O presente estudo foi realizado com o objetivo compreender os fatores críticos inerentes ao sucesso de organizações detentoras de portfólios com baixa agregação de valor ou diferenciação perante a concorrência, na implementação de posicionamentos competitivos distintos daqueles trabalhados pela administração estratégica para empresas de produtos \"commoditizados\", como liderança em custo, por exemplo. Para isso, desenvolveu-se uma revisão da literatura a respeito de administração estratégica, marketing estratégico, gestão em redes de relacionamento e posicionamento competitivo. Mais especificamente focou-se no Modelo Delta, como parâmetros conceituais de verificação dos possíveis fatores que levam as empresas com baixa diferenciação intrínseca de seus produtos a buscarem diferenciação perante a concorrência por meio de serviços, relacionamento/intimidade ou parcerias na rede de relacionamento, adquirindo, com isso, ganhos acima da média. Propõe-se um esquema analítico baseado nos princípios de posicionamento competitivo sugeridos pelo Modelo Delta, como ferramental de análise. O estudo é ainda complementado por uma verificação empírica por meio de um estudo de caso de uma organização química focada no mercado de baixa diferenciação de produtos. Ao final, pretende-se contribuir com o conhecimento e a atuação das organizações, no que tange ao Posicionamento Competitivo e à gestão de redes, propondo uma análise diferenciada de estratégias possíveis em mercados \"commoditizados\". / The present study was aimed to understand the critical factors inherent to the success of organizations with low added value portfolios or differentiation from the competitors, on the implementation of competitive positioning, distinct than those worked by strategic management for \"commoditized\" product companies, as cost leadership, for instance. For this purpose, a review of the literature was developed on the following subjects: strategic management, strategic marketing, relationship management and competitive positioning. More specifically focused on the Delta Model parameters such as conceptual verification of the possible factors that lead companies with low intrinsic differentiation of their products to seek differentiation from the competition through services, relationship or partnerships, acquiring thereby gains above average. It proposes an analytical framework based on the principles suggested by the competitive positioning of Delta Model, as an analysis tool. The study is complemented by an empirical verification through a case of a chemical organization focused on low differentiation market. At the end, the intention is to contribute to the knowledge and performance of organizations, in regard to competitive positioning and management of networks, offering a differentiated analysis of possible strategies in \"commoditized\" markets.

A TV digital é hoje uma realidade em muitos países e no Brasil as pesquisas já estão atingindo um estágio avançando. Muita expectativa gira em torno desta tecnologia, que oferece uma ampla variedade de serviços multimídia, abrindo as portas deste modo para criativas propostas e novas possibilidades de relacionamento com o usuário final. Esta complexidade e as novas opções de serviços que podem ser oferecidos demandam, obrigatoriamente, uma arquitetura adequada de gerenciamento, capaz de controlar e otimizar os terminais desta rede bem como os serviços oferecidos pela mesma. Neste trabalho são apresentados os requisitos funcionais e não funcionais necessários para a construção de um sistema genérico de gerenciamento de set-top boxes e serviços em TV digital, baseados no estudo de pesquisas semelhantes e nas particularidades deste ambiente. Também para este sistema genérico são detalhados todos os casos de uso de interesse. Além disso, uma arquitetura híbrida é proposta para a solução deste problema, utilizando para tanto padrões abertos e considerando alguns cenários possíveis de implantação no mundo real. Nesta arquitetura, é adotado o modelo clássico de gerenciamento gerente-agente, através do uso de um servidor de gerência, responsável pelo armazenamento e análise de todos os dados de gerenciamento bem como pelo disparo de comandos e recebimento de respostas (síncronas e/ou assíncronas) dos agentes. Tanto na definição deste sistema genérico como no desenho da arquitetura final, procurou-se na medida do possível adotar a utilização de princípios clássicos de gerenciamento que já são aplicados em várias arquiteturas existentes, inclusive de mercado. Deste modo, foi possível encontrar uma solução para um problema complexo através do uso de conceitos amplamente conhecidos, o que facilita o entendimento final. / Nowadays, digital TV systems are a reality in many countries and in Brazil the research in this field is reaching an advanced stage. Much excitement is expected from this technology, which may offer a wide variety of multimedia services, opening the doors for creative proposals and new possibilities of relationships with the final user. This complexity and the new options of services that can be offered demand a suitable architecture for management, which should be able to control and optimize the set-top boxes of this network as well as of the services offered by it. In this work, the requirements for the building of a generic management system for the digital TV environment are presented, based in the study of similar research and considering the specifics involved. Besides that, a hybrid architecture based on open standards is proposed for the solution of this problem. In this architecture, it is adopted the classical manager-agent model, through the use of a management server, which is responsible for the storage and analysis of all the management data as well for the triggering of commands and receptions of answers and traps sent by the agents. The conception and design of this architecture has followed as much as possible, classic principles of network management. With this approach, it was possible to find a simple solution to a very complex problem.

