Boko Haram (BH) insurgency is driven by Islamist ideology and hegemony, nurtured mainly on failed education and sociopolitical policies and less by economic realities in Nigeria. Military counterinsurgency (hard COIN) successes are necessary but not sufficient to neutralize resurgence. The framework for this study was behavior modification by targeted holistic education policy (THEP) over ruminated frustration-aggression of drive theory. The purpose of this cross-sectional study was to conduct a survey of educated participants (N = 95), randomly selected from education campuses in Nigeria, to estimate the power (relationship) of THEP over time to neutralize BH resurgence (NBHR). The data from a survey developed for this study were analyzed with descriptive, ANOVA, ANCOVA, and MANCOVA statistics. The powers of THEP applied from nursery through college (age 21) to NBHR or reduce the foot soldiers'€™ recruitment pools (FSRP) and correlations were evaluated. All 7 regression models rejected the null hypotheses. THEP and covariables including illiteracy (IL), political conspiracy (PC) or Islamic hegemony (IH), religious extremism (RE), and economic realities (ER) were related to NBHR. PC correlated inversely with THEP and IL inversely with reducing FSRP. ER had the least impetus (power) to drive resurgence. The results of this study can be used to promote positive social change by providing information on the prospects (estimated power) of THEP, acting with other COIN measures, to NBHR. The study may contribute to a better understanding of the impetus and solution to BH resurgence, but calls for further investigation into the power of nonmilitary COIN, particularly THEP, in Nigeria.

Materials exposed to the space plasma environment acquire electric charge, which can have harmful effects if it leads to arcing or electrostatic breakdown of important spacecraft components. In fact, spacecraft charging is the leading environmentally induced cause of spacecraft anomalies. This study focuses on measuring electron yield, a property of materials that describes how many electrons are ejected from a material under energetic electron bombardment, which can vary depending on the energy of incident electrons. Intrinsic electron yield is defined as the average number of electrons emitted per incident electron from an electrically neutral material. The specific aim of this work is to improve yield measurements for insulator materials, which can be difficult to test using conventional methods due to charge accumulation in insulators.Most studies of electron yield use a steady current electron beam in a vacuum chamber to irradiate materials to be tested. By comparing the amount of current deposited in the material to the total incident current, the emitted current can be calculated. This works well for conductors; however, insulators charge up quickly, which either repel incident electrons or reattract emitted electrons producing erroneous yield measurements. This study improves on methods that use a pulsed electron beam to measure yield with small amounts of charge per pulse, as well as neutralization methods to dissipate stored charge between pulse measurements.The improvements to instrumentation and data analysis techniques are quantified to demonstrate their validity. These improvements will allow for continued studies on extreme insulator materials. Future studies will provide new understanding of interactions between electron radiation and materials, which will allow for better modeling of spacecraft charging and the development of materials that meet desired electron emission specifications.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(人間・環境学) / 甲第19903号 / 人博第789号 / 新制||人||190(附属図書館) / 28||人博||789(吉田南総合図書館) / 32980 / 京都大学大学院人間・環境学研究科相関環境学専攻 / (主査)准教授 三浦 智行, 教授 川本 卓男, 教授 宮下 英明 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Human and Environmental Studies / Kyoto University / DFAM

No description available.

More than half of the violations of information systems security policies are initiated by non-malicious activities of insiders. To investigate these non-malicious activities, we utilized the theory of workaround and argued that the application of neutralization techniques impacts the use of workarounds. We built our model using three theories: the theory of workaround, push-pull-mooring theory, and techniques of neutralization. We identified the elements of workarounds related to non-malicious violations and proposed a theoretical perspective using the push-pull-mooring theory to investigate non-malicious workarounds empirically. We propose that non-malicious activities of insiders can be seen as a switching behavior, with push factors such as system dissatisfaction and time pressure, and pull factors such as convenience and alternative attractiveness. The mooring factors in our model are techniques of neutralization, including denial of injury, denial of responsibility, and defense of necessity. We employed the scenario-based factorial survey method to mitigate the effect of social desirability bias. Our mixed model analysis indicates that time pressure, convenience, denial of injury, and defense of necessity significantly impact an individual's likelihood of engaging in non-malicious workarounds. Additionally, the relative weight analysis of our model shows that convenience and time pressure explain most of the variance in our model.

