O vínculo familiar e comunitário é um operador importante da Política Nacional de Assistência Social (PNAS). Segundo um de seus documentos, ele é uma meta que perpassa todas as suas normatizações. Frente a essa centralidade, esta tese buscou investigar, a partir das proposições dos Estudos da Ciência, Tecnologia e Sociedade e da Teoria Ator-Rede, as redes de práticas heterogêneas pelas quais o vínculo é performado (enacted) como objeto da Política. Nesse sentido, o vínculo não se constitui como um mero laço ou associação entre diferentes elementos, mas como um objeto imaterial que só ganha existência na PNAS porque constantemente sustentamos e cultivamos redes de práticas que o produzem. Ou seja, ele só passa a existir porque diferentes atores atuam incessantemente para sua fabricação. Desse modo, a primeira parte do trabalho é uma aposta política em traçar um caminho investigativo, ao campo das políticas públicas/sociais, que se distancia dos estudos foucaultiano – perspectiva já consolidada em pesquisas sobre o tema. Na segunda parte a construção da tese se organiza em quatro movimentos de análise. O movimento 1mostra a rede de práticas que performa o vínculo como objeto da Política em sua forma documental (domínio da política), através da análise do Caderno “Concepção de Convivência e Fortalecimento de Vínculos”; o movimento 2 descreve as redes de práticas que advém do campo de conhecimento da Psicologia (domínio teórico-científico) e que compõe o vínculo como objeto da PNAS; o movimento 3 discute as práticas cotidianas de um Serviço de Proteção e Atendimento Integral à Família (PAIF) da cidade de Porto Alegre e, finalmente, o movimento 4 se detém a relação/implicação da performance do vínculo com o exercício da cidadania. Nesse sentido, o percurso dessa tese busca fomentar o exercício ético de pensarmos sobre o que realmente queremos para o coletivo com o qual trabalhamos. Portanto, uma provocação, que busca abrir brechas para que possamos olhar para as práticas desse campo de modo a ver mais possibilidades do que impossibilidades ao trabalho cotidiano. / The family and community bond is an important operator of the National Social Assistance Policy (PNAS). According to one of its documents, it is a goal that pervades all its norms. In view of this centrality, this thesis sought to investigate, from the propositions of the Science and Technology Studies and of the Actor-Network Theory, the networks of heterogeneous practices by which the bond is performed (enacted) as object of the Policy. In this sense, the bond does not constitute a mere link or association between different elements, but as an immaterial object that only obtain existence in the PNAS because we constantly sustain and cultivate networks of practices that produce it. Thereby, it only comes into existence because different actors act ceaselessly for its fabrication. In this way, the first part of this work is a political commitment to draw an investigative path, in the field of public / social policies, which distances itself from Foucualtian studies - a perspective already consolidated in research on this subject. In the second part the construction of the thesis is organized in four analysis movements. Movement 1 shows the network of practices that enact the bond as object of the Policy in its documents (domain of politics), through the analysis of the Notebook "Conception of Living Together and Strengthening of Bonds"; The movement 2 describes the networks of practices that come from the field of knowledge of Psychology (theoretical-scientific domain) and that composes the bond as object of the PNAS; The movement 3 discusses the daily practices of a Service of Protection and Integral Assistance to the Family (PAIF) of the city of Porto Alegre and, finally, the movement 4 focuses in the relation/implication of the peformance of the bond with the exercise of citizenship. In this sense, the course of this thesis seeks to promote the ethical exercise of thinking about what we really want for the collective with which we work. Therefore, a provocation, that tries to open gaps from which we can look at the practices of this field in order to see more possibilities than impossibilities to the daily work.