Le déploiement d'équipements informatiques à large échelle, sur les multiples infrastructures interconnectées de l'Internet, a eu un impact considérable sur la complexité de la tâche de gestion. L'informatique autonome permet de faire face à cet enjeu en spécifiant des objectifs de haut niveau et en déléguant les activités de gestion aux réseaux et systèmes eux-mêmes. Cependant, lorsque des changements sont opérés par les administrateurs ou par les équipements autonomes, des configurations vulnérables peuvent être involontairement introduites. Ces vulnérabilités offrent un point d'entrée pour des attaques de sécurité. À cet égard, les mécanismes de gestion des vulnérabilités sont essentiels pour assurer une configuration sûre de ces environnements. Cette thèse porte sur la conception et le développement de nouvelles méthodes et techniques pour la gestion des vulnérabilités dans les réseaux et systèmes autonomes, afin de leur permettre de détecter et de corriger leurs propres expositions aux failles de sécurité. Nous présenterons tout d'abord un état de l'art sur l'informatique autonome et la gestion de vulnérabilités. Nous décrirons ensuite notre approche d'intégration du processus de gestion des vulnérabilités dans ces environnements, et en détaillerons les différentes facettes, notamment : extension de l'approche dans le cas de vulnérabilités distribuées, prise en compte du facteur temps en considérant une historisation des paramètres de configuration, et application en environnements contraints en utilisant des techniques probabilistes. Nous présenterons également les prototypes et les résultats expérimentaux qui ont permis d'évaluer ces différentes contributions / Over the last years, the massive deployment of computing devices over disparate interconnected infrastructures has dramatically increased the complexity of network management. Autonomic computing has emerged as a novel paradigm to cope with this challenging reality. By specifying high-level objectives, autonomic computing aims at delegating management activities to the networks themselves. However, when changes are performed by administrators and self-governed entities, vulnerable configurations may be unknowingly introduced. Nowadays, vulnerabilities constitute the main entry point for security attacks. Therefore, vulnerability management mechanisms are vital to ensure safe configurations, and with them, the survivability of any autonomic environment. This thesis targets the design and development of novel autonomous mechanisms for dealing with vulnerabilities, in order to increase the security of autonomic networks and systems. We first present a comprehensive state of the art in autonomic computing and vulnerability management. Afterwards, we present our contributions which include autonomic assessment strategies for device-based vulnerabilities and extensions in several dimensions, namely, distributed vulnerabilities (spatial), past hidden vulnerable states (temporal), and mobile security assessment (technological). In addition, we present vulnerability remediation approaches able to autonomously bring networks and systems into secure states. The scientific approaches presented in this thesis have been largely validated by an extensive set of experiments which are also discussed in this manuscript

A grande evolução nos sistemas de comunicação, relacionados à transmissão de conteúdo multimídia nas redes de comunicação de dados e de transmissão de TV, demanda soluções de gerência da qualidade de serviço fim-a-fim. Diante deste cenário é proposta nesse trabalho a definição, implementação e validação de uma solução para monitoramento de transmissão de mídia que permite ser aplicada em arquiteturas de redes heterogêneas. Essas redes possuem a característica de integrar diversas tecnologias de redes de comunicação de dados e de telecomunicações, envolvendo redes modernas e antigas, padronizadas e proprietárias. Este trabalho apresenta um sistema de monitoramento para transmissão de TV Digital em ambientes heterogêneos convergentes, isto é, redes que utilizam tecnologias e meios de transmissão distintos para transmissão de vários tipos de fluxos, e com foco na aplicação TV Digital. Para isso, são discutidos aspectos fundamentais para o monitoramento de fluxo de TV Digital neste tipo de rede e é feita uma análise da comunicação entre os subsistemas do ambiente. O sistema de monitoramento possui uma arquitetura definida que se baseia no protocolo RTP Real-time Transport Protocol, para suportar a transmissão de mídias, como áudio e vídeo, em redes heterogêneas. A fim de validar esta arquitetura foi implementado um protótipo, como prova de conceito, que obtém dados através da base de informações de gerência (MIB) RTP. Os resultados gerados pelo protótipo consolidam informações relativas à variação de atraso em uma interface web de gerenciamento através de monitores distribuídos pela rede. / The great evolution in the telecommunication systems related to the transmission of multimidia contents in the data communication networks and TV transmission, demands management solutions in which regards quality of end-to-end services. Taking this scenario into consideration, it is proposed in this work the definition and implementation of a solution to monitor media transmition that can be applied to heterogeneous network architectures. The feature of such networks is to integrate different data communication network technologies and telecommunication, involving legacy and modern networks, standarized and proprietary. This work presents a monitoring system for digital TV transmission in heterogeneous converging environments, that is, networks that use different technologies and transmission means for the Digital TV application. Therefore, key aspects for monitoring the digital TV flow in this kind of network are pointed out, as well as an analysis of the communication among the environment subsystems. The monitoring system has a defined architecture, based on the RTP Real-time Transport Protocol, to support the media transmission, such as audio and video, in heterogeneous networks. In order to validate this architecture, a prototype was implemented, as concept evidence, that obtains data from the management information base (MIB) RTP. The results generated by the prototype consolidate information related to the delay variation (jitter) in a management web interface through monitors distributed around the network.

