Classic AUTOSAR provides a standardized architecture and guidelines for automotive development. However, it does not include specifications for securing Ethernet communication. The IEEE 802.1AE standard specifies a security standard called Media Access Control Security (MACsec) to protect Ethernet communication. MACsec protected communication requires key agreement between the network peers. IEEE has also standardized this as MACsec Key Agreement (MKA) protocol specified in the 802.1X-2020 standard. This thesis determines the feasibility of incorporating the MKA protocol and MACsec standard in Classic AUTOSAR. For this purpose, we designed and implemented a proof of concept (PoC), having an evaluation board running Classic AUTOSAR communicating via Ethernet with a virtual machine. Classic AUTOSAR has a layered architecture. The PoC developed in this thesis introduces a services module in its basic software layer, which performs MKA protocol and provides MACsec protection. It interacts with the Ethernet interface in the hardware abstraction layer and with the cryptographic service manager (CSM) in the services layer. Furthermore, this thesis evaluates the results to determine that the PoC meets the security requirements and does not violate the Classic AUTOSAR specifications. Based on the design and implementation of this proof of concept, we conclude that it is feasible to incorporate the MKA protocol and MACsec standard in Classic AUTOSAR. This work also mentions the limitations of the PoC and future work required to achieve the goal of having MKA protocol and MACsec standard as a part of Classic AUTOSAR specification. / Classic AUTOSAR tillhandahåller en standardiserad arkitektur och riktlinjer för fordonsutveckling. Den innehåller dock inga specifikationer för att säkra Ethernet-kommunikation. IEEE 802.1AE-standarden specificerar en säkerhetsstandard som kallas Media Access Control Security (MACsec) för att skydda Ethernet-kommunikation. MACsec-skyddad kommunikation kräver nyckelöverenskommelser mellan nätverkskollegorna. IEEE har också standardiserat detta som MACsec Key Agreement (MKA)-protokoll specificerat i 802.1X-2020-standarden. Denna avhandling bestämmer möjligheten att införliva MKA-protokollet och MACsec-standarden i Classic AUTOSAR. För detta ändamål designade och implementerade vi ett proof of concept (PoC), med ett utvärderingskort som kör Classic AUTOSAR som kommunicerar via Ethernet med en virtuell maskin. Classic AUTOSAR har en skiktad arkitektur. PoC som utvecklats i denna avhandling introducerar en tjänstemodul i sitt grundläggande mjukvarulager, som utför MKA-protokoll och ger MACsec-skydd. Den interagerar med Ethernet-gränssnittet i hårdvaruabstraktionslagret och med den kryptografiska tjänstehanteraren (CSM) i tjänsteskiktet. Dessutom utvärderar denna avhandling resultaten för att fastställa att PoC uppfyller säkerhetskraven och inte bryter mot Classic AUTOSAR-specifikationerna. Baserat på designen och implementeringen av detta proof of concept drar vi slutsatsen att det är möjligt att införliva MKA-protokollet och MACsec-standarden i Classic AUTOSAR. Detta arbete nämner också begränsningarna för PoC och framtida arbete som krävs för att uppnå målet att ha MKA-protokoll och MACsec-standard som en del av Classic AUTOSAR-specifikationen.

Recent research has indicated that although security systems are developing, illegal intrusion to computers is on the rise. The research conducted here illustrates that improving intrusion detection and prevention methods is fundamental for improving the overall security of systems. This research includes the design of a novel Intrusion Detection System (IDS) which identifies four levels of visibility of attacks. Two major areas of security concern were identified: speed and volume of attacks; and complexity of multistage attacks. Hence, the Multistage Intrusion Detection and Prevention System (MIDaPS) that is designed here is made of two fundamental elements: a multistage attack engine that heavily depends on attack trees and a Denial of Service Engine. MIDaPS were tested and found to improve current intrusion detection and processing performances. After an intensive literature review, over 25 GB of data was collected on honeynets. This was then used to analyse the complexity of attacks in a series of experiments. Statistical and analytic methods were used to design the novel MIDaPS. Key findings indicate that an attack needs to be protected at 4 different levels. Hence, MIDaPS is built with 4 levels of protection. As, recent attack vectors use legitimate actions, MIDaPS uses a novel approach of attack trees to trace the attacker¿s actions. MIDaPS was tested and results suggest an improvement to current system performance by 84% whilst detecting DDOS attacks within 10 minutes.