Submitted by Silvana Teresinha Dornelles Studzinski (sstudzinski) on 2016-10-31T18:21:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Henrique da Luz_.pdf: 4714328 bytes, checksum: 7e4a6b2e242fb6f4b28c3d6deef89c2a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-10-31T18:21:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lucas Henrique da Luz_.pdf: 4714328 bytes, checksum: 7e4a6b2e242fb6f4b28c3d6deef89c2a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-20 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / UNISINOS - Universidade do Vale do Rio dos Sinos / As mudanças na sociedade e no ambiente organizacional têm ensejado diferentes formas de se pensar a estratégia ao longo do tempo. Nesse sentido, a presente tese busca analisar como o contexto de interação, conectividade e cooperação favorece ou não a adoção de estratégia emergente na lógica da multidão, com aportes metodológicos da Teoria Ator-Rede (ANT). Para tanto, realiza-se uma pesquisa qualitativa, com abordagem exploratória, analisando-se dois casos – O Espaço Comum Luiz Estrela (ECLE) e o Movimiento 15 de Mayo (15M) – que atuam em ambientes marcados pelas características citadas. Pode-se concluir que o estrategizar dos casos estudados assume lógicas da multidão, caracterizando-se por serem emergentes, auto-organizados, fruto das interações entre os praticantes humanos (singularidades) e não humanos, legitimando-se em forma de espiral e tendo governança enquanto abertura. É um estrategizar marcado pelo uso das tecnologias da informação e comunicação e pela participação mais direta, onde as interações e agências ocorrem por meio das diferenças e do comum, numa perspectiva de uno pelo múltiplo – agências e interações na lógica da multidão. São características que não constituem um modelo, mas uma lógica de estrategizar e que assumem formatos diferentes nos casos estudados. Conclui-se ainda que as inspirações metodológicas da ANT, tais como olhar a realidade de forma não essencialista, numa lógica performativa, valorizando as diferenças e considerando a atuação dos atores humanos e não humanos são adequadas para o estudo dessa lógica de estratégia. Diante do exposto, afirma-se que a presente tese contribui para avançar teoricamente nas formas de se pensar as agências, as relações entre microações e macrocontexto, bem como no entendimento do mistério, da experimentação e das diferenças como potência estratégica. Avança também construindo uma estratégia na lógica da multidão, adequada a contextos complexos, próprios da realidade atual e sugerindo inspirações metodológicas para sua apreensão e análise. Por fim, permite às organizações estudadas uma melhor compreensão das suas práticas estratégicas e da sua potência. / Changes in the society and the organizational environment have given rise to different forms of thinking strategy over time. In this sense, the present dissertation seeks to analyze how the context of interaction, connectivity and cooperation favors or not the adoption of an emerging strategy in the logic of the crowd, with methodological contributions by the Actor-Network Theory (ANT). For this, we have conducted a qualitative research with an exploratory approach to analyzing two cases: Espaço Comum Luiz Estrela (ECLE) and Movimiento 15 de Mayo (15M), which act in environments marked by such characteristics. We conclude that the strategizing of the cases studied assumes a logic of crowd for being emerging and self-organized, a result of interactions between the human and non-human practitioners (singularities), legitimizing themselves in the form of a spiral and having governance as openness. It is a strategizing marked by the use of information and communication technologies and by a more direct participation, where interactions and agencies occur through the differences and the commons under a perspective of the uno through the multiple – agencies and interactions in the logic of the crowd. They are characteristics that do not constitute a model, but a logic of strategizing and take up different shapes in the cases studied. We also come to the conclusion that the methodological inspirations by the ANT, such as looking reality in a non-essentialistic way in a performative logic, valuing differences and considering the agency of human and non-human actors, are appropriate for the study of this strategy logic. Furthermore, we affirm that the present dissertation contributes to advancing theoretically in the forms of thinking the agencies, the relationships between micro-actions and micro-contexts, as well as to the understanding of the mystery, experimentation and differences as a strategic power. It also advances by building a strategy in the logic of the crowd suitable for complex contexts, typical of the current moment, and suggesting methodological inspirations for its apprehension and analysis. Finally, this study allows the organizations studied a better comprehension of their strategic practices and their power.

The present work explores improvements in group decision-making. It begins with a practical example using state-of-the-art techniques for a complex, high-risk decision. We show how these techniques can reveal a better alternative. Although we created an improved decision process, decision-makers were apt to protect their own organizations instead of the project. This tendency was reduced over the course of the decision-making process but inspired the first conceptual component of this work. The first concept describes the “Cost of Conflict” that can arise in a group decision, using game theory to represent the non-cooperative approach and comparing the outcome to the cooperative approach. We demonstrate that it is possible for the group to settle on a non-Paretto Nash equilibrium. The sensitivity of the decision-maker weights is revealed which led to the second conceptual portion of this work. The second concept applies social network theory to study the influence between decision-makers in a group decision. By examining the number and strength of connections between decision-makers, we build from intrinsically derived weights to extrinsically derived weights by adding the network influences from other decision-makers. The two conceptual approaches provide a descriptive view of non-cooperative decisions where decision-makers still influence each other. These concepts suggest a prescriptive approach to achieving a higher group utility.

Environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge provide a strong theoretical foundation for investigating the role of science in environmental disputes. The field of environmental dispute resolution has built a body of literature, outlining the techniques and practices that underpin the successful resolution of disputes, over controversial environmental issues. However, the literature on dispute resolution has generally neglected the role of science in environmental disputes. This thesis develops a theoretical framework based on concepts from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge in order to critically examine the role of science in environmental disputes. In particular, this thesis combines the theory on claims-making from environmental sociology with actor-network theory and the theory on boundary-work from the sociology of scientific knowledge, to analyse the way in which science was involved in the dispute over phasing out extractive dredging from the Brisbane River. Data were collected from qualitative in-depth interviews with key players in the Brisbane River dredging dispute and combined with analysis of relevant documents and newspaper articles. Each of the components of the theoretical framework developed in this thesis contributes to an in-depth analysis of the way in which science was involved in the dredging dispute. The environmental claims-making analysis examines the way in which the claim that extractive dredging was an environmental problem for the Brisbane River was constructed and contested. The actor-network analysis compares the two competing actor-networks that were developed by one of the major concrete companies and by the anti-dredging campaigners. The boundary-work analysis examines the social construction of the science / politics border as an important site of boundary-work, before exploring other related forms of boundary-work within the case study. When combined, these theories highlight the social and political processes that underpin the inherent difficulties associated with applying science to effective environmental dispute resolution. The theoretical framework developed in this thesis highlights the way in which an analysis of environmental claims-making, actor-networks and boundary-work, extends the literature on environmental dispute resolution. This thesis therefore makes a significant contribution to the field of environmental dispute resolution, by illustrating the advantages of drawing on theoretical perspectives from environmental sociology and the sociology of scientific knowledge.

本研究耙梳1950年代至2010年台灣棒球投手調度觀念的演進，並試圖解釋其演進的過程。本研究著重在投手調度觀念的演進過程，及相關團體因不同的利益考量進行的角力。這些利益的角力形成台灣的投手調度策略的現況。從時代上來說，本研究以1970年代少棒旋風、1990年中華職棒成立、2000年前後開啟的球員旅外潮來劃分投手調度觀念演進的時代。本研究認為，這幾個不同年代發生的重要歷史事件對台灣棒球造成的影響，深刻地影響了投手調度觀念的演進，並證明投手調度／保護觀念並不僅是醫學觀念的單純引進與發揚過程。這過程其實是支持與反對的團體對詮釋權的爭奪戰。本演研究將兩方的邏輯劃分為「脆弱投手邏輯」和「強壯投手邏輯」。目前「脆弱投手邏輯」之所以能在台灣職業棒球領域中獲得上風，關鍵性的原因在於它與「棒球數據派」的成功結盟，借用其強大的說服力取得詮釋論戰上的優勢。反之，在三級棒球的領域，也因為「棒球數據派」的介入程度較低，使「脆弱投手邏輯」的拓展遭遇困難。 本研究的主要架構是以行動者網絡理論（Actor- Networking Theory）為基礎，試圖以關涉在此一網絡裡主要行動者的結盟與角力作為投手調度觀念演進的解釋。 / This study explores the process of baseball pitcher policy in Taiwan. The process showed a long but significant change in pitcher policy, and made the loading of pitcher decrease. The process continued more than 40 years and there were three important historic events in it. The first was the “Youth Baseball Period” in 1970’s. The second was the professionalization of Taiwan baseball in 1990. And the third was the “Traveling Outside Period” in 2000’s, which made lots of excellent players travelled to America or Japan. This research analyzed the process carefully, and found that the change of pitcher didn’t base on the progress of medicine, although we usually think it was. The study found that the change based on the interest of groups which involved in the network. Some groups supported decreasing the loading of pitcher, some opposed. All they concerned about were their own interest. This research analyzed the process by Actor-Networking Theory (ANT) and found a key-factor which determined the pitcher policy. The factor was Sabermetrics, which means people who believe baseball statistics can express more “reality” in baseball game. They also believe statistics can tell more than just watching game in court. The Sabermetrics finally combined their interest with groups which supported decreasing the pitcher loading, and caused the pitcher policy tend to decrease the pitcher loading at present.