A crescente complexidade dos processos produtivos alterou a forma tradicional da gestão das operações e criou um novo desafio às empresas. Do mesmo modo que o primeiro desafio capitalista exigiu a fragmentação da mão de obra, no início do século XX, no início do século XXI surge um novo desafio na forma de produtos e processos crescentemente complexos, que exigiram a fragmentação da gestão de operações, para atendimento às exigências do mercado. A resposta ao desafio é encontrada na cooperação empresarial, como uma forma de Gestão das Operações, que capacita as empresas a responder à constante demanda por inovações em produtos e processos, e em prazos cada vez menores, além de estabelecer escalas lucrativas às operações empresariais. O objetivo fundamental desta pesquisa foi definir os fatores críticos ao sucesso da estruturação de uma Rede de Cooperação Empresarial - RCE com empresas industriais intensivas em tecnologia, de forma a construir o conhecimento necessário à sua aplicação em outras áreas. Também trabalhou-se com os objetivos adicionais de avaliar os resultados observados em RCE já estruturadas, nas áreas da indústria, comércio e serviços voltados ao desenvolvimento tecnológico, a fim de complementar as conclusões obtidas na primeira fase. A parte inicial deste trabalho foi desenvolvida através de pesquisa-ação com Empresas de Base Tecnológica - EBT localizadas na região metropolitana de São Paulo, fabricantes de instrumentos eletrônicos. Na segunda parte do desenvolvimento metodológico, foi elaborada pesquisa exploratória com dados qualitativos e quantitativos, acompanhada de estudo de caso múltiplo, junto a empresas comerciais, industriais e redes de associação empresarial de suporte aos associados. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que a estruturação na forma de redes de cooperação traz resultados efetivos às empresas integrantes, dotando-as de competitividade e flexibilidade frente aos desafios de mercado. Porém, exige amadurecimento tanto da rede de cooperação quando dos próprios empresários que a integram, a fim superarem suas próprias dificuldades culturais, evitando barreiras ao aprendizado e ao perfil sinérgico. Na estruturação de uma RCE trabalha-se não apenas com aspectos endógenos aos integrantes, mas também há uma carga muito forte de fatores de mercado, intrínsecos à nossa realidade política e social, que exercem impacto direto no sucesso da RCE, o que exige elevada capacidade de articulação por parte de seus integrantes de modo a operacionalizar de forma adequada, os constructos de uma RCE: Confiança, Motivação e Tecnologia. / The increasing complexity of the production processes modified the traditional form of the production management operations and created a new challenge to the companies. In a similar way that the first capitalist challenge demanded the spelling of the workmanship hand, in the beginning of century XX, in the beginning of century XXI appears a new challenge in the form of products and increasingly complex processes that had demanded the spelling of the management of operations, for attendance to the requirements of the market. The reply to the challenge it is found in the enterprise cooperation, as a form of Management of the Operations, which enables the companies to answer to the constant demand for innovations in products and processes, and lesser stated periods each time, besides establishing lucrative scales to the enterprise operations. The basic objective of this research was to define the critical factors to the success of the structure of a Net of Enterprise Cooperation - RCE with intensive industrial companies in technology, of form to construct the necessary knowledge to its application in other areas. Also one worked with the objectives you add to evaluate the results observed in structuralized RCE already, in the areas of the industry, commerce and services directed to the technological development, in order to complement the conclusions gotten in the first phase. The initial part of this work was developed through action-research with Technological Based Companies - TBC located in the region metropolitan of São Paulo, manufacturers of electronic instruments. In the second part of methodological development, exploratory research with qualitative and quantitative data was elaborated; followed of study of multiple, together case the commercial, industrial companies and nets of enterprise association of support to the associates. The gotten results had demonstrated that the structure in the form of cooperation nets brings resulted effective to the integrant companies, endowing them with competitiveness and flexibility front to the market challenges. However, it demands matureness of the net of cooperation when of the proper entrepreneurs who integrate it, the end to surpass its proper cultural difficulties, preventing barriers to the learning and the synergic profile. In the structure of a RCE one works not only with endogenous aspects to the integrant ones, but also it has a very strong load of factors of market, intrinsic to our reality social politics and, that exert direct impact in the success of the Network, what it demands high capacity of joint on the part of its integrant ones in order to operate the adjusted form, the constructos of a Network: Confidence, Motivation and Technology.