<p dir="ltr">The world is increasingly dependent on cyber-physical systems (CPSs), e.g., robotic vehicles (RVs) and industrial control systems (ICSs). CPSs operate autonomously by processing data coming from both “cyberspace”—such as user commands—and “physical space”—such as sensors that measure the physical environment in which they operate. However, even after decades of research, CPSs remain susceptible to threats from attackers, primarily due to the increased complexity created by interaction with cyber and physical space (e.g., the cascading effects that changes in one space can impact on the other). In particular, the complexity causes two primary threats that increase the risk of causing physical damage to RVs: (1) logic bugs causing undesired physical behavior from the developers expectations; and (2) physical sensor attacks—such as GPS or acoustic noise spoofing—that disturb an RV’s sensor readings. Dealing with these threats requires addressing the interplay between cyber and physical space. In this dissertation, we systematically analyze the interplay between cyber and physical space, thereby tackling security problems created by such complexity. We present novel algorithms to detect logic bugs (PGFuzz in Chapter 2), help developers fix them (PGPatch in Chapter 3), and test the correctness of the patches attempting to address them (PatchVerif in Chapter 4). Further, we explain algorithms to discover the root causes and formulate countermeasures against physical sensor attacks that target RVs in Chapter 5.</p>

<p dir="ltr">Dynamic analysis of embedded firmware is a necessary capability for many security tasks, e.g., vulnerability detection. Rehosting is a technique that enables dynamic analysis by facilitating the execution of firmware in a host environment decoupled from the actual hardware. Current rehosting techniques focus on high-fidelity execution of the entire firmware. Consequently, these techniques try to execute firmware in an emulated environment, with precise models of hardware (i.e., peripheral) interactions. However, these techniques are hard to scale and have various drawbacks. </p><p dir="ltr">Therefore, a novel take on rehosting is proposed by focusing on the application components and their interactions with the firmware without the need to model hardware dependencies. This is achieved by rehosting the embedded application as a Linux application. In addition to avoiding precise peripheral modeling, such a rehosting technique enables the use of existing dynamic analysis techniques on these embedded applications. The feasibility of this approach is demonstrated first by manually performing the rehosting on real-world embedded applications. The challenges in each of the phases – retargeting to x86-64, peripheral handling, and fuzzing the rehosted applications are elaborated. Furthermore, automated steps for retargeting to the x86-64 and peripheral handling are developed. The peripheral handling achieves 89% accuracy if reserved regions are also considered. The testing of these rehosted applications found 2 previously unknown defects in driver components.</p>

No description available.

Web applications are growing rapidly and as the amount of web sites globallyincreases so do security threats. Complex applications often interact with thirdparty services and databases to fetch information and often interactions requireuser input. Intruders are targeting web applications specifically and they are ahuge security threat to organizations and a way to combat this is to haveintrusion detection systems. Most common web attack methods are wellresearched and documented however due to time constraints developers oftenwrite applications fast and may not implement the best security practices. Thisreport describes one way to implement a intrusion detection system thatspecifically detects web based attacks.

Multimedia conferences held using services provided by clouds owned by third party companies are becoming increasingly popular. While using such services, end users will want to keep their audio/video data private when they pass through the servers situated in the cloud. Application of SRTP (Secure Real-time Transport Protocol) in such use cases fail to provide the desired privacy because it leads to sharing the master keys for encryption and authentication of the media content with the semi trusted media servers of the cloud. As a solution, modifications of SRTP are proposed in this thesis with the result of redesigning the security mechanisms of RTP header extensions and RTCP packets by separating the cryptographic contexts and keying materials for protecting end-to-end sensitive data. A couple of design choices for key management through DTLS-SRTP for Cloud conferencingare also proposed. Moreover, analysis of existing solutions for modifying SRTP packets for cloud conferences have also been carried out in this project. The solutions are found by studying related protocols, understating the problems and analyzing current solutions if there were any. The proposed solutions show different alternatives to solve a specific problem and their tradeoffs in terms of complexity and compatibility with current standards.

