Os comportamentos agonísticos sociais dispostos por animais dominantes e subordinados podem ser notados no paradigma residente intruso. No hipotálamo há o núcleo pré-mamilar ventral (PMv) ligado a um sistema sexualmente dimórfico e relacionado a reprodução e comportamentos agonísticos. A cópula é fundamental para a modulação do comportamento de dominância e aumenta os níveis de CART (Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript) no PMv. Animais knockout de Sintase do Óxido Nítrico (NOS) apresentam agressão acentuada. Através da hibridização in situ estudamos a expressão de CART e de NOS nos animais com experiência sexual prévia ao encontro agonístico e sem experiência sexual (naive). No grupo que copulou foi visto aumento na expressão de CART e comportamento diferente do grupo naive visto que buscam a dominância e não apresentam posturas de submissão. Este aumento não foi observado nos níveis de NOS. Sugere-se que a experiência sexual esteja relacionada ao aumento de CART no PMv e possivelmente perda do comportamento subordinado e aumento da busca da dominância. / Aggressive behavior occurs when the interests of one or more individuals conflict. Territory is one of these interests, and the resident intruder paradigm is widely used to observe the expression of social agonistic behaviors. The dominance behavior has been studied under several views and it was shown that it can be raised by the presence of the female, its olfactory clues and by the sexual behavior. In the hypothalamus there is the premammillary ventralis nucleus (PMv) connected to a sexual dimorphic system and related to reproduction and agonistic behaviors. This nucleus was suggested as being involved in the modulation of aggressive behavior, and PMvs neuropeptides can have a direct relation with the expression of those agonistic behaviors. Males exposed to females olfactory clues show an increase in the expression of CART (C Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript) in the PMv. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) knockout animals show increased aggression. In the present investigation, using in situ hybridization we studied the expression of the mRNA of CART and NOS on intruders exposed to the resident-intruder paradigm. Two experimental groups were examined: one with sexual experience before the agonistic encounter and other naïve. It was observed increased expression of CART in the PMv in the sexual-experienced intruder. More, these animals behaved differently from naive intruders, and did not display submissive postures and start searching for dominance. Sexual experienced intruders presented increased expression of CART, but not NOS, mRNA. Thus, suggesting that the sexual experience is related to an increase in CART expression in the PMv and possibly with the lost of submissive behavior and increased search for dominance status.

Os comportamentos agonísticos sociais dispostos por animais dominantes e subordinados podem ser notados no paradigma residente intruso. No hipotálamo há o núcleo pré-mamilar ventral (PMv) ligado a um sistema sexualmente dimórfico e relacionado a reprodução e comportamentos agonísticos. A cópula é fundamental para a modulação do comportamento de dominância e aumenta os níveis de CART (Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript) no PMv. Animais knockout de Sintase do Óxido Nítrico (NOS) apresentam agressão acentuada. Através da hibridização in situ estudamos a expressão de CART e de NOS nos animais com experiência sexual prévia ao encontro agonístico e sem experiência sexual (naive). No grupo que copulou foi visto aumento na expressão de CART e comportamento diferente do grupo naive visto que buscam a dominância e não apresentam posturas de submissão. Este aumento não foi observado nos níveis de NOS. Sugere-se que a experiência sexual esteja relacionada ao aumento de CART no PMv e possivelmente perda do comportamento subordinado e aumento da busca da dominância. / Aggressive behavior occurs when the interests of one or more individuals conflict. Territory is one of these interests, and the resident intruder paradigm is widely used to observe the expression of social agonistic behaviors. The dominance behavior has been studied under several views and it was shown that it can be raised by the presence of the female, its olfactory clues and by the sexual behavior. In the hypothalamus there is the premammillary ventralis nucleus (PMv) connected to a sexual dimorphic system and related to reproduction and agonistic behaviors. This nucleus was suggested as being involved in the modulation of aggressive behavior, and PMvs neuropeptides can have a direct relation with the expression of those agonistic behaviors. Males exposed to females olfactory clues show an increase in the expression of CART (C Cocaine and Amphetamine Regulated Transcript) in the PMv. Nitric oxide synthase (NOS) knockout animals show increased aggression. In the present investigation, using in situ hybridization we studied the expression of the mRNA of CART and NOS on intruders exposed to the resident-intruder paradigm. Two experimental groups were examined: one with sexual experience before the agonistic encounter and other naïve. It was observed increased expression of CART in the PMv in the sexual-experienced intruder. More, these animals behaved differently from naive intruders, and did not display submissive postures and start searching for dominance. Sexual experienced intruders presented increased expression of CART, but not NOS, mRNA. Thus, suggesting that the sexual experience is related to an increase in CART expression in the PMv and possibly with the lost of submissive behavior and increased search for dominance status.