Field Programmable Gate Array (FPGA) has a dominating market in digital system prototyping and reconfigurable computing. To make a flexible and efficient FPGA chip both the hardware architecture and the design tool should be further engineered. An innovative architecture always requires excellent development of EDA tools to fully explore the intrinsic merits of the hardware. / FPGA Technology Mapping is an important design automation problem which affects placement and routing dramatically. Depth-optimal technology mapping algorithms were proposed and produced quality mapping solution for delay minimization. However such algorithms have not yet considered to further reduce area consumption using the powerful logic transformation techniques. / On hardware side, we present a study on the effect of direct and fast routing hard-wires in FPGA routing architecture. Based on the routing pattern analyzed from real routing data, we proposed a so-called shortcut -based routing to handle short and localized routing requirements. Experimental results show that the shortcuts are well utilized and it allows a better average wirelength usage in the whole routing architecture. / On software side, we propose a versatile approach to combine logic transformation and technology mapping. In addition to a level-reduction scheme, we also present a method of reducing the number of LUTs used while keeping the depth optimality. Our approach is based on a greedy but effective heuristic to choose good alternative wires for transformation. Large number of experiments were conducted to analyze the effectiveness of the system. Our results show that our approach can effectively reduce at least 5% (up to 25%) of the area over initial mapping by various state-of-the-art FPGA technology mappers. Furthermore, we found that the delay performance can be improved by 5% when the area is reduced by our system. / Tang, Wai Chung. / Adviser: David Yu-Liang Wu. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3704. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 70-74). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Os Pontos de Troca de Tráfego participam de maneira substancial e crítica no ecossistema da Internet, possibilitando conexões entre múltiplos Sistemas Autônomos (ASes, do inglês Autonomous Systems). O gerenciamento das redes de PTT possui como objetivos primários, o gerenciamento dos chamados fluxos elefante (do inglês, elephant flows). Fluxos elefante tendem a existir em número reduzido, porém correspondem à maioria do tráfego em uma infraestrutura de rede. O gerenciamento dos fluxos elefante envolve uma adequada identificação e quando necessário, um redirecionamento destes fluxos para caminhos mais apropriados, de forma a minimizar os possíveis impactos sobre os outros fluxos ativos na rede. Além disso, o gerenciamento de fluxos elefante tornou-se um importante objeto de discussão em PTTs baseados em redes SDN, principalmente porque estas redes dispõem de controladores que possuem uma visão consistente da rede subjacente, o que permite uma gerência destes fluxos de forma refinada. Nesta dissertação, será proposto, desenvolvido e avaliado um sistema de identificação dos fluxos elefante e seus respectivos caminhos de rede, em conjunto com um sistema de recomendação, que possui o objetivo de sugerir configurações alternativas para os fluxos elefante identificados anteriormente nas redes de PTTs baseadas em SDN. Neste sistema, o operador do PTT pode definir templates que em última instância definem como os caminhos dos fluxos elefante serão modificados para atender objetivos específicos. Por fim, será demonstrado que o sistema proposto pode auxiliar o operador do PTT a identificar, gerenciar e mitigar o impacto dos fluxos elefante da rede do PTT. / Internet Exchange Points (IXPs) play a key role in the current Internet architecture enabling cost-effective connections among multiple autonomous systems (ASes). Management of IXP networks is primarily concerned with the management of the so-called elephant flows. Such flows represent a small portion of the total flows of a IXP network but usually have high impact on the overall traffic. Managing elephant flows involves adequate identification and eventually rerouting of such flows to more appropriate locations to minimize the possible negative impact on the other (mice) flows active in the network. Elephant flow management becomes more important in SDN-based IXPs that require controllers to have a consistent view of the underlying network to allow fine-grained adjustment. In this master thesis, we propose, develop, and evaluate an identification system to identify elephant flows and their respectively paths, as well as a recommendation system to suggest alternative configurations to previously identified elephant flows in an SDN-based IXP network. In this solution, the IXP operator can define templates that ultimately define how elephant flows can be reconfigured to achieve a specific objective. We demonstrate that our system can help IXP operators to identify, handle and mitigate the impact of elephant flows in the IXP network.

