarity between islands. Elevation differences between islands have a weaker effect on compositional dissimilarity. Significant effects of elevation differences between islands are only observed in oceanic insular systems and in the communities of taxa with good dispersal abilities such as birds and bats. Finally, I investigated the nestedness degree of insular communities. Using the NODF metric in combination with a null model that preserves the column and row sums of the species presence-absence matrix, we can detect several "anti-nested" insular communities. The majority of these communities also exhibit a significant species co-occurrence pattern. Several "anti-nested" communities have high values of the anti-nestedness index, indicating that they have many island pairs that have no species in common. A possible explanation for this is that for a given insular system there may be more than one species source pool. Poor dispersal abilities of various species can also lead to the assembly of distinct communities on different islands.

Les plantes n'exploitent pas seules les nutriments du sol, mais dépendent de champignons avec lesquels elles forment des symbioses mycorhiziennes dans leurs racines. C'est en particulier vrai pour les 25 000 espèces d'orchidées actuelles qui dépendent toutes de champignons mycorhiziens pour accomplir leur cycle de vie. Elles produisent des graines microscopiques qui n'ont pas les ressources nutritives pour germer, mais qui dépendent de la présence de partenaires adéquats pour nourrir l'embryon (hétérotrophie) jusqu'à l'apparition des feuilles (autotrophie). Les mycorhiziens restent présents dans les racines des adultes où ils contribuent à la nutrition, ce qui permet d'étudier plus facilement la diversité des symbiotes à l'aide des outils génétiques. Conscients des biais des études en faveur des régions tempérées, nous avons étudié la diversité des mycorhiziens d'orchidées tropicales à La Réunion. Nous avons montré que (1) les orchidées tropicales ont des partenaires semblables aux orchidées tempérées et méditerranéennes (Sebacinales, Ceratobasidiaceae et surtout Tulasnellaceae), et que ces taxons de champignons sont largement représentés dans différents biomes et dans différentes plantes hôtes. Nous avons aussi démontré pour la première fois que (2) les orchidées épiphytes (dont les associations étaient peu connues) ont des cortèges mycorhiziens différents de ceux des orchidées terrestres dans les communautés tropicales. De plus, en développant une approche à l'échelle de réseaux d'interactions (78 espèces de La Réunion), nous avons montré que (3) les espèces tropicales ont tendance à être généralistes et que (4) le réseau mycorhizien des orchidées montre des propriétés semblables à celles des réseaux d'interactions mutualistes (nestedness et asymétrie d'interaction), alors que la nature mutualiste de cette symbiose mycorhiziennes fait débat. Dans un second volet de la thèse, nous avons étudié les partenaires des orchidées non chlorophylliennes (mycohétérotrophes) tropicales. Nous avons montré que (5) les espèces tropicales peuvent s'associer à des champignons saprophytes qui les nourrissent en carbone issu de la décomposition de la litière dans les forêts tropicales humides et que (6) les modèles tropicaux (en n'étant pas spécifiques) remettent en question les idées reçues sur la mycohétérotrophie des plantes. Nous avons confirmé que (7) la mycohétérotrophie dérive d'un régime nutritionnel intermédiaire (mixotrophie) mis en place dans des lignées chlorophylliennes. Dans un dernier volet de la thèse, nous avons posé la question du déterminisme phylogénétique des associations orchidées-champignons. En analysant la force du signal dans les phylogénies des deux partenaires, nous avons vérifié que (8) les associations mycorhiziennes sont peu conservées à l'échelle supra-générique dans la phylogénie des orchidées, et qu'elles (9) peuvent être maintenues à une échelle plus récente (cas de certains clades d'angraecoïdes). Ces résultats soulignent l'empreinte relative des processus écologiques et évolutifs sur les patrons d'associations actuels, et remettent en question l'idée qu'un processus de coévolution pourrait guider le système.