Surface treatment processes of stainless steel, such as pickling, produces acidic waste water consisting of Na⁺, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO⁻3, SO42-, PO43-, Fe3+, Cr6+ and Ni2+. At Sandvik ABs steel works in Sandviken, this waste water is treated and neutralized using slaked lime before being released into the lake Storsjön. The aim of this report was to make a literary review of previous work in using slag as a neutralizing agent for acidic waste water. Furthermore, to see if it’s possible to replace some or all of the slaked lime in the neutralization process with slag and to study what slag that might be suitable to use. Since the waste water contains HF acid, the focus of this report was on different materials used for fluoride adsorptions. The literary study showed that the fluoride adsorption process with BOF slag, quick lime and magnesium oxide as adsorbents were endothermic. Therefore, it benefitted from an increased temperature. Furthermore, the literature study showed that many materials follow a pseudo-second-order kinetic model as well as a Langmuir or Freundlich isotherm for a fluoride adsorption. A previous experiment showed that a mixture of BF slag and slaked lime had the best HF acid neutralization among the tested materials. A fluoride adsorption experiment was made at different temperatures (25 – 55 °C) by using a slag from an aluminium reduced steel melt and a slag from a silicon reduced steel melt from the AOD converter in Sandviken. The silicon reduced steel melt slag showed an increase of fluorides in the solution, due to the presence of calcium fluoride in the slag. This was observed for all temperatures. The aluminium reduced steel melt slag also increased the fluoride content in the solution at 25 and 30 °C. At higher temperatures the fluoride content in the solution decreased with 93.6 to 94.9 %. Na⁺, Cl⁻, F⁻, NO⁻3, SO42-, PO43-, Fe3+, Cr6+, and Ni2+

<p> The interaction mechanisms of an ion beam with a solid target are identified. Basic parameters associated with ion scattering, charge neutralization, inelastic energy losses and secondary ion production are described. Low energy (1-20 kev) experimental studies on these topics are reviewed. A low energy ion mass spectrometer is described. The ion beam is generated by an existing kev ion accelerator and is directed to a newly constructed UHV target chamer. The energy and angular distributions of the backscattered particles are measured with a hemispherical electrostatic analyser and a channeltron detector. A high precision goniometer allows target rotation about two perpendicular axes by angles of 180° and 90° with an accuracy and repeatability of 0.1°. The interaction chamber is bakeable to 250°c and was designed for an ultimate pressure of 10^-11 torr. The data acquisition system chamber scans the energy spectrum automatically so that the radiation dosage at the target is equalized for all channels. </p> / Thesis / Master of Engineering (MEngr)

Re-vaccinations against canine distemper virus (CDV) are commonly performed in 3-year intervals. The study’s aims were to determine anti-CDV antibodies in healthy adult dogs within 28 days of vaccination against CDV, and to evaluate factors associated with the presence of pre-vaccination antibodies and with the antibody response to vaccination. Ninety-seven dogs, not vaccinated within 1 year before enrollment, were vaccinated with a modified live CDV vaccine. A measurement of the antibodies was performed before vaccination (day 0), on day 7, and 28 after the vaccination by virus neutralization. A response to vaccination was defined as a ≥4-fold titer increase by day 28. Fisher’s exact test was used to determine factors associated with a lack of antibodies and vaccination response. In total, 94.8% of the dogs (92/97; CI 95%: 88.2–98.1) had antibodies (≥10) prior to vaccination. A response to vaccination was not observed in any dog. Five dogs were considered humoral non-responders; these dogs neither had detectable antibodies before, nor developed antibodies after vaccination. Young age (<2 years) was significantly associated with a lack of pre-vaccination antibodies (p = 0.018; OR: 26.825; 95% CI: 1.216–1763.417). In conclusion, necessity of re-vaccination in adult healthy dogs should be debated and regular vaccinations should be replaced by antibody detection.