A Virtualização de Funções de Rede (Network Functions Virtualization - NFV) está mudando o paradigma das redes de telecomunicações. Esta nova tecnologia permite diversas oportunidades de inovações e possibilita o desenvolvimento de novos modelos de negócio. Em relação às redes NFV, os provedores de serviços têm a oportunidade de criar modelos de negócio que permitam aos clientes contratarem Funções de Rede Virtualizadas (Virtual Network Functions - VNFs) que proveem diferentes serviços de rede (e.g., Firewall, NAT e transcoders). Porém, nestes modelos, a quantidade de informações a serem gerenciadas cresce rapidamente. Baseado nisso, os operadores de rede devem ser capazes de entender e manipular uma grande quantidade de informação para gerenciar, de forma efetiva, as redes NFV. Para enfrentar esse problema, introduzimos uma plataforma de visualização denominada VISION, a qual tem como principal objetivo ajudar os operadores de rede na identificação da causa raiz de problemas em NFV. Para isso, propusemos: (i) uma abordagem para coleta e organização de dados do ambiente NFV gerenciado; (ii) cinco diferentes visualizações que auxiliam nas tarefas de gerenciamento de NFV como, por exemplo, no processo de identificação de problemas em VNFs e no planejamento de negócios e (iii) um modelo baseado em templates que suporta o desenvolvimento e o reuso de visualizações. Para fins de avaliação desta dissertação, foi desenvolvido um protótipo da plataforma VISION e de todas as visualizações propostas. Após, conduzimos um conjunto de casos de estudo para prover evidências sobre a viabilidade e utilidade de nossas visualizações. Os diferentes casos analisados, abordam por exemplo, a identificação de problemas na alocação de VNFs que estão impactando no desempenho do serviço oferecido e também na investigação de prioridades de investimento para suprir as demandas dos clientes da rede. Por fim, apresentamos uma avaliação de usabilidade realizada juntamente a especialistas em redes de computadores para avaliar os recursos e benefícios da plataforma VISION. Os resultados obtidos demonstram que nossas visualizações possibilitam ao operador de rede um rápido e fácil acesso às informações importantes para o gerenciamento de redes NFV, assim facilitando a obtenção de insights para a identificação de problemas complexos no contexto de redes NFV. Além disso, os resultados demonstram uma avaliação positiva por especialistas sobre os aspectos gerais de usabilidade do protótipo desenvolvido. / Network Functions Virtualization (NFV) is driving a paradigm shift in telecommunications networks and computer networks, by fostering new business models and creating innovation opportunities. In NFV-enabled networks, service providers have the opportunity to build a business model where tenants can purchase Virtual Network Functions (VNFs) that provide distinct network services and functions (e.g., Firewall, NAT, and transcoders). However, the amount of managed data grows in a fast pace. The network operator must understand and manipulate many data to effectively manage the network. To tackle this problem, we introduce VISION, a platform based on visualizations techniques to help network operators to determine the cause of not obvious problems. For this, we provide: (i) an approach to collect and organize data from the NFV environments; (ii) five distinct visualizations that can aid in NFV management tasks, such as in the process of identifying VNFs problems and planning of NFV-enabled businesses; and (iii) a template model that supports new visualization applications. To evaluate our work, we implemented a prototype of VISION platform and each of the proposed visualizations. We then conducted distinct case studies to provide evidence of the feasibility of our visualizations. These case studies cover different scenarios, such as the identification of misplacement of VNFs that are generating bottlenecks in a forwarding graph and the investigation of investment priorities to supply tenants demands. Finally, we present a usability evaluation with network operators to indicate the benefits of the VISION platform. The results obtained show that our visualizations allow the operator to access relevant information and have insights to identify not obvious problems in the context of NFV-enabled networks. In addition, we received positive feedback about general usability aspects related to our prototype.