Network packet traces, despite having a lot of noise, contain priceless information, especially for investigating security incidents or troubleshooting performance problems. However, given the gigabytes of flow crossing a typical medium sized enterprise network every day, spotting malicious activity and analyzing trends in network behavior becomes a tedious task. Further, computational mechanisms for analyzing such data usually take substantial time to reach interesting patterns and often mislead the analyst into reaching false positives, benign traffic being identified as malicious, or false negatives, where malicious activity goes undetected. Therefore, the appropriate representation of network traffic data to the human user has been an issue of concern recently. Much of the focus, however, has been on visualizing TCP traffic alone while adapting visualization techniques for the data fields that are relevant to this protocol's traffic, rather than on the multivariate nature of network security data in general, and the fact that forensic analysis, in order to be fast and effective, has to take into consideration different parameters for each protocol. In this thesis, we bring together two powerful tools from different areas of application: SiLK (System for Internet-Level Knowledge), for command-based network trace analysis; and ComVis, a generic information visualization tool. We integrate the power of both tools by aiding simplified interaction between them, using a simple GUI, for the purpose of visualizing network traces, characterizing interesting patterns, and fingerprinting related activity. To obtain realistic results, we applied the visualizations on anonymized packet traces from Lawrence Berkley National Laboratory, captured on selected hours across three months. We used a sliding window approach in visually examining traces for two transport-layer protocols: ICMP and UDP. The main contribution of this research is a protocol-specific framework of visualization for ICMP and UDP data. We explored relevant header fields and the visualizations that worked best for each of the two protocols separately. The resulting views led us to a number of guidelines that can be vital in the creation of "smart books" describing best practices in using visualization and interaction techniques to maintain network security; while creating visual fingerprints which were found unique for individual types of scanning activity. Our visualizations use a multiple-views approach that incorporates the power of two-dimensional scatter plots, histograms, parallel coordinates, and dynamic queries. / Master of Science

Traditional static network addressing allows attackers the incredible advantage of taking time to plan and execute attacks against a network. To counter, Moving Target IPv6 Defense (MT6D) provides a network host obfuscation technique that dynamically obscures network and transport layer addresses. Software driven implementations have posed many challenges, namely, constant code maintenance to remain compliant with all library and kernel dependencies, less than optimal throughput, and the requirement for a dedicated general purpose hardware. The work of this thesis presents Network Security Processor and Hardware Engine for MT6D (HE-MT6D) to overcome these challenges. HE-MT6D is a soft core Intellectual Property (IP) block developed in full Register Transfer Level (RTL) and is the first hardware-oriented design of MT6D. Major contributions of HE-MT6D include the complete separation of the data and control planes, development of a nonlinear Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC) Network Security Processor for in-flight packet modification, a specialized Packet Assembly language, a configurable and a parallelized memory search through tag-based Hybrid Content Addressable Memory (HCAM) L1 write-through cache, full RTL Network Time Protocol version 4 hardware module, and a modular crypto engine. HE-MT6D supports multiple nodes and provides 1,025% throughput performance increase over earlier C-based MT6D at 863 Mbps with full encapsulation and decapsulation, and it matches bare wire throughput performance for all other traffic. The HE-MT6D IP block can be configured as an independent physical gateway device, built as embedded Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or serve as a System on Chip (SoC) integrated submodule. / Master of Science / Traditional static network addressing allows attackers the incredible advantage of taking time to plan and execute attacks against a network. One approach to counter this effect is dynamic addressing through Moving Target Defense, which the Department of Homeland Security Cyber Security Division (CSD) designated as one of the fourteen primary Technical Topic Areas for securing federal networks and the larger Internet. A specific application for Internet Protocol version 6 (IPv6) networks is Moving Target IPv6 Defense (MT6D). This provides tunneling and dynamic cryptographic network address translation, where new addresses are cryptographically generated every few seconds. The work of this thesis presents a Network Security Processor and Hardware Engine for MT6D (HE-MT6D). HE-MT6D is the first hardware-oriented implementation of MT6D developed in full Register Transfer Level (RTL) logic and provides 1,025% performance increase over earlier C-based MT6D at 863 Mbps full duplex throughput. It also provides support for multiple nodes. The HE-MT6D Intellectual Property (IP) block is modular for maximum flexibility towards system deployment: it can be configured as an independent physical gateway device, built as embedded Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC), or serve as a System on Chip (SoC) integrated submodule.

ITC/USA 2011 Conference Proceedings / The Forty-Seventh Annual International Telemetering Conference and Technical Exhibition / October 24-27, 2011 / Bally's Las Vegas, Las Vegas, Nevada / As organizations move toward cloud [1] computing environments, data security challenges will begin to take precedence over network security issues. This will potentially impact telemetry post processing in a myriad of ways. After reviewing how data security tools like Enterprise Rights Management (ERM), Enterprise Key Management (EKM), Data Loss Prevention (DLP), Database Activity Monitoring (DAM), and tokenization are impacting cloud security, their effect on telemetry post-processing will also be examined. An architecture will be described detailing how these data security tools can be utilized to make telemetry post-processing environments in the cloud more robust.