Injeções repetidas de psicoestimulantes e/ou compostos opióides desencadeiam respostas comportamentais, bioquímicas, endócrinas e celulares diferentes daquelas induzidas pela exposição aguda. Em particular, a morfina, considerada como o protótipo do estimulante opioidérgico, tem despertado grande interesse devido a seus efeitos múltiplos. Assim, no presente estudo avaliaram-se as consequências dos tratamentos agudo e repetido com morfina (20mg/kg) em camundongos sobre os seguintes aspectos: atividade geral; níveis séricos de corticosterona; concentrações corticais, estriatais e hipotalâmicas de noradrenalina, dopamina e serotonina, de seus metabólitos e as taxas de renovação destes neurotransmissores; atividade funcional ex vivo de neutrófilos sanguíneos e de macrófagos peritoneais, sendo estes desafios realizados in vivo com diferentes estímulos imunológicos, infecciosos ou não; crescimento tumoral e a sobrevida de camundongos portadores de um tumor ascítico de Ehrlich. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tratamentos agudo e repetido com morfina modulam diferentemente as repostas comportamental e neuroendócrina, dependendo do tempo de observação pós-desafio. Portanto, conclui-se que camundongos tratados repetidamente com morfina (20mg/kg) apresentam alterações comportamentais e neuroendócrinas que, no entanto, não foram acompanhadas por diferenças nas avaliações de atividade imune inata. / Repeated administrations of psychostimulant and/or opioid compounds trigger different behavioral, biochemical, endocrine and cellular responses as compared with those induced by acute exposure. Morphine, has attracted great interest due to its multiple effects. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of acute and repeated treatment with morphine (20mg/kg) in mice on the following: locomotor activity; serum levels of corticosterone; cortical, striatal and hypothalamic concentration of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin, as well as their metabolites and turnover; blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophage activity ex vivo, which were challenged with different immunological stimulants; tumor growth and survival of mice with Erlich ascitic tumor. The results showed that acute and repeated morphine treatment differently modulated behavioral and neuroendocrine responses, depending on the these period after the injection challenge. Thus, it is concluded that mice repeatedly treated with morphine (20mg/kg) present behavioral and neuroendocrine changes; however, this changes were not accompanied by variation in innate immune activity.

Injeções repetidas de psicoestimulantes e/ou compostos opióides desencadeiam respostas comportamentais, bioquímicas, endócrinas e celulares diferentes daquelas induzidas pela exposição aguda. Em particular, a morfina, considerada como o protótipo do estimulante opioidérgico, tem despertado grande interesse devido a seus efeitos múltiplos. Assim, no presente estudo avaliaram-se as consequências dos tratamentos agudo e repetido com morfina (20mg/kg) em camundongos sobre os seguintes aspectos: atividade geral; níveis séricos de corticosterona; concentrações corticais, estriatais e hipotalâmicas de noradrenalina, dopamina e serotonina, de seus metabólitos e as taxas de renovação destes neurotransmissores; atividade funcional ex vivo de neutrófilos sanguíneos e de macrófagos peritoneais, sendo estes desafios realizados in vivo com diferentes estímulos imunológicos, infecciosos ou não; crescimento tumoral e a sobrevida de camundongos portadores de um tumor ascítico de Ehrlich. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os tratamentos agudo e repetido com morfina modulam diferentemente as repostas comportamental e neuroendócrina, dependendo do tempo de observação pós-desafio. Portanto, conclui-se que camundongos tratados repetidamente com morfina (20mg/kg) apresentam alterações comportamentais e neuroendócrinas que, no entanto, não foram acompanhadas por diferenças nas avaliações de atividade imune inata. / Repeated administrations of psychostimulant and/or opioid compounds trigger different behavioral, biochemical, endocrine and cellular responses as compared with those induced by acute exposure. Morphine, has attracted great interest due to its multiple effects. Thus, this study evaluated the effects of acute and repeated treatment with morphine (20mg/kg) in mice on the following: locomotor activity; serum levels of corticosterone; cortical, striatal and hypothalamic concentration of dopamine, noradrenaline and serotonin, as well as their metabolites and turnover; blood neutrophils and peritoneal macrophage activity ex vivo, which were challenged with different immunological stimulants; tumor growth and survival of mice with Erlich ascitic tumor. The results showed that acute and repeated morphine treatment differently modulated behavioral and neuroendocrine responses, depending on the these period after the injection challenge. Thus, it is concluded that mice repeatedly treated with morphine (20mg/kg) present behavioral and neuroendocrine changes; however, this changes were not accompanied by variation in innate immune activity.