Nowadays there is an increasing need for a general paradigm that can simplify network management and further enable network innovations. Software Defined Networking (SDN) is an efficient way to make the network programmable and reduce management complexity, however it is plagued with limitations inherited from the legacy Internet (TCP/IP) architecture. On the other hand, service overlay networks and virtual networks are widely used to overcome deficiencies of the Internet. However, most overlay/virtual networks are single-layered and lack dynamic scope management. Furthermore, how to solve the joint problem of designing and mapping the overlay/virtual network requests for better application and network performance remains an understudied area. In this thesis, in response to limitations of current SDN management solutions and of the traditional single-layer overlay/virtual network design, we propose a recursive approach to enterprise network management, where network management is done through managing various Virtual Transport Networks (VTNs) over different scopes (i.e., regions of operation). Different from the traditional overlay/virtual network model which mainly focuses on routing/tunneling, our VTN approach provides communication service with explicit Quality-of-Service (QoS) support for applications via transport flows, i.e., it involves all mechanisms (e.g., addressing, routing, error and flow control, resource allocation) needed to meet application requirements. Our approach inherently provides a multi-layer solution for overlay/virtual network design. The contributions of this thesis are threefold: (1) we propose a novel VTN-based management approach to enterprise network management; (2) we develop a framework for multi-layer VTN design and instantiate it to meet specific application and network goals; and (3) we design and prototype a VTN-based management architecture. Our simulation and experimental results demonstrate the flexibility of our VTN-based management approach and its performance advantages.

Li Fengjun. / Thesis submitted in: July 2004. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 83-84). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstract --- p.i / Acknowledgments --- p.v / Table of Contents --- p.vi / List of Figures --- p.viii / List of Tables --- p.ix / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Motivations of this work --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2 --- Network Fairness Issue --- p.3 / Chapter 1.3 --- Our Contribution --- p.4 / Chapter 1.4 --- Organization of the Thesis --- p.5 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Background of Fairness Index --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1 --- The Model --- p.7 / Chapter 2.2 --- Definitions of Fairness Index --- p.9 / Chapter 2.3 --- General Existence and Uniqueness Properties of Perfectly Fair Solution --- p.12 / Chapter 2.4 --- Properties in Specific Network Topologies --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Uniform Routing Networks --- p.16 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Single Routing Node Networks --- p.20 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Extension of the Fairness Index --- p.22 / Chapter 3.1 --- A Single Routing Node Network Example --- p.22 / Chapter 3.2 --- The Max-Min Fairness Index --- p.27 / Chapter 3.3 --- Von Neumann Equilibrium Index --- p.29 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Distributed Low Bit Rate Algorithm --- p.36 / Chapter 4.1 --- Distributed Controller --- p.36 / Chapter 4.2 --- Convergence of the Low Bit Rate Distributed Algorithm --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3 --- Experiment Results --- p.49 / Chapter 4.4 --- Heuristic Iterative Algorithm --- p.53 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Fairness Index Based Routing --- p.57 / Chapter 5.1 --- Routing Protocol Basics --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Static Routing and Dynamic Routing --- p.58 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Routing Metrics --- p.59 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Distance Vector and Link State --- p.60 / Chapter 5.1.4 --- Shortest Path Routing Algorithm --- p.62 / Chapter 5.2 --- Minimum Delay Routing --- p.63 / Chapter 5.3 --- Fairness Index Based Routing --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.66 / Chapter 5.3.2 --- Cost Function --- p.69 / Chapter 5.3.3 --- Implementing Fairness Index Based Routing --- p.71 / Chapter 5.3.4 --- Experiment and Analysis --- p.73 / Bibliography --- p.82