Biodiversity is determined by a myriad of complex processes acting at different scales. Given the current rates of biodiversity loss and change, it is of paramount importance that we improve our understanding of the underlying structure of ecological communities. In this thesis, I focused on Species Abundance Distributions (SAD), as a synthetic measure of biodiversity and community structure, and on Beta (β) diversity patterns, as a description of the spatial variation of species composition. I systematically assessed the effect of scale on both these patterns, analysing a broad range of community data, including different taxa and habitats, from the terrestrial, marine and freshwater realms. Knowledge of the scaling properties of abundance and compositional patterns must be fully integrated in biodiversity research if we are to understand biodiversity and the processes underpinning it, from local to global scales. SADs depict the relative abundance of the species present in a community. Although typically described by unimodal logseries or lognormal distributions, empirical SADs can also exhibit multiple modes. However, the existence of multiple modes in SADs has largely been overlooked, assumed to be due to sampling errors or a rare pattern. Thus, we do not know how prevalent multimodality is, nor do we have an understanding of the factors leading to this pattern. Here, I provided the first global empirical assessment of the prevalence of multimodality across a wide range of taxa, habitats and spatial extents. I employed an improved method combining two model selection tools, and (conservatively) estimated that ~15% of the communities were multimodal with strong support. Furthermore, I showed that the pattern is more common for communities at broader spatial scales and with greater taxonomic diversity (i.e. more phylogenetically diverse communities, since taxonomic diversity was measured as number of families). This suggests a link between multimodality and ecological heterogeneity, broadly defined to incorporate the spatial, environmental, taxonomic and functional variability of ecological systems. Empirical understanding of how spatial scale affects SAD shape is still lacking. Here, I established a gradient in spatial scale spanning several orders of magnitude by decomposing the total extent of several datasets into smaller subsets. I performed an exploratory analysis of how SAD shape is affected by area sampled, species richness, total abundance and taxonomic diversity. Clear shifts in SAD shape can provide information about relevant ecological and spatial mechanisms affecting community structure. There was a clear effect of area, species richness and taxonomic diversity in determining SAD shape, while total abundance did not exhibit any directional effect. The results supported the findings of the previous analysis, with a higher prevalence of multimodal SADs for larger areas and for more taxonomically diverse communities, while also suggesting that species spatial aggregation patterns can be linked to SAD shape. On the other hand, there was a systematic departure from the predictions of two important macroecological theories for SAD across scales, specifically regarding logseries distributions being selected only for smaller scales and when species richness and number of families were proportionally much smaller than the total extent. β diversity quantifies the variation in species composition between sites. Although a fundamental component of biodiversity, its spatial scaling properties are still poorly understood. Here, I tested if two conceptual types of β diversity showed systematic variation with scale, while also explicitly accounting for the two β diversity components, turnover and nestedness (species replacement vs species richness differences). I provided the first empirical analysis of β diversity scaling patterns for different taxa, revealing remarkably consistent scaling curves. Total β diversity and turnover exhibit a power law decay with log area, while nestedness is largely insensitive to scale changes. For the distance decay of similarity analysis, while area sampled affected the overall dissimilarity values, rates of similarity were consistent across large variations in sampled area. Finally, in both these analyses, turnover was the main contributor to compositional change. These results suggest that species are spatially aggregated across spatial scales (from local to regional scales), while also illustrating that substantial change in community structure might occur, despite species richness remaining relatively stable. This systematic and comprehensive analysis of SAD and community similarity patterns highlighted spatial scale, ecological heterogeneity and species spatial aggregation patterns as critical components underlying the results found. This work expanded the range of scales at which both theories deriving SAD and community similarity studies have been developed and tested (from local plots to continents). The results here showed strong departures from two important macroecological theories for SAD at different scales. In addition, the overall findings in this thesis clearly indicate that unified theories of biodiversity (or assuming a set of synthetic minimal assumptions) are unable to accommodate the variability in SADs shape across spatial scales reported here, and cannot fully reproduce community similarity patterns across scales. Incorporating more realistic assumptions, or imposing scale dependent assumptions, may prove to be a fruitful avenue for ecological research regarding the scaling properties of SAD and community similarity patterns. This will allow deriving new predictions and improving the ability of theoretical models to incorporate the variability in abundance and similarity patterns across scales.