Interference is a fundamental problem in wireless networks. An effective solution to this problem usually calls for a cross-layer approach. Although there exist a large volume of works on interference management techniques in the literature, most of them are limited to signal processing at the physical (PHY) layer or information-theoretic exploitation. Studies of advanced interference techniques from a cross-layer optimization perspective remain limited, especially involving multi-hop wireless networks. This dissertation aims at filling this gap by offering a comprehensive investigation of three interference techniques: interference cancellation (IC), interference alignment (IA), and interference neutralization (IN). This dissertation consists of three parts: the first part studies IC in distributed multi-hop multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) networks; the second part studies IA in multi-hop networks, cellular networks, and underwater acoustic (UWA) networks; and the third part focuses on IN in multi-hop single-antenna networks. While each part makes a step towards advancing an interference technique, they collectively constitute a body of work on interference management in the networking research community. Results in this dissertation not only advance network-level understanding of the three interference management techniques, but also offer insights and guidance on how these techniques may be incorporated in upper-layer protocol design. In the first part, we study IC in multi-hop MIMO networks where resource allocation is achieved through neighboring node coordination and local information exchange. Based on a well-established degree-of-freedom (DoF) MIMO model, we develop a distributed DoF scheduling algorithm with the objective of maximizing network-level throughput while guaranteeing solution feasibility at the PHY layer. The proposed algorithm accomplishes a number of beneficial features, including polynomial-time complexity, amenability to local implementation, a guarantee of feasibility at the PHY layer, and competitive throughput performance. Our results offer a definitive ``yes'' answer to the question --- Can the node-ordering DoF model be deployed in a distributed multi-hop MIMO network? In particular, we show that the essence of the DoF model --- a global node ordering, can be implicitly achieved via local operations, albeit it is invisible to individual node. In the second part, we investigate IA in various complex wireless networks from a networking perspective. Specifically, we study IA in three different domains: spatial domain, spectral domain, and temporal domain. In the spatial domain, we study IA for multi-hop MIMO networks. We derive a set of simple constraints to characterize the IA capability at the PHY layer. We prove that as long as the set of simple constraints are satisfied, there exists a feasible IA scheme (i.e., precoding and decoding vectors) at the PHY layer so that the data streams on each link can be transported free of interference. Therefore, instead of dealing with the complex design of precoding and decoding vectors, our IA constraints only require simple algebraic addition/subtraction operations. Such simplicity allows us to study network-level IA problems without being distracted by the tedious details in signal design at the PHY layer. Based on these IA constraints, we develop an optimization framework for unicast and multicast communications. In the spectral domain, we study IA in OFDM-based cellular networks. Different from spatial IA, spectral IA is achieved by mapping data streams onto a set of frequency bands/subcarriers (rather than a set of antenna elements). For the uplink, we derive a set of simple IA constraints to characterize a feasible DoF region for a cellular network. We show how to construct precoding and decoding vectors at the PHY layer so that each data stream can be transported free of interference. Based on the set of IA constraints, we study a user throughput maximization problem and show the throughput improvement over two other schemes via numerical results. For the downlink, we find that we can exploit the uplink IA constraints to the downlink case simply by reversing the roles of user and base station. Further, the downlink user throughput maximization problem has the exactly same formulation as the uplink problem and thus can be solved in the exactly same way. In the temporal domain, we study IA for UWA networks. A fundamental issue in UWA networks is large propagation delays due to slow signal speed in water medium. But temporal IA has the potential to turn the adverse effect of large propagation delays into something beneficial. We propose a temporal IA scheme based on propagation delays, nicknamed PD-IA, for multi-hop UWA networks. We first derive a set of PD-IA constraints to guarantee PD-IA feasibility at the PHY layer. Then we develop a distributed PD-IA scheduling algorithm, called Shark-IA, to maximally overlap interference in a multi-hop UWA network. We show that PD-IA can turn the adverse propagation delays to throughput improvement in multi-hop UWA networks. In the third part, we study IN for multi-hop single-antenna networks with full cooperation among the nodes. The fundamental problem here is node selection for IN in a multi-hop network environment. We first establish an IN reference model to characterize the IN capability at the PHY layer. Based on this reference model, we develop a set of constraints that can be used to quickly determine whether a subset of links can be active simultaneously. By identifying each eligible neutralization node as a neut, we study IN in a multi-hop network with a set of sessions and derive the necessary constraints to characterize neut selection, IN, and scheduling. These constraints allow us to study IN problems from a networking perspective but without the need of getting into signal design issues at the PHY layer. By applying our IN model and constraints to study a throughput maximization problem, we show that the use of IN can generally increase network throughput. In particular, throughput gain is most significant when there is a sufficient number of neuts that can be used for IN. In summary, this dissertation offers a comprehensive investigation of three interference management techniques (IC, IA, and IN) from a networking perspective. Theoretical and algorithmic contributions of this dissertation encompass characterization of interference exploitation capabilities at the PHY layer, derivation of tractable interference models, development of feasibility proof for each interference model, formulation of throughput maximization problems, design of distributed IC and PD-IA scheduling algorithms, and development of near-optimal solutions with a performance guarantee. The results in this dissertation offer network-level understanding of the three interference management techniques and lay the groundwork for future research on interference management in wireless networks. / Ph. D.

Yes / This paper presented a planar printed multiple-input-multiple-output (MIMO) antenna with a dimension of 100 x 45 mm2. It composed of two crescent shaped radiators placed symmetrically with respect to the ground plane. Neutralization line applied to suppress mutual coupling. The proposed antenna examined both theoretically and experimentally, which achieves an impedance bandwidth of 18.67% (over 2.04-2.46 GHz) with a reflection coefficient < -10 dB and mutual coupling minimization of < -20 dB. An evaluation of MIMO antennas is presented, with analysis of correlation coefficient, total active reflection coefficient (TARC) and capacity loss. These characteristics indicate that the proposed antenna suitable for some wireless applications.