<p>How is space conceptualized? The question is central to subject theory in human geography. In the present dissertation, this issue is actualized in discussions of the virtual, space, and an ontology of becoming. The point of departure is that in human geography, as well as in the general discourses in society, a science fiction-like conception of the virtual has been dominant. The virtual is understood as another reality and as an absolute space. Predominant perceptions of the space and the virtual are problematized in Space in Becoming, and based on analyses of complex sets of ideas grounded in actor-network theory and Deleuzian geophilosophy, an alternative approach is formulated. The aim is to provide an enhanced conceptual understanding of space and the virtual. In order to fulfill the aim, three tasks are performed. Firstly, the prevalent conception of the virtual is presented. Secondly, a conception of space grounded in an ontology of becoming is constructed and defined, expressed in three postulates. Thirdly, the importance of the ontology of becoming and the postulates for the conception and conceptualization of space are discussed in relation to subject theory in human geography. Since the present work centers on treatment of concepts and ideas, a postulate method was selected. The postulate method also makes argumentation and discussion on theoretical and analytical levels possible. The outcome of the project is formulated in three postulates – actants do space, assemblages fold space, and the virtual is a real dimension of space. Accordingly, the main contribution to the conceptual understanding of space and the virtual is the construction and specification of the three postulates. The notion of the virtual as an ontological dimension emerges, with direct implications for the conception and conceptualization of space. The ontology of becoming offers an alternative point of departure, a different perspective on the virtual, and thereby also on virtual geography. This is further elucidated by returning to the point of departure for the dissertation project. The postulates contribute to subject theory in human geography by providing an alternative point of departure for future theoretical research and the formulation of new theories. Accordingly, the particular conception of space expressed in the three postulates brings a challenge in terms of both method and vocabulary.</p>

Thesis (M.Ed.)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

In this dissertation, I propose that network theory offers a useful frame for informing mathematics education. Mathematical understanding, like the discipline of formal mathematics within which it is subsumed, possesses attributes characteristic of complex systems. As the techniques of network theorists are often used to explore such forms, a network model provides a novel and productive way to interpret individual comprehension of mathematics. A network structure for mathematical understanding can be found in cognitive mechanisms presented in the theory of embodied mathematics described by Lakoff and Nez. Specifically, conceptual domains are taken as the nodes of a network and conceptual metaphors as the connections among them. Examination of this metaphoric network of mathematics reveals the scale-free topology common to complex systems. Patterns of connectivity in a network determine its dynamic behavior. Scale-free systems like mathematical understanding are inherently vulnerable, for cascading failures, where misunderstanding one concept can lead to the failure of many other ideas, may occur. Adding more connections to the metaphoric network decreases the likelihood of such a collapse in comprehension. I suggest that an individuals mathematical understanding may be made more robust by ensuring each concept is developed using metaphoric links that supply patterns of thought from a variety of domains. Ways of making this a focus of classroom instruction are put forth, as are implications for curriculum and professional development. A need for more knowledge of metaphoric connections in mathematics is highlighted. To exemplify how such research might be carried out, and with the intent of substantiating ideas presented in this dissertation, I explore a small part of the proposed metaphoric network around the concept of EXPONENTIATION. Using collaborative discussion, individual interviews and literature, a search for representations that provide varied ways of making sense of EXPONENTIATION is carried out. Examination of the physical and mathematical roots of these conceptualizations leads to the identification of domains that can be linked to EXPONENTIATION.

How is space conceptualized? The question is central to subject theory in human geography. In the present dissertation, this issue is actualized in discussions of the virtual, space, and an ontology of becoming. The point of departure is that in human geography, as well as in the general discourses in society, a science fiction-like conception of the virtual has been dominant. The virtual is understood as another reality and as an absolute space. Predominant perceptions of the space and the virtual are problematized in Space in Becoming, and based on analyses of complex sets of ideas grounded in actor-network theory and Deleuzian geophilosophy, an alternative approach is formulated. The aim is to provide an enhanced conceptual understanding of space and the virtual. In order to fulfill the aim, three tasks are performed. Firstly, the prevalent conception of the virtual is presented. Secondly, a conception of space grounded in an ontology of becoming is constructed and defined, expressed in three postulates. Thirdly, the importance of the ontology of becoming and the postulates for the conception and conceptualization of space are discussed in relation to subject theory in human geography. Since the present work centers on treatment of concepts and ideas, a postulate method was selected. The postulate method also makes argumentation and discussion on theoretical and analytical levels possible. The outcome of the project is formulated in three postulates – actants do space, assemblages fold space, and the virtual is a real dimension of space. Accordingly, the main contribution to the conceptual understanding of space and the virtual is the construction and specification of the three postulates. The notion of the virtual as an ontological dimension emerges, with direct implications for the conception and conceptualization of space. The ontology of becoming offers an alternative point of departure, a different perspective on the virtual, and thereby also on virtual geography. This is further elucidated by returning to the point of departure for the dissertation project. The postulates contribute to subject theory in human geography by providing an alternative point of departure for future theoretical research and the formulation of new theories. Accordingly, the particular conception of space expressed in the three postulates brings a challenge in terms of both method and vocabulary.

In this thesis, inference of biological networks from in vivo data generated by perturbation experiments is considered, i.e. deduction of causal interactions that exist among the observed variables. Knowledge of such regulatory influences is essential in biology. A system property–interampatteness–is introduced that explains why the variation in existing gene expression data is concentrated to a few “characteristic modes” or “eigengenes”, and why previously inferred models have a large number of false positive and false negative links. An interampatte system is characterized by strong INTERactions enabling simultaneous AMPlification and ATTEnuation of different signals and we show that perturbation of individual state variables, e.g. genes, typically leads to ill-conditioned data with both characteristic and weak modes. The weak modes are typically dominated by measurement noise due to poor excitation and their existence hampers network reconstruction. The excitation problem is solved by iterative design of correlated multi-gene perturbation experiments that counteract the intrinsic signal attenuation of the system. The next perturbation should be designed such that the expected response practically spans an additional dimension of the state space. The proposed design is numerically demonstrated for the Snf1 signalling pathway in S. cerevisiae. The impact of unperturbed and unobserved latent state variables, that exist in any real biological system, on the inferred network and required set-up of the experiments for network inference is analysed. Their existence implies that a subnetwork of pseudo-direct causal regulatory influences, accounting for all environmental effects, in general is inferred. In principle, the number of latent states and different paths between the nodes of the network can be estimated, but their identity cannot be determined unless they are observed or perturbed directly. Network inference is recognized as a variable/model selection problem and solved by considering all possible models of a specified class that can explain the data at a desired significance level, and by classifying only the links present in all of these models as existing. As shown, these links can be determined without any parameter estimation by reformulating the variable selection problem as a robust rank problem. Solution of the rank problem enable assignment of confidence to individual interactions, without resorting to any approximation or asymptotic results. This is demonstrated by reverse engineering of the synthetic IRMA gene regulatory network from published data. A previously unknown activation of transcription of SWI5 by CBF1 in the IRMA strain of S. cerevisiae is proven to exist, which serves to illustrate that even the accumulated knowledge of well studied genes is incomplete. / Denna avhandling behandlar inferens av biologiskanätverk från in vivo data genererat genom störningsexperiment, d.v.s. bestämning av kausala kopplingar som existerar mellan de observerade variablerna. Kunskap om dessa regulatoriska influenser är väsentlig för biologisk förståelse. En system egenskap—förstärksvagning—introduceras. Denna förklarar varför variationen i existerande genexpressionsdata är koncentrerat till några få ”karakteristiska moder” eller ”egengener” och varför de modeller som konstruerats innan innehåller många falska positiva och falska negativa linkar. Ett system med förstärksvagning karakteriseras av starka kopplingar som möjliggör simultan FÖRSTÄRKning och förSVAGNING av olika signaler. Vi demonstrerar att störning av individuella tillståndsvariabler, t.ex. gener, typiskt leder till illakonditionerat data med både karakteristiska och svaga moder. De svaga moderna domineras typiskt av mätbrus p.g.a. dålig excitering och försvårar rekonstruktion av nätverket. Excitationsproblemet löses med iterativdesign av experiment där korrelerade störningar i multipla gener motverkar systemets inneboende försvagning av signaller. Följande störning bör designas så att det förväntade svaret praktiskt spänner ytterligare en dimension av tillståndsrummet. Den föreslagna designen demonstreras numeriskt för Snf1 signalleringsvägen i S. cerevisiae. Påverkan av ostörda och icke observerade latenta tillståndsvariabler, som existerar i varje verkligt biologiskt system, på konstruerade nätverk och planeringen av experiment för nätverksinferens analyseras. Existens av dessa tillståndsvariabler innebär att delnätverk med pseudo-direkta regulatoriska influenser, som kompenserar för miljöeffekter, generellt bestäms. I princip så kan antalet latenta tillstånd och alternativa vägar mellan noder i nätverket bestämmas, men deras identitet kan ej bestämmas om de inte direkt observeras eller störs. Nätverksinferens behandlas som ett variabel-/modelselektionsproblem och löses genom att undersöka alla modeller inom en vald klass som kan förklara datat på den önskade signifikansnivån, samt klassificera endast linkar som är närvarande i alla dessa modeller som existerande. Dessa linkar kan bestämmas utan estimering av parametrar genom att skriva om variabelselektionsproblemet som ett robustrangproblem. Lösning av rangproblemet möjliggör att statistisk konfidens kan tillskrivas individuella linkar utan approximationer eller asymptotiska betraktningar. Detta demonstreras genom rekonstruktion av det syntetiska IRMA genreglernätverket från publicerat data. En tidigare okänd aktivering av transkription av SWI5 av CBF1 i IRMA stammen av S. cerevisiae bevisas. Detta illustrerar att t.o.m. den ackumulerade kunskapen om välstuderade gener är ofullständig. / <p>QC 20130508</p>